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Trolley rack is a material handling that significantly affects production productivity in Indonesian Tea factories. The design of this tool needs to consider the anthropometric approach. This study raises the problem of the dimensions of the trolley racks used in the industry without thinking about the anthropometric approach. Of the twenty-two trolley rack operators, 92.5% of workers experienced back pain when operating the equipment. This problem has an impact on musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs), which causes a decrease in effectiveness and workers. The REBA and Nordic Body Map Questionnaire methods are used to obtain optimal operator posture analysis related to the redesign of the trolley rack. Five anthropometric dimensions of a comfortable trolley rack were obtained, including shoulder height (SH), standing shoulder width (STW), leg length (FL), foot width (FW), and hand grip width (HGW). The final anthropometric dimensions of this tool are SH = 126 cm, STW = 33 cm, FL = 11 cm, FW = 13 cm, and HGW = 5 cm. Using new trolley racks in this study increased productivity by 80%.

Illegal car racing in German city centres repeatedly lead to fatal accidents. As a rule, they are punished by the courts as involuntary manslaughter. Until a judgement of the Berlin Regional Court makes legal history by convicting the speeders of murder. This requires reasoning. Court judgements are argumentative texts. Against the background of the applicable foundations of law, justice and jurisprudence, this article will take a closer look at two opposing verdicts (in Cologne and Berlin) on the comparable facts of the case, one assessed as negligent homicide, the other as murder, using the linguistic and argumentationanalytical cutlery from the toolbox of forensic linguistics.

We evaluate the direct employment effect of the public investment in key infrastructure ‒ electricity, roads, schools and hospitals, and water and sanitation. Using rich firm-level panel data from 41 countries over 19 years, we estimate that US$1 million of public spending on infrastructure creates 3–7 jobs in advanced economies, 10–17 jobs in emerging market economies, and 16–30 jobs in low-income developing countries. As a comparison, US$1 million in public spending on R&D yields 5–11 jobs in R&D in OECD countries. Green investment and investment with a larger R&D component deliver a higher employment effect. Overall, we estimate that 1% of global GDP in public investment can create more than seven million jobs worldwide through its direct employment effects alone.

This study examined 37 patients with hepatitis and cirrhosis of the liver and 30 healthy individuals, assessing liver function indicators and renal function under conditions of daily diuresis and after a load of drinking water and a 0.5% sodium chloride solution, at 0.5% of body weight. The study showed that hepatitis and cirrhosis of the liver lead to signs of hepatorenal syndrome development, particularly in patients with cirrhosis, primarily manifested by a reduction in glomerular filtration rate (GFR). The extent of reduction correlated with the severity of liver damage. Simultaneously, it was independent of blood pressure, plasma protein, and renal sodium exchange mechanisms. The primary dysfunction in hepatorenal syndrome was determined to be a reduction in GFR, evidenced by the rise in creatinine concentration, although urea increased only in cirrhosis, requiring further explanation. The results showed that liver diseases, especially cirrhosis, can lead to kidney problems, mainly by reducing the kidney's ability to filter blood, which was shown by higher creatinine levels in the blood.

Background The authors aimed to explore carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) among electronic sports (esports) athletes, to compare hand symptoms and their severity between esports athletes and the control group and within the esports athletes, and to study the relationship between esports athletes’ variables. Material and Methods A cross-sectional survey study via telephone with systematic randomized approach was used for esport athletes sampling. Control group were non-esports athletes who do not use computer for prolonged duration. The survey consisted of sports athletes’ characteristics, hand symptoms and functions, and the Boston Carpal Tunnel Questionnaire (BCTQ). The unpaired student’s t-test, Mann-Whitney U test, and χ 2 test were utilised for statistical comparison, with p < 0.05. Pearson’s and Spearman’s correlation coefficient tests were used for relationship analyses. Results Eligible participants were 198 out of 229. Compared to control group, esport athletes reported more CTS (p = 0.01), and radiated pain and numbness in their hands (p = 0.05). Males complained of hand symptoms (p < 0.01) and its radiation (p < 0.01) more than females among esports athletes. Higher BCTQ Symptom Severity Scale (BCTQ-SSS) scores were reported for esports athletes who had been playing esports for prolonged periods compared to those who had playing recently (p = 0.003), with a moderate positive correlation (+0.59, p = 0.004). A significant moderate positive correlation was reported for BCTQ Functional Severity Symptoms (BCTQ-FSS) scores in terms of hours of playing (+0.44, p = 0.04). Esports athletes who used armrests and a PC with a controller for gaming reported less hand symptoms and had milder BCTQ scores than those who used a PC with a keyboard/mouse. Generally, esports athletes spend 5–10 h/day on gaming. Conclusions Esports athletes might be at risk of developing upper-extremity nerve compression and CTS. Prolonged playing, hours of playing, type of esports device, and using armrests are possible risk factors. Med Pr Work Health Saf. 2023;74(4):279–87.

Albite Japan has been experiencing unfavourable demographic changes for socioeconomic development for at least half a century, it is only in recent years that we have noted measures there aimed at no longer preventing the demographic crisis itself, but at mitigating its effects. All available statistical data confirm the demographic trend observed in the country, characterised on the one hand by an increase in life expectancy (which in itself is inherently a positive trend), and on the other by a low fertility rate (which reflects negatively on both the sustainability of the social fabric and the development of the national economy). In other words, it eventually leads to an extremely rapid ageing process in Japanese society. This rapidness can be judged when we contrast Japan’s natural change rate of -2 in 2007 with an alarming-609 per thousand population in 2021.1 The purpose of the article is therefore, firstly, to identify the sources of the demographic crisis in Japan, and secondly, based on them, to carry out a comparative analysis of the case in question to determine factors which have a decisive influence on the problem and to detect whether their occurrence is characteristic only for the Land of the Cherry Blossoms. All this can be referred here to Japan’s current social policy and constitute answer the question of whether it is, or not, overdue in the context of the titular issue.

