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This publication aims to identify similarities and differences in the ways of implementing the principle of the common good in classical (commercial) and social enterprises. Given the differences between social and classical enterprises in terms of their objectives and modes of action, it has to be stressed that the nature of the contribution they make to the common good differs in terms of subject and object. The research is embedded in Catholic social teaching (CST) because this approach presents one of the theoretically and practically richest theories of the common good, and secondly, it allows to discover modern ways of building the common good while respecting centuries of tradition and referring to philosophical classics. The common good principle in the light of CST lets us focus not only on the material but also the transcendental aims of human work and life which lead to more sustainable management. Commercial enterprises strengthen intellectual capital and expand technological and business knowledge. The profit earned by these companies essentially contributes to the good of society (taxes, investment, charity), including employees (bonuses, training). Social enterprises, on the other hand, have the advantage of investing in social capital and thus building a civil society based on mutual trust and support, especially at a local and institutional level. The profit generated by these organisations is a means to achieve social goals and not an end in itself. The results of our research show that both commercial and social enterprises contribute to common good on their own ways but the best results can be achieved when they cooperate and use all of their strengths for building the better future.

Copyright of Business Administration Quarterly / Kwartalnik Nauk o Przedsiebiorstwie is the property of SGH Warsaw School of Economics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Research Papers of the Wroclaw University of Economics / Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wroclawiu is the property of Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny we Wroclawiu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Critique of Law: Independent Legal Studies / Krytyka Prawa: Niezalezne Studia nad Prawem is the property of Akademia Leona Kozminskiego and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Subject and purpose of work: This study explores the characteristics of a social enterprise as laid down in the relevant act currently in force, and analyzes how the tendencies to normatively define a social enterprise have changed over the years with subsequent amendments and modifications of the applicable draft laws.

Subject and purpose of work: The aim of the study is to describe the development of the social economy sector, the emergence of social enterprises and the rationale for their establishment.

Copyright of Economic & Political Thought / Myśl Ekonomiczna & Polityczna is the property of Lazarski University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The aim of the article is to assess the institutional and legal conditions for the development of social enterprises in China by analyzing the current national provisions, indirectly relating to these entities, the local pilot schemes and the accreditation systems of social enterprises operating within them, as well as to formulate recommendations to decisionmakers concerning further necessary measures for the development of social enterprises. The analysis carried out has drawn several key conclusions. China is at an early stage in the implementation of institutional and legal solutions which are important for the development of social enterprises. There are no national laws and policies regulating the status and functioning of these entities. The national provisions on non profit law and company law relate indirectly to social enterprises. A complementary set of rules is needed to take account of the hybrid organisational form of social enterprises. In addition, a comprehensive assessment of the existing institutional and legal arrangements implemented under local pilot schemes (in Chengdu, Shunde-Foshan, Shenzhen, Beijing) is needed. They provide the basis for national legislation and policies relating to social enterprises. Insufficient understanding of the concept and the importance of social entrepreneurship by decision-makers at the government level can be considered problematic.

Social enterprises perceive social and environmental issues as primary objectives of their hybrid socio-economic activities. They believe that financial stability is a prerequisite, not a goal. This approach is similar to Catholic social teaching (CST). The detailed content of the social encyclicals is a valuable means of deeper exploration and enrichment of the moral dimension of social enterprise management. The following article analyses social entrepreneurship from the point of view of the fundamental principles of CST and theological premises. The reference to the management of a social enterprise of the supreme personalistic standard and principles such as the common good, subsidiarity, and solidarity allows the moral dimension of this process to be understood more deeply. The paper was created based on a method appropriate to research focused on moral theology and CST. First, the content of selected literature on the subject (social entrepreneurship) and carefully selected theological-moral sources (especially papal documents and publications by CST researchers) were analysed. Subsequently, the results of the analysis were subjected to inference and conceptual work in relation to the adopted general research objective and specific research tasks: the phenomenon of social enterprises was described; the specific features and limitations of the social enterprise management process were identified; the fundamental principles of Catholic social teaching as normative criteria for social enterprise management were reviewed; the possibility of applying the aforementioned CST principles to social enterprise practice was discussed and presented, and the final conclusions were formulated.

