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Cryoglobulinemia is defined as the presence of cryoglobulins in the blood. Cryoglobulinemia is often observed in the course of many diseases (infection, hematological disorders, autoimmune disorders) or has an idiopathic character. The classification of cryoglobulinemia is based on the immunological analysis of cryoglobulins and the activity of the rheumatoid factor (RF). The presence of cryoglobulins may induce cryoglobulinemic vasculitis (CV) which manifests with skin changes, arthritis and the dysfunction of internal organs. Diagnosis of cryoglobulinemia refers to the detection of cryoprecipitate in the blood serum sample. In the treatment of cryoglobulinemia various groups of medications may be used: corticosteroids, cyclophosphamide, azathioprine and rituximab. The purpose of the treatment is to reduce the production of cryoglobulins and the inflammation caused by their presence. Additionally, the treatment of organs complication is also crucial. If the viral infection is the causative agent of vasculitis, combination therapy will be recommended: antiviral and immunosuppressive therapy.

Vasculitides in autoimmune diseases are an important cause of secondary headaches. The article discusses the incidence of headache in primary and secondary vasculitides of the central nervous system. The symptoms of primary CNS vasculitis are presented. The occurrence of headache in large-vessel vasculitides, such as Takayasu arteritis and giant cell arteritis; medium-vessel vasculitides, such as polyarteritis nodosa and Kawasaki disease; and small-vessel vasculitides, such as microscopic polyangiitis, granulomatosis with polyangiitis, and eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis, are characterized. The occurrence of headache in vasculitides of different blood vessels, such as Behcet's disease and Cogan's syndrome, is presented as well. Systemic autoimmune diseases discussed in the paper are systemic lupus erythematosus, antiphospholipid antibody syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, Sjogren's syndrome, and sarcoidosis. Vasculopathies which can mimic CNS vasculitides were discussed as well. Examples include reversible cerebral vasoconstriction, Susac's symdrome, and cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL).

Chlamydophila pneumoniae was taxonomically separated from strain TWAR - an abbreviation of the strain isolated from humans TW-183 (material from the eye of a child in Taiwan in 1965) and AR-39 (material from a student's throat swab with acute changes within airways in Seattle in 1983). The basis of separation of the C. pneumoniae species was the unique structure of the elementary bodies. Infection caused by C. pneumoniae is often asymptomatic (60-80% of all infections). Symptomatic infections of the upper respiratory tract relate to pharyngitis, laryngitis, sinusitis and the lower respiratory tract: bronchitis and pneumonia. C. pneumoniae infection often transforms into a chronic, clinically oligo- or asymptomatic form. The chronic inflammatory process is associated by many authors with the pathogenesis of coronary artery disease, endocarditis, atherosclerosis, hypertension, vasculitis, multiple sclerosis, sarcoidosis, and asthma. C. pneumoniae has a specific tropism and exhibits cytotoxic activity towards the airway epithelium, in which it proliferates and destroys infected cells by lysis. Entry of these bacteria to the human body leads to activation of first non-specific and then specific resistance mechanisms and the development of a local inflammatory process. Diagnosis of C. pneumoniae should be confirmed only after the exclusion of typical micro-organisms causing respiratory infections. It is important to pay attention to the fact that the epidemiological data on the incidence of C. pneumoniae infections in different age groups of patients are variable depending on the type of diagnostic methods used in the research. Chlamydia are resistant to most antibiotics that are routinely used in respiratory tract infections. These bacteria are susceptible to antibiotics that disrupt the synthesis of DNA and proteins, such as macrolides, tetracyclines, and fluoroquinolones.

Vasculitis is a group of rare diseases of unknown etiology, characterised by inflammation and necrosis of blood vessels, contributing to various clinical consequences. The variety of clinical symptoms and presence of symptoms from various syndromes often make the diagnosis difficult. Until now no causal treatment has been established. In order to achieve a remission of the disease, corticosteroids and immunosuppressive therapy are recommended.

We present case of 55 years old female with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and necrotic ulcerations in lower limbs. Etiology of this lesions was complex. In the presented case, vasculitis (microvasculitis) accompanying systemic inflammatory connective tissue disease coincides with deficiency of protein S and venous insufficiency lower limbs. It could determine necrotic type of ulcerations and location of lesions. In this case vasculitis was crucial importance and ulcerations were healed after immunosuppressive therapy. In similar cases it is often difficult to find factors responsible for development of ulcerations and it need different investigations. But detailed determine of etiopathogenesis gives guarantee therapeutic success.

An article is presented the treatment of vascular prosthetic grafts infections. An the graft infection treated by the replacement of infected prosthesis with autogenic venous material or with venous and arterial allograft harvested from brain-dead organ donors together with multiple organ procurement is presented. Autogenous material has an ability a better healing in infected tissues and used with absorbable sutures may lead to complete recovery from vascular graft infection - a severe and often lethal complication. An article is presented the treatment of vascular prosthetic grafts infections with the use of more resistant prostheses of infection - silver coated prosthesis, prosthesis with antibiotic and polytetrafluoroethylene prostheses.

A case is described of vasculitis in the course of chronic juvenile polyarthritis in a 14-year-old boy. The course of chronic juvenile polyarthritis complicated with vasculitis led to an irreversible disability due to necrotic changes in the locomotor system.

Two cases of the acute vasculitis which constituted a considerable diagnostic problem are presented. Interdisciplinary diagnosis has led to the detection of rare intestinal disorder of immunologic origin.