Autor przypomina szkic Juliusza Kleinera (1886-1957), wybitnego polskiego humanisty i filologa, pod tytułem U wrót nowej estetyki z 1929 r. i uznaje go za jedną z ważniejszych publikacji w ramach przedwojennej polskiej myśli filmowej. Lewicki zwraca uwagę przede wszystkim na akt nobilitacji filmu w świecie naukowym, a także na istotne rozpoznania Kleinera dotyczące filmu jako sztuki kierującej się nowymi zasadami tworzenia i cechującej się nowym sposobem odbioru. Główną część artykułu stanowi próba zastosowania innych, stricte filologicznych prac Kleinera oraz metodologii tam wypracowanej w kształtującym się na przełomie lat 50. i 60. XX w. filmoznawstwie jako akademickiej dyscyplinie naukowej (poszczególne uwagi dotyczą m.in. kwestii analizy dzieła, teorii procesu historycznego, a także zasad komparatystyki interdyscyplinarnej). (Materiał nierecenzowany; pierwodruk: „Kwartalnik Filmowy” 1957, nr 28, s. 3-17).

This paper is a contribution to the discussion concerning the methodological and theoretical orientation of the Polish political science community. It aims to answer the question posed in the title by analysing representative texts by Polish political theorists. The scholarly output of four well-known political scientists – Filip Pierzchalski, Kamil Minkner, Artur Laska and Łukasz Młyńczyk – was examined. The interpretation of selected texts by these authors made it possible to show the applications of the category of “understanding” in the concepts of interpretationism, narrativism, understanding naturalism and integral approach. The conducted study indicates that understanding is perceived as the main, albeit multi-variant, task of political science, determined by ontological and axiological perspectives. The analysis proper is preceded by a presentation of the main problems of the subject under discussion, including the meaning of the key terms such as understanding, interpretation, communication, and knowledge.

The aim of the article is an attempt at empirical verification of the function of marketing communication. The objective formulated in this way aims to assess the content that companies attribute in their strategies to the basic functions of marketing communication. Thus, it defines an interesting problem of the reception of communication functions by enterprises in the practice of promotional activities. This assessment was made possible by empirical research on a sample of 103 companies. Their selection was random and quota-based with the use of controls due to the industry and the size of employment. The study employed open interviews based on the CATI methodology. The structure of the presented consideration is presented in Figure 1. The work consists of two parts. The first part considers the morphology of marketing communication. It focuses on the structure of the function of marketing communication, and it identifies its three major functions. The second part refers to the results of empirical research and presents its empirical assessment. It aims to identify the actual objectives of communication in the context of its informative function and the principles and value of communicated messages-the forms of persuasion and influence exerted on consumers as well as the role of communication as a company’s competitive strategy in the sector.

The purpose of the article/hypothesis: The goal of this paper is to analyze tax evasion with special emphasis on gender. Factors influencing tax noncompliance such as age, income, education, confidence in government, political scale and religiosity are analyzed. Methodology: Tax evasion is analyzed based on the most recent (Wave 7) World Value Survey data with the significance of differences between respondents, correlation and regression models analysis. Results of the research: It has been found that there are significant differences between the global approach and groups of males and females when the acceptance of cheating on taxes is taken into consideration. The analysis of groups reflected the fact that all factors influence respondents in the same way without distinguishing between males and females.

The article presents a cross-section sketch of the attitude of Russia toward Poland and the Polish people, demonstrating its ambivalence, stretching between Polonophobia and Polonophilia (‘the complex of unrequited love toward Poland’). Its sources are generally thought to lie in the elementary mental disparity between Moscow’s total absolutism and Polish civil society, based on individualism, Latin culture and the Roman law. This disparity becomes a centuries-old source of political conflict and cultural fascination.

Żyjemy w czasach antropogenicznego kryzysu klimatycznego. Ale czy na pewno? Szkic pokazuje, jak w krwawej łaźni zmilitaryzowanej akumulacji i podboju po 1492 r. ukształtował się na wskroś nowoczesny fetysz „ludzkości”. Twierdzenie, że to Antropos napędza kryzys klimatyczny, implikuje aktora historycznego, który nie istnieje. Rzeczywistość jest odmienna: ludzkość nie robi niczego. Historię tworzą określone grupy ludzi – imperia, klasy, instytucje religijne, armie, finansiści. Artykuł określa antropocen jako coś więcej niż kiepską historię – choć ucieczka od historii światowej ma tu kluczowe znaczenie. Dowodzi, że dzisiejszy antropocen jest jednym z filarów ekologizmu bogatych. Jego korzenie historyczne tkwią w projekcie ucywilizowania oraz w niedawnym, powstałym po 1970 r. ekologizmie „statku kosmicznego Ziemia”. Zarówno Ekologizm, jak i współczesna moda na antropocen dążą przede wszystkim do jednego: zrzucenia winy z kapitalizmu jako głównego sprawcy kryzysu ekologicznego. Od samego początku Ekologizm unikał „nazywania systemu po imieniu”. Tylko określenie kryzysu klimatycznego jako „kapitałogenicznego” – „spowodowanego przez kapitał” – pozwoli nam stworzyć skuteczną socjalistyczną politykę sprawiedliwości klimatycznej.

We live in times of anthropogenic climate crisis. Or do we? This essay shows how “humanity” is a thoroughly modern fetish forged in the bloodbath of militarized accumulation and conquest after 1492. To say that the Anthropos drives the climate crisis implicates a historical actor that does not exist. But the reality is different. Humanity does nothing. Specific groups of humans make history – empires, classes, religious institutions, armies, and financiers. This essay reveals the Anthropocene as more than lousy history – although the flight from world history is crucial. It argues that today’s Anthropocene is one pillar of the Environmentalism of the Rich. It is rooted historically in the Civilizing Project, and, more recently, in post‑1970 “Spaceship Earth” environmentalism. Both Environmentalism and its recent Anthropocene craze have sought to do one thing above all: deflect blame from capitalism as the prime mover of the climate crisis. From the beginning, Environmentalism avoided “naming the system.” Only by identifying the climate crisis as capitalogenic – “made by humans” – can we begin to forge an effective socialist politics of climate justice.