Copyright of Entrepreneurship; Education / Przedsiebiorczość - Edukacja is the property of Press of Pedagogical University of Cracow and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Horizons of Politics / Horyzonty Polityki is the property of Jesuit University Ignatianum in Krakow and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Economic & Political Thought / Myśl Ekonomiczna & Polityczna is the property of Lazarski University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

There are three Social Economy Support Centres (OWES) operating in the Łódzkie region. The basic role of such centres is to provide advisory services to the existing social economy entities and train people interested in setting up a social enterprise. The aim of the article is to present the activities of social economy support centres aimed at supporting social enterprises and promoting the development of social economy in the Łódzkie region. Evaluation of their activities and conclusions from this analysis may be of practical importance for the development of social economy. The research material is based on the desk research for the projects: "OWES -- support to social economy", "Social Economy Support Centre in Łódź", "Social Economy Support Centres KLUCZ", "OWES -- development of social economy" implemented in 2016-2017, research of the Regional Centre for Social Assistance in Łódź and CATI interviews conducted with coordinators of social economy support centres operating in the Łódzkie region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Business Administration Quarterly / Kwartalnik Nauk o Przedsiebiorstwie is the property of SGH Warsaw School of Economics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Polityka Spoleczna is the property of Institute of Labour & Social / Instytut Pracy i Spraw Socjalnych and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Entrepreneurship; Education / Przedsiebiorczość - Edukacja is the property of Press of Pedagogical University of Cracow and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The subject matter of this paper is Buddhist economics in theory and practice. The goal is to point out the main concepts of Buddhist economics, which is different from Western mainstream economics, and then explain how applying Buddhist teachings to business can possibly improve societal well-being and the condition of the natural environment. The main contribution of the article is twofold. Firstly, it aims to plumb the literature to identify characteristics of Buddhist economics, which is a relatively new field. Secondly, it compares Buddhist enterprises to relatively well-known social enterprises, showing the main differences between them. “Buddhist ideas in practice” are illustrated by examples of such companies as Benefit System or Patagonia. The main conclusion is that money and wealth are allowed in Buddhism, but religion reminds people not to become attached to their possessions and to share them with others. Examples described in the paper lead to an awareness that economic activity can be a means to a noble life. New criteria of assessment of business success including social engagement and care for the environment should be created. Thus, deep institutional changes which redefine the roles and duties of business would be required. The paper is based on literature, documents and online sources. The research methods used are the critique of literature covering the subject matter, comparative analysis and elements of case studies.

Social entrepreneurs, regardless the geographical context or legal form of their enterprises blend commercial market logic and social good logic. We argue that the concept entrepreneurial mindset plays a key role in understanding how blending conflicting logics management activities of social entrepreneurs occurs. This paper aims to identify the role of particular entrepreneurial mindset attributes in enabling social entrepreneurs to successfully act simultaneously in social and market contexts. Through pursuing interpretative phenomenological research with seven social entrepreneurs from five different countries, we have identified three different schemes of blending social and commercial logics. Our findings have also identified the intensity of particular EM attributes among the three groups of entrepreneurs. The main contribution of this paper in bringing together two entrepreneurship streams of research to advance our understanding on how social entrepreneurs blend competing institutional logics. JEL: M13, M19 null The creation of the English-language version of these publications is fi nanced in the framework of contract No. 607/P-DUN/2018 by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education committed to activities aimed at the promotion of education.

