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Copyright of Polish Journal of Wound Management / Leczenie Ran is the property of Evereth Publishing Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Purpose. To study the level of vitamin D and the levels of antimicrobial peptides in the blood of children suffering from gastroesophageal reflux disease with nasopharyngeal symptoms, to find out how they depend on the composition of refluxate in LFR and how they affect microbial colonization in the nasopharynx. Materials and methods. The clinical study was conducted on the basis of the ENT and the Gastroenterology Departments of the Municipal Non-Commercial Enterprise “City Children's Hospital no. 5" of Zaporizhia City Council. By clinical examination and pH monitoring in the esophagus, the following groups of children 3 to 6 years were established: the 1st group of 22 children with gastroesophageal reflux disease with nasopharyngeal signs, the 2nd group of 22 children with gastroesophageal reflux disease without nasopharyngeal signs. Children were assigned to 1st group on the basis of the presence of clinical manifestations that indicated like a high GER. For children with nasopharyngeal manifestations of GERD, there are not only complaints specific to GERD, as well as symptoms that may indicate LFR: cough after eating and morning hoarseness, redness of the larynx and swelling of the vocal cords.The control group (the 3rd group) consisted of 22 children without pathology from the gastrointestinal tract and ENT systems. The children were tested for the levels of 25(ОН)D3, 1,25(ОН)2D, vitamin D binding protein (DBP), α­defensins 1–3 and cathelicidins. Microbial contamination of the mucous membrane of the nasopharyngeal zone was carried out. As far as the distribution differed from normal one (p

Cathelicidins are Important immunological peptides – HDPs (Host Defense Peptides) with high biological activity in mammals, including human and vertebrate animals. These evolutionary ancient molecules in these organisms are natural elements of antimicrobial, antiviral, antifungal and antiparasitic immunity against which germs and parasites have not developed immunity, which makes them alternatives to antibiotics. Catelicidins in human and vertebrates affect the germs and parasites directly and indirectly by activating the immune system.

Copyright of Advancements of Microbiology is the property of Sciendo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Cathelicidins and defensins are the multifunctional host defense molecules essential for immune response to infection. In recent years they have been shown to be natural, broad- -spectrum antimicrobials against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, enveloped viruses, and fungi. These small peptides kill the invaded pathogens by destroying their cell membranes and can neutralize biological activities of endotoxin. Apart from exerting direct antimicrobial effects, cathelicidins and defensins can also trigger innate and adaptive defense responses in the host. The functions of the host derived peptides in immunomodulation have been also investigated. Reported activities of these peptides include chemoattractant function, inhibition of neutrophil apoptosis, and ROS production. These peptides directly activate inflammatory cells to production and release of different pro-inflammatory and immunoregulatory mediators, cytokines, and chemokines, however cathelicidins and defensins might mediate the generation of anti-inflammatory cytokines, as well. Insights into the miscellaneous functions of mast cells have exposed that they possess the ability to respond to pathogens and modulate immune response. These immune sentinel cells play a pivotal role in defense mechanisms mainly through the presence of pattern recognition receptors and by release different preformed and newly synthesized mediators and cytokines. The present review provides an introduction to the field of cathelicidins and defensins in general and discusses their impact on mast cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For many years, attention has been focused on adaptive immunity as the main antimicrobial defense system. The discovery of antimicrobial peptides turned this point of view. In general, these peptides act on microorganisms directly by disrupting the structure of the microbial cytoplasmatic membranes and indirectly acting on immune system. This review provides an overview of some natural antimicrobial peptides and probability of their clinical usage.