The theory of systemic changes did not give an unequivocal answer as to the period in which the post‑socialist system transformation takes place; therefore, the criteria of its initiation and and completion should be specified. This requires a comparative analysis of the real sphere and regulation of the reformed economy of state socialism and the emerging post‑socialist market economy. Such an analysis must also be applied to the neoliberal model of the economy based on the Washington Consensus, which was the basis for the so‑called shock therapy applied in Poland, and to the social market economy, which was the aim of the Strategy for Poland. Both the literature on the subject and statistical studies clearly show that the policy of liberalization and stabilization of the early 1990s was too radical and had not created qualitative premises for economic development in the following years. Permanent foundations for dynamic development were created only by the policy of reforms and institution building implemented in the years of the Strategy for Poland. The analysis of the past one‑third of the century of deep systemic changes indicates the heterogeneity of individual sub‑periods, which was related to different formulation of development goals and using different instruments of the policy of institutional changes and economic growth. From the experiences of this long transformation effort, numerous conclusions can be drawn for the future regarding the threefold – economically, socially and ecologically – sustainable development policy, which must take into account social and cultural determinants.

This article explores the development of the study of legal history as a subject in the law schools of England and Wales. It outlines changes in university education more generally, and in legal scholarship in particular and how those changes impact the particular subject under study. Drawing on empirical studies and personal reflections relating to past experience it concludes by speculating on potential different outcomes, both positive and negative, which may emerge when the universities of England and Wales emerge from the uncertainty of the COVID-19 pandemic, during which the piece was written.

Płynna biopsja polega na badaniu krążącego we krwi, pozakomórkowego DNA (cfDNA, circulating cell-free DNA) pochodzącego z komórek prawidłowych lub nowotworowych. Analiza małej ilości krwi może być bogatym źródłem informacji o stanie zdrowia pacjenta chorującego na nowotwór. Płynna biopsja może być alternatywą do biopsji z guza, ale przedstawia szczególną wartość w przypadkach niedostępności materiału tkankowego oraz możliwości wielokrotnego jej powtarzania. Frakcja cfDNA pochodząca z guza nazywana jest w onkologii ctDNA (circulating tumor DNA). Przykładem ctDNA mogą być sekwencje genomu wirusa brodawczaka ludzkiego (HPV, Human Papillomavirus), który jest czynnikiem etiologicznym niektórych raków regionu głowy i szyi (RRGiSz), a w szczególności gardła środkowego (RGŚ). Najczęstszym genotypem występującym w RGŚ jest HPV16. Bezinwazyjne i częste oznaczanie DNA HPV16 we krwi (ctHPV16, circulating tumor HPV type 16) daje możliwość monitorowania przebiegu choroby w trakcie leczenia i po jego zakończeniu. Bardzo dobrymi narzędziami do detekcji DNA HPV są techniki bazujące na reakcji łańcuchowej polimerazy (PCR), do których należy ilościowy PCR w czasie rzeczywistym (qPCR, quantitative polymerase chain reaction) i cyfrowy emulsyjny PCR (ddPCR, digital droplet PCR). Użycie tych technik do oznaczania DNA wirusa daje wysoką specyficzność i czułość badania. Wykrywanie ctHPV16 po zakończonym leczeniu może być pomocne w rozpoznaniu choroby resztkowej, którą trudno ocenić w obrazowaniu radiologicznym. Biomarker jakim jest ctHPV16 można z powodzeniem zastosować do diagnostyki efektów leczenia chorych na RGŚ, który w przyszłości może być pomocny w podejmowaniu decyzji terapeutycznych.

Peptic ulcer disease is one of the most common gastrointestinal disease worldwide. The prevalence of peptic ulcer disease is now so large that it has entailed the development of diagnostic and treatment methods improve. Currently used drug combination may produce effects even at 80% of cases, which is virtually unheard of in any other disease entity. Over 60% of peptic ulcers are located in the duodenum (3-4 times more than in the stomach). Estimates suggest that 5-10% of adults are affected by duodenal ulcer, and it occurs three times more often in men than in women. In children, it occurs less frequently, but in 2% of adult onset is given in childhood [11]. The aim of this study was to learn the importance and role of nurses in patient care duodenal ulcer. The job of research problems adopted five major research questions: 1 What is the level of knowledge about the patient's duodenal ulcer? 2. Do you know the cause of his illness? 3. Do you know the method of treatment of duodenal ulcer? 4. What information and support measures are expected from the nurse at the time of treatment? 5. What is the involvement of patients in the active participation of relapse prevention and healthy lifestyle after treatment? In this work the method has been applied case study involving the analysis of individual human lives caught up in certain situations on the analysis of education or specific educational phenomena of nature, through the prism of individual biography with a focus on human development for the diagnosis or phenomena in order to take therapeutic measures [2]. The collection of research material used for work the following research techniques: observation, interview, document, documentation and analysis [3, 4, 5, 6]. In this work the message gained from your observation of the patient and his medical history. The study was conducted in the Public Health Care in the Outpatient Clinic in Kozienice family doctor. The marketing research was a patient who was admitted to the doctor to diagnosis pain upper right quadrant of the abdomen. The patient lived 45 years in Kozienice, has been married for 24 years, has two children, lives in a detached house, housing is very good. He works as a teacher. The role of nurses in addressing patients with duodenal ulcer. The purpose of nursing a patient with duodenal ulcer is to assist in overcoming problems and promoting preventive measures, minimization of unpleasant experiences and feelings, and their neutralization by the use of appropriate treatments, education, psychological support and physical health. Home care also ensures the transfer of clear and tailored to patients' knowledge of information that helped to overcome fears and doubts related to treatment [7]. The patient was correctly diagnosed and treated. Problems of nursing care have been identified and properly planned. Action Care has been implemented in accordance with the plan of nursing care undertaken. You and your family are prepared to conduct normal life. The aim of this study was to determine the scope of care for a patient with duodenal ulcer. The essence of nursing is the provision of professional nursing, education in duodenal ulcer and prevent complications. On the basis of discussions with the patient, I can say that they have some knowledge of the duodenal ulcer, but this knowledge is incomplete and need further education in this field. She knows the cause of his illness and is fully convinced about the effectiveness of treatment and the importance of a healthy lifestyle. She does not know everything about the treatment of duodenal ulcer. Patient education has contributed to increasing the scope of knowledge on the subject. We are happy to read literature by registered, highly estimated the press as a good source of information. On the basis of patient interview has deficiencies within the meaning of the importance of diet in duodenal ulcer. Action to raise awareness of the patient, caused that is fully satisfied with the changes in diet and the positive impact of diet. The conversation, sense of security and emotional support allow the patient to accept the health situation. The nurse is a person who because of their profession is committed to providing support. She is fully convinced of the health behaviors in shaping health and empowerment. He feels responsible for her health and life. It turns out to understand the importance of a healthy lifestyle after treatment. Is prepared to deal with cases of doubt associated with the disease. Conclusion 1. She has received satisfactory information on her duodenal ulcer. 2. The patient was transferred to an optimal level of knowledge about the causes of the disease, we would read the literature by registered mail. 3. Discussed in detail with the patient treatment of the disease. 4. Patient transmission of meaningful information related to the treatment allowed the patient to accept the situation. Nursing actions enabled the change in approach to the problem. 5. She has been working in the diagnostic and therapeutic and beauty, health prevention has the proper attitude. It turns out an understanding as to the advisability of modifications to the current mode of life, strengthening and raising the level of health.