Copyright of Economic & Political Thought / Myśl Ekonomiczna & Polityczna is the property of Lazarski University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Business Administration Quarterly / Kwartalnik Nauk o Przedsiebiorstwie is the property of SGH Warsaw School of Economics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper introduces the phenomenon of social entrepreneurship in the Polish civil society. It starts with a presentation of key determinants that have driven its development and popularity. In the main section, the complexity of social enterprise and entrepreneurship concepts are introduced, with their key characteristics. Following that, three dominant schools of thought on social enterprise are presented with reference to civil society phenomenon. Before locating social entrepreneurship, some key elements and methodological issues in the area of civil society are analyzed and discussed. Finally, two models of social enterprise are identified and their background briefly presented. The author supplements this analysis with some key statistics on social enterprise models for Poland. They introduce the reader into the state of the art of social enterprises in Poland. Also, valuable data from Global Entrepreneurship Monitor on social entrepreneurship are introduced to give the overall picture of the phenomenon in Central and Eastern European countries. Both analytical approaches are discussed in the light of the three schools of thought on social enterprise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Economic & Political Thought / Myśl Ekonomiczna & Polityczna is the property of Lazarski University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Modern economic development is highly dependent on sustainable community development. In Ukraine, the tourism sector is one of the driving forces of economic development. The main aim of the paper is to study health recovery tourism in Ukraine, on the case of creating social enterprises in a health resort network. The paper is oriented on the managerial and value creation issues. The aim is to describe the business idea of a health resort (Lviv region of Ukraine) as an innovative economic agent with social goals and value added to the local community in general and on the example of three existing spas. Taking into consideration the amount of tourists in Lviv region and the key indicators of small businesses in the sector, the social enterprise is an alternative to the for-profit entities. The study findings suggest that starting the social enterprise in health resort services may become a good practice for the local development strategies. The health resort social enterprise may add value to the Lviv region by supporting the employment of local population and social value provision to groups of the society. The main contribution of the paper is in applying the social entrepreneurship model in the sector of health resort services. As the current political and social issues and problems in Ukraine are concerned, the non-profit entity project has potential for implementation.

Employing critical review of the key literature in the area of entrepreneurship and management studies on social entrepreneurship, this paper aims to outline the current challenges this field is facing, also introducing related explanations and suggesting required changes. The field of social entrepreneurship research is at its nascent stage, determined by ongoing definitional debates and low legitimacy in the scholarship, leading to limited theory development. The key challenge lies in the lack of consistent theory and weak research infrastructure. What lies behind these challenges is the complexity and diversity of the social entrepreneurship phenomenon and academic discourses. There are significant institutional and economic differences between individual countries and regions, which in the end constitute the complexity of the phenomenon. The related definitional debate generates challenges in developing the research infrastructure, which is strengthened by functionalist approach. At the same time, there is a strong need to employ the contribution of other, affiliated disciplines, not limited to entrepreneurship and management, feeding on sociology, anthropology, political science, economics. Their conceptual framework, research methods, particularly derived from sociology, may serve as a useful framework for the field development. This may generate scholarly interest in moving towards other research paradigms, employing subjectivist approaches, or assuming radical change in the society. Moving beyond dominant functionalist paradigm may give voice to initiatives and ventures in social entrepreneurship that have so far been marginalized in research. This, in result, could develop social entrepreneurship research field.

The aim of this paper is to show the entrepreneurial behaviour in social entrepreneurship against the backdrop of challenging institutional environment in Poland. The author provides the description and analysis of entrepreneurial behaviours among five social cooperatives, based on in-depth interviews and observation. Using constant comparative method 3 categories of the behaviour have been compared and juxtaposed. The authors also comment on the role of formal and informal institutional framework for the entrepreneurial behaviour.

The purpose of this study is to present the efficiency of businesses models for social enterprises and their applicability in practice. The paper uses a fragment of a wider survey (in the country), conducted by the author in the period 2015–2016 concerning the Polish model of social enterprise. Presented results of a study include group of 718 subjects which were randomly selected samples from each stratum – group of a population (the whole community of social economy entities in Poland has nearly 100 thousand entities). The analysis used statistical tests aimed at determining the strength of the association between the two variables. The study has covered entities, which in the light of specific provisions of the law can be considered as social enterprises, stemming from associations, foundations, religious organizations, the commercial companies (operating in the social purpose), social cooperatives and cooperative work. The study took into account the 8 business models 8 for the PS, the occurrence of which in practice were correlated to organizational and legal activity and as well to the effectiveness of the examined entities functioning. The presented results of the study focused on those parts of the analysed studies that relate to the economic efficiency of business models for social enterprises in Poland (measured: 1 / height of its revenues and 2 / indicator called. liquidity of the audited entity) and social efficiency (measured: 1 / size of fulfilled social projects as well as 2 / number of recipients of these projects).The analysis is trying to find an explanation for differences in economic efficiency and social using of business models for social enterprises: a/ in differences of the form organizational and legal activity and b/ business opportunities. The analysis is trying to find an explanation for the diversity of economic and social economic of business models for PS in differences of factors determining the form, structure and business (or “payable statutory”) activities. The issue of the study provided the opportunity to establish models that are used in practice. The outcomes allow to show both: the most common and the most effective business models. The results of the present study are going to prove that one of the most important factors influencing the effectiveness of social enterprise is to use the right business model.

