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Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second leading cause of cancer-related death in the world, thus constitutes a serious medical challenge. Due to the high mortality and also large number of recurrences of the disease, great emphasis is placed on the screening of people from high risk groups as well as the use of chemopreventive agents in chronic inflammation of the intestine. Chemoprevention is an early intervention decreasing risk of cancer development. Term chemoprevention comes from 1976 and is explained as “use of a synthetic or natural substance to decrease the risk of cancer developing, delay the time of cancer onset, or to reverse the carcinogenesis process.” Lactoferrin (Lf) is a glycoprotein, which is included as a member of the transferrin family. It is able to reversibly bind iron ions, thus participating in maintaining iron homeostasis in the body. Lf mainly appears in the milk of most mammals, but also occurs in different biological fluids like tears, saliva, mucus and bronchial secretions. Lactoferrin is a multipotent molecule which exerts animicrobial, antiviral, antiparasitic and antifungal activity. Moreover, Lf has anti-inflammatory, immune regulatory and anticancer properties. Lf increases the immune system ability to eliminate cancer cells, thus preventing cancer development. Lf treatment was also found efficient in inhibiting proliferation, migration, survival and induction programming cell death in cancer cells. The present paper aims to review the molecular basis of lactoferrin chemopreventive effect in colorectal cancer. Bovine lactoferrin (bLf) acts both on stimulating immunological anticancer response and also directly through inducing cell cycle arrest, apoptosis or inhibition cell migrations. Moreover Lf boosts the effect of chemotherapy and alleviates its side effects. Finally, Lf is a nutraceutical characterized by high selectivity toward cancer cells and simultaneously has a high safety profile. It has considerable potential in the fight against CRC in both prevention and treatment.

Introduction and objective Acne vulgaris is a common, chronic and inflammatory skin disease of the folliculopilosebaceous unit. According to the literature, acne affects 85% adolescents and 50% adulthood, with an increasing tendency. The symptoms of acne are skin lesions such as comedones, pustules, papules as well as nodules and they generally appear on face, shoulders, chest and back. Based on its severity acne can be divided into following categories: mild, moderate and severe. The pathogenesis of acne is multivariate. Significant importance is attributed to hormonal changes, the role of Cutibacterium acnes bacteria and the balance between C. acnes and Staphylococcus epidermidis, keratinization disorders, excessive sebum production, circadian rhythm disorders, a lot of stress in life and improper nutrition as a result of imbalanced diet. Finding the cause of acne is necessary to cure the disease. The study shows that supplementation seems to be a good solution in the case of acne vulgaris. The aim of the study was to present the most commonly used substances in supplements for acne skin, their properties and possibilities in the treatment of acne vulgaris. The intention of the authors was to draw attention to the possibilities of supplementing dermatological acne treatments with supplements. Pharmacists are often the first point of contact for acne vulgaris patients looking for a way to improve their skin condition. Review methods The PubMed database was reviewed for the most commonly used substances in therapy of acne skin. Publications from the period 2010-2022 were analyzed in terms of the following keywords: „vitamin D”, „omega acids”, „antioxidants”, „berberine”, „lactoferrin” and „inositol” in collocation with „acne”. A review of 31 articles on the possibility of acne supplementation were reviewed. Supplementation of vitamin D, omega acids, antioxidants, berberine, probiotics, inositol and lactoferrin is discussed. Abbreviated description of the state of knowledge The effectiveness of taking supplements containing antioxidants, omega acids, berberine, probiotics, lactoferrin, inositol and vitamin D was discussed. Summary 1. Deficiencies of vitamin D3, vitamins A and E are often noted in patients with acne. 2. Supporting dermatological acne treatments with supplementation with omega acids and probiotics alleviates the side effects of treatment. 3. In the analyzed studies, there were no differences in the effectiveness of omega-3 acids compared to omega-6 acids in supplementation in patients with acne. 4. Multi-component preparations seem to be a better solution than supplements containing only one active ingredient. 5. More research is needed to be able to assess the real effectiveness of individual substances and determine their appropriate dosage.

Introduction and purpose: Lactoferrin (Lf), a glycoprotein found in body fluids, plays a key role in many of the biological mechanisms that occur in the human body. Over the years, more and more studies have contributed to the expansion of the clinical applications of lactoferrin. In this article, we want to focus on using lactoferrin in Neonatology and Obstetrics. The applications of lactoferrin in obstetrics continue to expand, some of which include the prevention of preterm delivery (PTD) and anaemia in pregnant women. Lf also helps to reduce the incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis and sepsis in newborns by mobilising the immune system and participating in the defence against pathogens and has been under investigation as a potential therapeutic agent for genital infections. The aim of this review is to summarise the current state of knowledge, regarding lactoferrin's broad spectrum of action and to highlight its potential therapeutic applications in these contexts. State of knowledge: This article aims to review the current knowledge on the properties of the lactoferrin and its applications in medicine, especially neonatology and obstetrics. Studies available in the PubMed and Google Scholar databases were included in the analysis. Conclusion: While lactoferrin shows promise in improving neonatal and maternal health, additional research is required to fully understand its precise mechanisms of action and optimise its use as a therapeutic agent. There is also a need for further studies to assess the safety and efficacy of lactoferrin in a variety of patient populations. Despite the challenges, lactoferrin continues to be an intriguing subject of scientific research, with potential therapeutic benefits in various medical fields.