János Kornai to podczas ostatnich pięćdziesięciu lat najwybitniejszy ekonomista krajów socjalistycznych i posocjalistycznych. To uczony światowej renomy, który pozostawił po sobie ogromny dorobek opublikowany w około trzydziestu językach. Jego teoria systemowej nierównowagi w gospodarce centralnie planowanej, koncepcja twardych i miękkich ograniczeń budżetowych oraz ekonomia niedoborów miały znaczenie przełomowe dla naukowej interpretacji procesów produkcji, dystrybucji i akumulacji kapitału w gospodarkach państwowego socjalizmu. Znaczący jest także dorobek autora odnośnie do ogólnej ekonomii politycznej socjalizmu, którą wykładał m.in. na Uniwersytecie Harvarda. O ile analizując system socjalistyczny Kornai ograniczał się w zasadzie do ujęcia deskryptywnego, o tyle w pracach publikowanych po 1989 r. jego uwagę przyciągała ekonomia normatywna, w tym postulaty dotyczące kierunku reform strukturalnych, budowy instytucji i polityki gospodarczej w trakcie posocjalistycznej transformacji ustrojowej. Ważka jest także jego ostatnia książka, porównująca nierównowagę charakteryzującą się brakami towarów w socjalizmie z nierównowagą właściwą dla nadwyżek towarowych w kapitalizmie. Artykuł analizuje i komentuje ewolucję myśli teoretycznej tego wybitnego ekonomisty oraz jej wpływ na realne procesy gospodarcze. Formułowane są także uwagi polemiczne dotyczące interpretacji procesów ekonomiczno-społecznych i politycznych zachodzących w Chinach.

Introduction: The evolution in the approach to human resource development in enterprises is progressively heading towards systemic integration with the overall strategy of organization. This entails the need to develop methods for measurement of the maturity level in the HRD area. Models used in practice are universal and flexible at their core, leaving quite a wide field for interpretation, what at the same time hinders their effective use. Research aim: The aim of the research was a practical verification of the J. Burgoyone Model, in the view of Matthews, Megginson, Surtees (2008), where the aforementioned model is used as a tool for assessment of the maturity level of systemic solutions in the area of human resources development in SMEs. The research problem was formulated in the form of a question whether the use of J. Burgoyone's Model in practice can effectively support the process of building a long-term human resource development strategy in small and medium-sized enterprises. Research method: Analytical process qualifies as a diagnostic research and was conducted in SME-type enterprises between 2019-2021. For this purpose, an original questionnaire was used (HRD Audit in A. Różański's organization - version 2018). Results: The analysis confirmed that HRD tools are used intuitively and are not systemically integrated in SME-type organizations. It is then again confirmed through the diversified level of advancement in terms of undertaken activities in various functional areas. Conclusions: The conducted analysis have shown that the use of the J. Burgoyone Model (and its subsequent adaptations) to assess the level of HRD maturity in SMEs additionaly requires the usage of „the second dimension of the assessment”, in this case the refinement of functional areas based on certain concepts (e.g. systematic approach to training, Sloman 2007). This type of operation enables of the advancement level in particular functional areas. In practice, this enables precise planning of activities supporting the identification of the subsequent steps in the process of integrating HRD with the process of building an overall organizational strategy.

Послание Президента Республики Казахстан Касым-Жомарта Токаева к народу (1 сентября 2021 г.)

Kryzys spowodowany pandemią koronawirusa skłonił rządy i banki centralne do nieortodoksyjnych działań ukierunkowanych na ochronę standardu życia ludności oraz podtrzymywanie aktywności produkcyjnej i usługowej przedsiębiorstw. Polityka agresywnego zwiększania podaży pieniądza pociągnęła za sobą znaczący wzrost deficytu budżetowego i długu publicznego. W tym kontekście ważne jest poszukiwanie odpowiedzi na pytanie, w jakim stopniu może to wpłynąć na nasilenie się procesów inflacji oraz sformułowanie odpowiednich sugestii pod adresem polityki gospodarczej. Faktycznie inflacja już jest większa niż oficjalne wskaźniki wzrostu cen, ponieważ jest ona po części tłumiona. Wzrost ogólnego poziomu cen nie odzwierciedla w pełni rzeczywistego natężenia inflacji. Mamy do czynienia z inflacją cenowo-zasobową, shortageflation. Metodologicznie interesujące jest porównanie tego współczesnego fenomenu (3.0) z tłumieniem inflacji w gospodarce wojennej (1.0) oraz w gospodarkach państwowego socjalizmu (2.0). Takie porównania uwypuklają nie tylko podobieństwa tych procesów, lecz również istotne różnice wynikające ze specyfiki reakcji gospodarstw domowych i przedsiębiorstw. Autor omawia pięć kanałów rozładowywania nadmiernych zasobów pieniężnych, wskazując na najbardziej korzystne z punktu widzenia zrównoważonego rozwoju gospodarczego w popandemicznej przyszłości. Szczególne znaczenie ma stymulowanie przeradzania się części inflacyjnego zasobu pieniężnego w popyt rynkowy na towary i usługi zwiększający wykorzystanie istniejących mocy wytwórczych i inwestycje tworzące moce nowe oraz konwersja oszczędności wymuszonych w dobrowolne

