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The war in Ukraine threatens global food security. At the same time, the European Union (EU) plans to advance the green transformation of its agro-food sector, which implies lower agricultural output. Relying on the political economy literature, this study examines if the war can thwart the greening ambitions for EU’s agro-food sector. For this, it explores to what extent the war represents an external event that is large enough to change policy preferences and reviews the positions of major political actors who shape agricultural policy on the EU level and in member states regarding the case of Germany, where the ambition for the green transformation of the economy is particularly strong. It is shown that, for the time being, the war does not impede EU’s greening aspirations. Instead, the major political actors play for time, hoping to forward the green transformation after the end of the war.

“LONELY LOVE” IN SEX EDUCATION BOOKS FOR YOUNG PEOPLE: WHAT IS IT CALLED IN THE TRANSLATED TEXTS AND IN THE ORIGINAL POLISH BOOKS? The aim of this article is to investigate how opinions on the most controversial topics of the discourse on sexuality, such as masturbation, are shaped by original Polish and translated popular science books for young people. The study corpus consists of texts addressing this issue, taken from 29 sex education books published in Poland between 1990 and 2018. We used elements of the so-called French discourse analysis (FDA). We first established the “designational paradigm” (i.e. the set of expressions used to name masturbation), then we examined the semantic relations of the elements of this paradigm and determined their position in the overall structure of the message. We also tried to identify the mechanisms that indicate the presence of dialogism and discourse heterogeneity. The analysis shows that translations contribute to changes in the Polish discourse on masturbation in several ways. In translated texts, indeed, the issue itself and the range of names used to discuss it are more developed. This is especially visible in the case of rewordings with a positive axiological value, which makes it possible to consider translations as a means of counterbalancing the negative discourse on masturbation that remains predominant in Poland.

A neglected aspect of regional trade agreements (RTAs) is their protectionist potential. In times of a stagnating World Trade Organization (WTO), growing economic nationalism and skepticism about the merits of free trade and trade agreements, the paper examines to what extent recently signed RTAs really promote genuine free trade or rather foster sneaky protectionism under the guise of free trade. For this, the paper proposes an ideal-type free trade agreement benchmark model based on a classical liberal perspective and applies it in a multiple case study approach to assess three cases of recently concluded mega-RTAs: the Comprehensive and Progressive Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP), the renegotiated North American trade agreement USCMA, and the Canada–European Union (EU) agreement CETA. The article shows that all of them are far from the classical liberal ideal of totally free trade and have a high content of back door protectionism suitable to raise trade barriers when politically opportune. In particular, the United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement (USMCA) includes many clear protectionist provisions that might even outweigh its liberalizing stipulations, whereas CPTPP and CETA can be deemed net liberalizing. It concludes that given political economy constraints, RTAs can nevertheless remain a second-best solution to the classical liberal ideals of completely unhampered trade and unilateral liberalization provided that they remove more impediments to free exchange than they cement or create.

Celem tego artykułu jest zarysowanie historii edycji i kolejnych etapów w kształtowaniu się obecnej formy edytorskiej encyklopedii dla dzieci i młodzieży począwszy od 1. połowy XVIII wieku, a skończywszy na 1989 roku.

The EU’s current ten year strategy “Europe 2020” aims to set out a vision of a European social market economy for the 21st century that will promote economic growth with social and ecological attributes. This article analyzes the roles ascribed to the government and the market and the extent this role allocation is suitable to enhance growth of the European Union’s member states. Based on a robust political economy framework it is argued that this new economic policy concept is in essence a technocratic approach and a form of selective interventionism. As such it suffers from three major shortcomings: (1) it underestimates the difficulties of gathering and analyzing the relevant information necessary for steering the economy in the desired direction, (2) it encourages rent-seeking rather than productive entrepreneurship, and (3) it may cause a subtle transformation of the societal order through the diminution of individual liberties. It is contended that while an interventionist policy approach meets the preferences of large parts of the population, not the least in Germany, it is unlikely to boost economic growth and employment in the EU.

The main objective of this study is to reconstruct the long-term strategy of Gallimard Jeunesse, a major French publisher of books for children and youth, which has consisted of a constant planning, restructuring and revitalisation of more than a dozen collections and series published under the label of 'Découvertes' from 1983 until today. The history of this wide-ranging project - one of the largest publishing project of the last decades - provides a picture of the evolution of the publication model of contemporary non-fiction books for children. We will therefore focus on the size of the analysed collections, the evolution of their editorial form and texts - for example, the presence and function of illustrations and/or auxiliary parts of the books - as well as the age of their readers, the relationship between translations and French production, and international and inter-institutional co-publishing ventures. Presenting the most interesting and innovative examples of typographic and graphic solutions implemented by the publisher will also provide important information, as these solutions have been widely imitated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the article was to examine the impact of existing taboos on the use of sexual terminology in non-scientific discourse. The study was carried out on the basis of 111 popular science books for children and youth devoted to sexuality and published in Poland in the 1945-2018 period. We collected a corpus of sexual vocabulary related to external male and female genital organs and to sexual intercourse. The analysis showed that these notions are expressed by both sexological terms and their everyday language equivalents. In the majority of books, at least one term appears, which indicates that terminology is seen as appropriate means of naming taboo concepts in communication with children and teenagers. However, since more than half of the analysed publications also use common-vocabulary expressions in addition to terminology, we conclude that the authors consider terminology as insufficient by itself. The strategies used in the selection of sexual vocabulary depend on at least five combined factors: the type of taboo involved, the time of publication of the book, the country of origin, the ideology presented in the book, and the age of the reader. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]