Our organism is colonized by trillions of symbiotic bacteria. The most numerous and varied bacterial population colonizes colon, upper respiratory airways and urogenital system. They act multidirectionally supporting our health. Symbiotic microbiota helps in acquirement of nutrients, regulates action of the immune system protecting mucosa and whole organism against pathogens, neutralizes some xenobiotics, thus acts as a preventive measure against carcinogenic mutations. This beneficial microbiota may be supported by uptake of probiotics and/or prebiotics in foods, diet supplements and drugs. They can be found in milk and dairy products, in particular fermented ones (e.g kefir, yoghurt and cheese), which contain both probiotics and prebiotics, including lactoferrin. This protein has a confirmed action promoting growth of symbiotic microbiota of intestine and urogenital tract. Such activity, associated with antimicrobial action regarding pathogenic microorganisms, restores equilibrium of microbiota within mucous membranes that effectively eliminates pathogens and inflammatory processes. Youngest children are supported by lactoferrin acquired with maternal milk. Later we can relay on our own, endogenous proteins, secreted by mucous membranes and neutrophils and supply of dairy products (not subjected to aggressive thermal processing) or diet supplements. We can find in the market the products containing lactoferrin alone, with another prebiotic, e.g inulin or oligosaccharides, and also with probiotics. Orally taken lactoferrin is effective as proved in a number of clinical studies. The protein is relatively resistant to digestion, may reach intestine, where acts on gut microbiota and local lymphoid tissue. In this way lactoferrin may enhance immunological status of our mucous system.

In total 593 goats were genotyped on 5 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP): one SNP at Lactoferrin in exon 4 and four SNPs at Toll-like receptor 4 in exon 3 by using SNaPshot minisequencing. The most prevalent genotype was TT (546) in LF and genotype combination TTCCCCGC (216) and TTCCCCCC (204) in TLR4. There is possible influence of LF and TLR4 on milk yield and milk components, therefore, further studies are needed to evaluate this possible association in more number of goat farms.

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Copyright of Advancements of Microbiology is the property of Sciendo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article highlights the results of immunological studies of oropharyngeal secretions in 110 children with infectious mononucleosis, aged 1 to 17years who were treated in theVinnytsiaRegionalClinicalInfectiousDiseasesHospitalfrom September to November 2016. The study of the violation of important indicators of local immunity oropharyngeal secretions, such as lactoferrin and interferon-α-I. Research materials served oropharyngeal secret which received no invasive method. This allows you to use this method to determine the degree of immunological disorders in pediatric patients as a criterion to predict treatment efficacy and disease.