The COVID-19 pandemic has posed significant policy challenges in developing countries, where operational resources and policy capacity are limited. Yet, some developing countries have fared better than others, and part of this success seems to be attributable to the use of prudent policy instruments within a policy mix that exhibits coherence. This article presents a COVID-19 case study of Pakistan and considers the following aspects of Pakistan's policy mix: (1) polio and rural support infrastructure deployed for COVID-19 detection and awareness-creation; (2) the establishment of a national command and operation center (NCOC) to centralize real-time decision-making; (3) the use of the largest income support program to generate a targeted pro-poor stimulus; and (4) optimally targeted (smart) lockdowns. The findings suggest that developing countries can adjust sound policy responses to pandemic conditions despite their resource constraints, by calibrating extant policy instruments and mobilizing new ones within a coherent policy mix.

The coronavirus began in late 2019 in China's Hubei province. Since then, it has spread around the world. In the world, according to official data, more than 100 million people have become infected, more than 3 million have died from the coronavirus.On 18.03.2020, the first coronavirus vaccine trials began. Currently, 5 vaccines are used for vaccination: Pfizer, Moderna, AstraZeneca, Johnson and Johnson and Sputnik-V. No vaccine against COVID-19 protects a person 100% from the incidence of coronavirus. Average mortality rate as of 19.04.2021. 1. Pfizer-39,4; 2. Moderna-20,2; 3. AstraZeneca-12,8; 4. Johnson and Johnson-7,5; 5. Sputnik V-2,0. Pfizer and Moderna vaccines cause a risk of cardiovascular disease (myocarditis and pericarditis), thrombosis, bleeding and embolism.

Statement by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Azerbaijan on November 8 – Victory Day in the Republic of Azerbaijan Заявление Министерства иностранных дел Азербайджанской Республики по случаю 8 ноября – Дня Победы в Азербайджанской Республике

The socio-economic and political changes in Poland after 1989, the process of reforms commenced in that period and the decentralisation of administration exerted a substantial influence on the change in the attitude to the process of public service delivery at the local level. This process owes its shape, first of all, to the essence of the reactivated local government, implementation of certain elements of the conception of new public management and Poland’s integration with the European Union. The aim of this paper is to determine the actual influence of the third sector on the process of public services delivery at the local level in Poland. The attempts are made to answer the basic question if the existing legal possibilities of local government are reflected in an effective provision of public services for citizens. The literature and the results of published research show that non-profit organizations more and more often establish cooperation with public administration, especially at the level of local government. In Poland, a practical reflection of this cooperation are created joint cooperation programs of municipalities and non-governmental organizations. Due to the specificity of goals and the local nature of activities of a large number of non-governmental organizations, local government is a natural partner for cooperation in this sector. Despite the significant development of multifaceted cooperation between NGOs and the public sector in Poland, there are many different obstacles and problems hampering this cooperation, which are in part indicated in this article. Numerous conducted studies on the barriers and the development of this cooperation also formulate a number of recommendations for the system and for entities of the cooperation in order to improve this situation.

This article presents the edited volume A History of Polish Theatre (Cambridge University Press, 2022) as a welcome addition to the growing English-language scholarship on Polish theatre. The reviewer appreciates the editors and contributors’ strategy to make the past intelligible through the present. He emphasizes that this strategy contributed to developing a coherent set of articles dedicated to a wide range of topics. As a new source in English, the book will be immensely valuable, both for students and for those interested in finding out more about specific themes in Polish theatre. The scholarship is fresh, and the articles demonstrate connections of the past to the present, emphasizing the importance of each era, not in service to the narrative of progress but rather in Benjamin’s constellation metaphor. The reviewer further notes that the book assumes some knowledge of Polish theatre, Polish culture, and Polish history from the beginning. He argues that the book will therefore not serve as a complete replacement for more traditional histories but rather contributing to the reimagining of how to tell them.

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This paper aims to answer the question how the rules of the economic and political game are changing in an era of irreversible globalisation and to what extent they must take into account the growing importance of China. The main method of analysis is comparative economics and a look at the complex development process through the lens of political economy and the new pragmatism approach. The study leads to the conclusion that China should not be opposed or fought against, but must be cooperated with in solving global problems. On the one hand, China should adapt to the external world; on the other, the world must take into account the specific features of the Chinese system, so-called Chinism. It is not possible to impose a model formed elsewhere on China, especially as liberal democracy is experiencing a crisis in many countries. Likewise, the Chinese model cannot be imposed on other economies, even though it may seem tempting to them. The further development of the world economy requires re-institutionalisation of globalisation and making it more inclusive. The only sensible path to the future is in-depth observation of alternative systems and mutual learning as well as reasonable cooperation based on unorthodox economic thought.

Pachyscalpellum heltzeli has recently been described in more detail in this paper (online; urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:BE62D227-BCCE-46E2-A8B5-69EB05A95522): Gale, Andrew S., John W. M. Jagt, and Stijn Goolaerts. “Cirripedes (Thoracica, Crustacea) from the Maastrichtian of Kalaat Senan, Tunisia.” Cretaceous Research, vol. 118 (2021): 104650. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cretres.2020.104650.

Introduction. Oral fluid is involved in maintaining the homeostasis of hard and soft tissues of the oral cavity. Therefore, it can indicate the changes in both the local environment and the whole organism. Recently, the crystallographic features of oral fluid have been actively studied. Therefore, this paper is devoted to the possibility of using crystallographic patterns of oral fluid for the early diagnosis of periodontal diseases in young people under 30 years of age.The purpose of the research is to study the crystallographic picture of oral fluid in subjects aged 18-23 years with gingivitis.Materials and methods. Subjects were divided into two groups: main — with chronic catarrhal gingivitis (28) and control (32). The main group consisted of two subgroups — with mild (18) and moderate (10) gingivitis. The degree of gingivitis was determined using the papillary-marginal-alveolar index (PMA) in Parma modification (1960). The study of oral fluid was performed using the method of wedge-shaped dehydration. The type of crystallization was determined according to the method of Leus P. A. modified by Dubrovina L. A. (1989).Results and discussion. The type II crystallization of oral fluid was observed in the majority of individuals in both groups. Type II of the main group was characterized by massive crystals and minor crystals, smaller in size, and of different shapes. Type III was detected only in subjects with gingivitis. 75,00 % of representatives with mild gingivitis have had type II of crystallization patterns. Again, type III of oral fluid facies was observed only in moderate gingivitis.Conclusions. Dependence of the crystallization type of oral fluid on the severity of the inflammatory process can be used in the development of methods for early diagnosis and prevention of periodontal pathology progression.

The bulb onion (Allium cepa L.) is a vegetable widely cultivated and in high demand in national and international markets. Due to the risks that the indiscriminate use of agrochemicals represents for human health and the environment, the present study aimed to make a comparative analysis of the effects of organic vs chemical fertilization currently used in the cropping of red hybrid bulb onion (Eureka). Three organic fertilizers (Zumsil®, ComCat® and EcoFungi®) were compared to three chemical fertilizers (15-15-15®, Muriate of Potash® and Nitrofoska®). The response variables were: plant height at 30 and 60 days after transplanting (DAT), length, diameter and average weight of bulbs, yield in tons per hectare and the relationship between height at 30 and 60 DAT. The experiment was carried out under a completely randomized design with four replicates, seven treatments and 28 experimental units. The statistics used include an analysis of variance and a Canonical Biplot that allowed to obtain groups of variables and to determine their correlation with each one of the treatments. Additionally, a marginal analysis of dominant treatments was performed. Positive response of variables was strongly associated with organic fertilizers. From the economic point of view, the ComCat® organic fertilizer represented an ecological alternative with excellent benefits for the producer. This research is in line with the trends for agrochemical-free foods.

This thesis demonstrates results of the electric stimulator VEB-1 software operation algorithm development. To increase the device efficiency, the algorithm is composed using the frequency beat method. Our software solutions allowed us to provide the needed precision to maintain the operating frequency of the electric current pulses that penetrate through the human body on the level not less than 0,001Hz. The software allows the operator to control the electrostimulation process through the screen, where all active processes are displayed.

This essay experiments with Kant’s writings on rational religion distilled through the Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde as canonical confrontations with primal problems of evil. It suggests boundaries between Stevenson’s characters and their occupations comparable to the those conflicted in the Kantian university, namely, law, medicine, theology, and philosophy (which makes a short anticipatory appearance in his earlier text on rational religion). With various faculties it investigates diffuse comprehensions—respectively, legal crime, biogenetic transmission, and original sin—of key ethical modes: will, inheritance, incorporation, freedom, duty, obligation, love, living, and killing to conclude on the possible logic of evil (or evils of logic) collateral and possibly innate to Kant’s comprehension of radical evil.

It is a well-known fact that research and development (R&D) activities are an important factor in maintaining a business on the market. Nowadays, not only is conducting R&D crucial for entities from new technology sector, but also for companies from each sector, including service entities. The aim of the study was to investigate R&D activities among the biggest publicly traded entities in Poland and to examine the way economists and engineers understand the notion of R&D. We hypothesize and find that R&D expenditure is underestimated or unrecognized in financial reports disclosed by service sector enterprises. Further, we surveyed professional economists and engineers to investigate their knowledge about R&D notion and ability to distinguish operational (day-to-day) actions from R&D activities. The study results indicated difference between the opinions expressed by economists and engineers. Our findings are important for regulators and practitioners as they pinpoint that a substantial change in the definition of R&D is required in order to facilitate a wider adoption of R&D by companies rendering services.

The aim of the study is to assess the prognostic value of the structural and functional echocardiographic indicators in IHD patients, depending on acute coronary syndrome management (revascularization vs medical therapy), during 60 months.Materials and methods:The total of 101 IHD patients were examined on the clinical bases of the Internal Medicine Department 2. Prior to the study. The 84 males and 17 females aged 58.6±4.2were split into the experimental group after myocardial revascularization (EG, n = 71) and control group with standard medical therapy (CG, n = 30). In addition to the protocol-prescribed clinical lab tests, during five years, the dynamics of the echocardiographic cardiac parameters has been assessed. The digital data was processed by the Kaplan–Meier estimator; the 60-month cumulative survival rate (%) was estimated and significance of the difference was assessed by Cox's F-test (p.Results and discussion.It appeared thatthe 5-year prognosis in IHD patients was unaffected by the dimensions of IVST, LVIDD and LVMMI. In 60 months after the surgery, a significantly better prognosis was observed for certain unfavourable initial conditions: enlarged RV ≥ 2.5 cm (37.5% vs 30.7%, р = 0.008), aortic diameter ≥ 3.0 cm (57.2% vs 34.3%, р = 0.02), enlarged LA ˃ 4.0 cm (43.8% vs 24.7%, р = 0.046). In addition, revascularization was associated with better survival rates for normal LVMM (EG-CG = 0.01). A similar EF-based distribution was used in the study of patients with decompensated heart failure (REDINSCOR II, 2017), in which the authors revealed that the grey zone patients featured a higher risk of cardiovascular complications than patients with normal EF values did.Conclusions.Revascularization contributed to a considerably better 60-month survival prognosis for cases featuring the enlarged right ventricle (≥2.5 cm), enlarged left atrium (˃4.0 cm) and extended aortic root (≥3.0 cm), but with the normal left ventricular myocardial mass (< 250 g) and without ventricular hypertrophy or systolic dysfunction.