Nowadays, the metabolic syndrome is more frequently diagnosed among children and adolescents due to the growing epidemic of obesity. Therefore, studies are being conducted on the effects of substances of natural origin that could have a supporting effect as for the reduction of the adipose tissue. One of them is lactoferrin (LF) - an iron binding glycoprotein, produced by glandular epithelial cells and neutrophils. It is present in all secretions, but the highest concentration of LF can be found in mammals' milk. LF receptors are localized on variety of cells such as monocytes, lymphocytes, adipocytes, hepatocytes and endothelial cells. So far its multidirectional actions such as: antiinflammatory, antibacterial, antiviral, immunomodulatory, antioxidant and anticancer have been widely known, but not much has been noted concerning the influence of the protein on lipid and carbohydrate homeostasis. The paper presents an overview of the research and clinical observations, with people's participation, on the possible effects of LF in the view of beneficial influence on the disorders which are the elements of metabolic syndrome, with reference to selected actions of LF described in animal investigations or in vitro tests. Due to the complex and beneficial effects on lipid and carbohydrate homeostasis parameters, studies on its practical use are still in progress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mare milk due to its 40% share of whey proteins is defined as albumin milk. It is rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids, as well as lysozyme and lactoferrin, exhibiting antibacterial properties. Since mare milk is a seasonal product, it was attempted to lyophilise it to provide its supply throughout the year. The aim of the study was to characterise selected functional properties of lyophilised mare milk, determine the composition of fatty acids and aroma compounds in mare milk lyophilisate, as well as evaluate liquid milk as a raw material for the production of lyophilised milk. Milk for the production of lyophilisate was characterised by very high hygienic quality and low contents of fat and protein. Results of analyses indicated a slight deterioration of physico--chemical, microbiological and organoleptic characteristics of cold-stored milk lyophilisate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Obesity, dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia/type II diabetes and hypertension together constitute the so-called metabolic syndrome. Frequency of occurrence of these serious metabolic disturbances is associated with life style and is on the rise in prosperous industrialized countries. These diseases represent not only a serious health problem but also social and economic ones, and involve in prophylaxis and treatment various specialists (physicians, dieticians and psychologists). For about two decades research has been conducted on the possibility to apply milk-derived proteins in prevention and treatment of the above mentioned metabolic diseases. Lactoferrin (LF), a protein present in milk and excretory fluids of mammals, is one of the most intensively studied milk proteins for therapeutic application. Initial trials revealing an advantageous effect of LF on lipid metabolism and obesity enrolled only a few volunteers and were performed in Japan in 2003. Subsequent trials were conducted on animals as well as in clinics, and the positive results were supported by in vitro tests. After oral administration of LF, decreases of body weight, waist measurement, visceral fat tissue, plasma and liver fatty acid concentrations, triglycerides and cholesterol were registered. The mechanism of LF action may involve several processes, such as inhibition of adipogenesis, decrease of dietary triglyceride absorption, elevation of HDL cholesterol possessing anti-atherogenic properties, inhibition of accumulation of oxidized LDL cholesterol forms in macrophages and protection against formation of foam cells. LF also increases the susceptibility of cells to insulin action, including in conditions when the response to insulin is lowered (during inflammation). In addition, LF regulates activity of insulin-like growth factor (IGF). The data collected to date indicate that LF is a promising, completely nontoxic, natural remedy which (as for example a food supplement) may be applied in long-term prophylaxis and therapy of metabolic disturbances, such as dyslipidemia, obesity and insulin resistance/type II diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Immune contact dermatitis is an inflammation of the skin resulting from exposure to allergens in the environment. The aim of this study was to compare the actions of lactoferrin (LF), a natural immunomodulator, on the elicitation phases of the cellular and humoral, cutaneous immune responses to oxazolone and toluene diisocyanate (TDI), respectively. LF was given i.v. in a 10 mg/mouse dose, together with the eliciting doses of the antigens. The ear edema and the number of lymphocytes in the draining lymph nodes were measured. In addition, the production of IL-2 in the cultures of lymph node cells and the content of IL-4 in lymph node cells were determined. LF had a profound inhibitory effect on the eliciting phase of the immune response to oxazolone as measured by the ear edema and lymph node cell number. The suppressive effect of LF on the effector phase of the immune response to TDI was moderate. LF had some stimulatory effect on the ex vivo content of IL-4 in lymphocytes in the immune response to TDI. On the other hand, it significantly inhibited IL-2 in vitro production in the immune response to oxazolone. The data strongly suggest that LF exerted differential actions on the activities of antigen- -specific Th1 and Th2 cells involved in respective types of the cutaneous immune responses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

First European Crohn's and Colitis Organization (ECCO) consensus regarding definition, diagnosis, management and special situations in Crohn's disease (CD) was published in 2006. At the beginning of 2010 new consensus was published, updated due to the new evidence. The paper discusses the differences between ECCO consensus from 2006 and 2010. A basic examination for establishing the diagnosis of CD is ileocolonoscopy with the biopsies of the terminal ileum and colon. MR and CT enterography or enteroclysis are recommended for small bowel evaluation. Faecal calprotectin and lactoferrin may be used in the initial assessment of patients with the suspicion of CD. Major change regarding the therapy is an increase of the number of indications for anti-TNF treatment, It seems that currently available anti-TNF agents have similar efficacy and safety profile. Thus, the choice of medication depends on the cost, availability, route of delivery, patient's decision and national recommendations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a group of diseases of unknown etiology. It is considered that infectious agents, genetic predisposition, and immunological dysfunction play roles in their development. Both the diagnosis and treatment of IBD involve many difficulties. The procedures used are both invasive and expensive. This is the reason for the growing interest in noninvasive inflammatory markers which can be helpful in diagnosing and controlling IBD. In this article the advantages and disadvantages of both routine and relatively new inflammatory markers are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lactoferrin is a multipotent protein that belongs to the transferrin family. It was first isolated from cow's milk in 1939. In the 1960s, it was also found in breast milk. In the human body, lactoferrin can also be found in other body fluids, e.g., saliva, tears, and vaginal discharge. Its biological activity depends on receptors present on the membrane surface of many cells, such as neutrophils, hepatocytes, and intestinal epithelial cells. Lactoferrin can bind iron. Because of this property, it also has antibacterial, antiviral, and antifungal activity. Its antiinflammatory and anticancer activity has also been confirmed. Recent studies have demonstrated that lactoferrin might have a beneficial effect in the prevention and treatment of obesity-related metabolic abnormalities, such as type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidaemia. It is also worth to notice the potential relationship between polymorphisms in lactoferrin gene, genes for lactoferrin receptors and metabolic abnormalities in obese subjects., (© 2020 MEDPRESS.)

Lactoferrin is an iron-binding glycoprotein, which is present in most biological fluids with particularly high levels in colostrum and in mammalian milk. Bovine lactoferrin is more than 70% homologous with human lactoferrin. Most of the clinical trials have used bovine lactoferrin for supplementation. This review summarizes the recent advances in explaining the mechanisms, which are responsible for the multifunctional roles of lactoferrin, and presents its potential prophylactic and therapeutic applications. On the ground of the results of preliminary clinical observations, authors suggest beneficial effect of lactoferrin supplementation on the prevalence of necrotizing enterocolitis in infants with birth weight below 1250 grams.