The authors analyse the political dialogue regarding wolf protection between pro-nature nongovernmental organizations, hunters and politicians in Poland. Despite strong pressure of hunting lobbies legal status of the wolf has changed significantly, from animal heavily persecuted after Second World War to species strictly protected in whole country since 1998. In 21st century opposition towards wolf protection is fuelled by hunters and politicians connected with them. The analysis shown that strong voice of non-governmental organizations is needed to sustain wolf protection in Poland.

The emerging research comparing verbal and non‑verbal development in typical individuals and those on the autism spectrum reveals no differences in the acquisition rate of specific features or concepts. Research on families suggests that what parents need is not to be given advice, but rather to be understood and supported by professionals who are family‑centered as well as culturally and linguistically responsive. Choices about language use in families are complex matters that shift dynamically over time. These shifts can include changes in family membership, situational demands, variations in language proficiencies and many other constraints and affordances of family life that require constant adaptation and fluidity. Which language parents choose to speak with their children comes from deeply personal decisions that are neither right nor wrong, but those decisions are often constrained under the weight of fear and misinformation. Speech‑language pathologists play an indispensable role in lifting this weight so that families feel the freedom to arrive at ways of speaking that promote their families’ wellness and goals.

Nonspecific colitis (inflammation of the colon mucosa) is a common gastroenterological disease. The causative factors of this disease are intestinal dysbiosis, which leads to an increase in blood concentration of intestinal endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide), as well as impaired liver antimicrobial function.The purpose of this study was to determine the possibility of preventing colitis, which develops as a result of a combination of dysbiosis and hepatitis, with the help of biotrit, which has an antidysbiotic and hepatoprotective effect.The experiments were conducted on 24 white rats of the Wistar line (males, 1 month old), divided into 3 equal groups: 1 - control (normal); 2 - dysbiosis + hepatitis without treatment; 3 - dysbiosis + hepatitis + drug "Biotrit".Dysbiosis was caused by the antibiotic lincomycin, which was given to rats with drinking water at a dose of 60 mg / kg for the first 5 days. Toxic hepatitis was reproduced in rats using hydrazine hydrochloride.Studies have shown that the phytopreparation Biotrit has a mucosoprotective effect in experimental nonspecific colitis due to both antidysbiotic and antioxidant effects.

In an experiment on white rats with toxic nephritis, pathological changes in the structural and functional state of the kidneys were determined. An increase in the daily diuresis (p

The article is a response to the polemical commentary by Paweł E. Tomaszewski, PhD, published in the current volume of the journal Studia Historiae Scientiarum 18 (2019), regarding the author’s earlier article on the work of the Institute of Metallurgy and Metal Science at the Warsaw University of Technology with the addenda to the biography of Jan Czochralski, published in the previous volume of the journal. It is well known that any attempt to compile the history of any issue requires critical approach to historical sources and that acquiring information collected in archival sources, the press and memoirs requires from the researcher a diligent and thorough comparative work. However, the problem arises when an author of a future publication has only few sources at his disposal, or even only one, which was the case here. The article answers the doubts bothering Paweł E. Tomaszewski regarding the financing of the construction and equipment of the Institute of Metallurgy and Metallurgy at the Warsaw University of Technology and the origin and work of Jan Czochralski. The issues of the enterprises Zakłady Hohenlohe SA, Wspólnota Interesów and Wspólnota Interesów Górniczo-Hutniczych SA were also discussed. The author proposes that a systematic team inquiry into both press and archival resources regarding Jan Czochralski should be carried out, and researchers should be allowed access to respective private archives. This will allow for a more research-grounded historical syntheses of Jan Czochralski.

Much attention has been paid to the study of the numerous effects of chronic stress and the methods of their correction, but some questions remain unanswered. Goal. To investigate the effect of highly mineralized sodium chloride mineral water (brine) on the structural and functional state of rat kidneys with experimental distress. White female rats weighing 180 - 220 g were ranked into three groups: group I intact rats (control), group II rats with a distress model (duration 30 days); group III - rats with a model of distress, who from 15 to 30 day of experiment received a course of external procedures with rapes. In group II rats, the development of distress caused dystrophic changes in the kidneys, which led to inhibition of their urinary, ion-regulating and excretory functions. To correct the manifestations of distress rats received a course of external procedures with brine (5 procedures for 2 hours a day). Renal function restored: GFR exceeds group I data by 30%, resulting in complete recovery of the diuresis. Urea excretion is restored, and creatinine excretion exceeds the control level by 30% (p

In white rats in the setting of development of metabolic syndrome inhibition of the urinary and excretory functions of the kidney, with impaired water-ion balance (the kidneys excrete slightly hyperosmotic urine in a small amount) on the background of structural signs of dystrophies. Daily diuresis is reduced by 37% due to a decrease in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) by 22% and an increase in the percentage of tubular reabsorption (p

The social, economic, and political changes which occurred in both Poland and in Ukraine after 1989, led to the formation of mutual relations at various levels and in various spheres of public, social, and economic life. Subsequent administrative reforms introduced from the beginning of the 1990s had an impact on the development of the decentralization and democratization of the public sector. In Poland, these processes took place much more effectively than in Ukraine. Despite this, from the very beginning of the changes, the newly created communes, and after 1998, the poviats and voivodships, undertook cooperation with self-governing partners in Ukraine. In the last three decades, local and regional communities in Ukraine have become an important partner for Polish local and regional governments. Polish-Ukrainian self-government cooperation is implemented in many forms, based on various models and with different results. It also faces many barriers on legal, institutional, and psychological levels. The main obstacle is undoubtedly Ukraine's lack of membership in the European Union, as well as sometimes mutual misunderstanding and non-acceptance of historical experiences. The main goal of the study is to analyze the currently functioning forms of cooperation between local governments from Poland and Ukraine. The main thesis of this article is based on the assumption that despite the many opportunities existing for partnership and cooperation, local governments from Poland and Ukraine establish bilateral and multilateral cooperation too seldom. This is related to many barriers that hinder the development and initiation of cooperation, and affect its quality and expected outcomes. To verify the assumed thesis, institutional and legal methods, document analysis, factor analysis, and comparative methods were used.

The Process of Ageing of Societies: On the Need for Research on (In)Resilience of Demographic Change and (In)Appropriateness of State Social Policy in the Context of the Japanese, South Korean, German and Polish Experiences The existence of a low birth rate has so far frequently been associated with the repercussions of either armed conflicts or epidemics. Economic crises, religious upheavals, cultural changes or industrial revolutions have also been cited as causes, albeit less frequently. The phenomenon of the ageing of societies which we are currently observing, however, has – by all indications – other and not yet fully defined causes. It is therefore worth considering not only why this is happening, but also if the phenomenon stems from the same causes everywhere. It may well be that the phenomenon of ageing societies occurs in various parts of the globe, but this does not prove that it is an automatism, caused by the same combination of factors. Therefore, it is crucial to clarify which of the defined factors play a catalytic role in the process under consideration, and which factors are indifferent or of marginal significance in relation to it, as well as whether it is possible, on the basis of comparative analysis of the cases of the proposed countries, to ascribe universal importance to all of them?

Background. Back in 1990, YuP Limansky hypothesized acupuncture points (AP) as polymodal receptors of the ecoceptive sensitivity system. In the process of hypothesis development in 2003 an existence of separate functional system of regulation of electromagnetic balance of organism has been substantiated and a working conception of light therapy has been formulated. In line with this hypothesis, we set out to analyze the relationships between the disturbances of the geomagnetic field (Ap-index) and the electrical conductivity of a number of AP, on the one hand, and the parameters of the neuroendocrine-immune complex in patients with its dysfunction, on the other. Material and methods. The object of observation were 21 men (24-63 y) and 20 women (30-72 y) with neuroendocrine-immune complex dysfunction. Each patient was tested twice with an interval of 4 days. Retrospectively we recorded the geomagnetic Ap-Index on the day of testing and during the previous 7 days, using resource https://www.spaceweatherlive.com/. Recorded the electrical conductivity of 9 pairs of AP, electroencephalogram (EEG) and heart rate variability (HRV) parameters, determined the plasma level of cortisol, triiodothyronine and testosterone, the content of lymphocytes expressing CD3, CD4, CD25, CD8, CD22 and CD56 receptors, the serum level of circulating immune complexes, immunoglobulins classes M, G, A as well as C-reactive protein, IL-1β and IL-6. The state of phagocytic function of neutrophils estimated by microbial count and phagocytic and killing indices against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Results. During the week, the average level of Ap-index ranged from 7 to 13 nT. Maximum coefficients of multiple correlation with APs parameters were detected for Ap-index on 6 day before (R=0,552) and on the day of testing (R=0,470), with EEG parameters on the eve of registration (R=0,708) and on 6 day before its (R=0,685), with immunity parameters on the eve of blood sampling (R=0,768) and on 5 day before its (R=0,758), with HRV&Hormonal parameters on 2 (R=0,506) and 7 (R=0,403) days before testing. The canonical correlation between Ap-indices for 7 days before and on the day of testing, and the parameters APs is 0,661; EEG parameters is 0,886; HRV&Hormonal parameters is 0,766 and immunity parameters is 0,921. APs parameter are closely related to the EEG (R=0,997) and HRV&Hormonal parameters (R=0,740). In turn, the immune parameters are closely related to the EEG (R=0,944) and HRV&Hormonal parameters (R=0,714). Conclusion. Disturbances of the geomagnetic field (Ap-index) causes a significant immediate modulating effect on the parameters of neuroendocrine-immune complex, apparently through acupuncture points as polymodal receptors of the ecoceptive sensitivity system.

Proteomics is a branch of molecular biology that deals with the identification and quantification of proteins in living objects, as well as the analysis of protein functions and their interactions. Proteomics is studied by proteins that are expressed in a given cell, tissue or organism over a period of time (under certain conditions). It is known that information about the primary structure of a protein (the sequence of amino acid residues in a protein) is contained in a structural gene in the form of a codon sequence (genetic code). On the other hand, less than 10% of genes are functionally active (expressed) in the somatic cells of our body. Moreover, a distinct tissue-specific expression of genes is observed. This, in turn, leads to the peculiarities of the qualitative composition of the synthesized proteins in various tissues. No less important is the fact that the total amount of proteins synthesized by our tissues is much greater than the total number of structural genes containing information about their original structure. This phenomenon is explained by the activity of such mechanisms as alternative splicing and a wide variety of post-translational peptide processing pathways (covalent modification of a polypeptide synthesized on the ribosome) in health and disease. Thus, even a brief review of the semantic content of the term "proteomics" indicates an extremely complex system of protein molecules in our body, which plays a fundamental role in maintaining homeostasis and is involved in the formation of adaptive responses in response to adverse changes in the internal and external environment.

In December 2019, Olga Tokarczuk, the Nobel Prize laureate in literature for 2018, delivered the Nobel lecture in her native Polish. It was therefore up to her English translators, Jennifer Croft and Antonia Lloyd-Jones, to relay the laureate’s message to the wider audience. Two linguists and translators, James W. Underhill and Adam Głaz, discuss this Nobel lecture in its broader historical, political, and social context, recognizing Olga Tokarczuk’s position on topical issues, the role she plays in contemporary Poland, as well as the controversies she arouses. But Tokarczuk is predominantly a writer: her lecture is concerned with literature and it is literature. In a masterly fashion, the lauretate champions the creative power of storytelling, explores her notion of the tender narrator, and constructs intriguing analogies. She weaves nuanced semantic networks around the Polish words tęsknić/tęsknota (‘miss/missing’ or ‘long/longing for’) and jestem (‘here I am’). Underhill and Głaz discuss the meanders of the English translation of the lecture, pointing out the challenges that the translators had to face and suggesting alternative ways of coping with them. Through dialogue, they inquire into the nature of translation as an endeavour that is profoundly communicative and interpersonal. They emphasize that Olga Tokarczuk is an important voice; the role of her translators is to make this voice heard worldwide.