Within the social economy there are many different organizations that are usually referred to as social enterprises. Social economy as a specific mechanism for delivery of goods and services within the existing socio-economic system may not disregard efficiency concerns. Literature studies indicate, that currently efficiency is often associated with effectiveness. The relationships between effectiveness and efficiency are very complex but, nevertheless, are one of the main issues dealt with by economic sciences. Currently, we can observe equating of the two terms, or rather treating them as complementary dimensions of the assessment of an organization activity. Combining both components we can talk about organizational performance, i.e. the ability of a company to current and strategic adaptation to changes in the environment, as well as to productive use of resources in order to implement the adopted structure of objectives. This article is an attempt to define organizational efficiency and its dimensions in relation to social economy. The starting point here is literature studies, hence, the analysis shall be based on the theory. This may provide a useful starting point for future empirical research. The result of the deliberations is to propose an operational definition of organizational efficiency of social economy entities. Issues related to the. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The contemporary organisations, functioning in a turbulent environment, face the need to meet many complex requirements, which demands different way of managing an organisation. This also applies to leaders in the third sector, who face the challenge of realizing both economic and social mission. Therefore, in order to operate effectively, social enterprises are in the need of proper leadership, as the success of any organisation depends largely on the senior management. The aim of this article is to identify relationship between leadership style and perceived success in social enterprises. Using data from executives employed in 141 social enterprises (social cooperatives) in Poland key hypothesis is confirmed.

In this paper, taking as a starting point Freeman’s stakeholder theory approach, we aim to reflect on the peculiarities of social responsibility among family business and social enterprises. Social enterprises are considered as perfect examples of corporate social responsibility practice. Family business, display particular values and have unique stakeholders. We point to the areas of challenge that both kinds of enterprises cope with, and refer to the scarce research results in this problem.

This paper introduces the phenomenon of social entrepreneurship in the Polish civil society. It starts with a presentation of key determinants that have driven its development and popularity. In the main section, the complexity of social enterprise and entrepreneurship concepts are introduced, with their key characteristics. Following that, three dominant schools of thought on social enterprise are presented with reference to civil society phenomenon. Before locating social entrepreneurship, some key elements and methodological issues in the area of civil society are analyzed and discussed. Finally, two models of social enterprise are identified and their background briefly presented. The author supplements this analysis with some key statistics on social enterprise models for Poland. They introduce the reader into the state of the art of social enterprises in Poland. Also, valuable data from Global Entrepreneurship Monitor on social entrepreneurship are introduced to give the overall picture of the phenomenon in Central and Eastern European countries. Both analytical approaches are discussed in the light of the three schools of thought on social enterprise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose of this article is to explore the understanding of social entrepreneurship among business administration students in Latvia. As each case of social enterprise is based on a specific social need and it encompasses a diversity of approaches and resources for its resolution. In this respect it is important to consider the so-called human or social entrepreneurial leader. Design / methodology / approaches of the article includes a survey of business administration students in Latvia on their perception and attitudes to social entrepreneurship. The theoretical aspect of the article describes the internationally recognised principles of social entrepreneurship while the practical aspect gives insight in key features that characterise understanding and implementation of social entrepreneurship in Latvia. The results and findings: of the article highlight the key issues that need to be addressed on different aspects and levels of the society, including education, to promote social entrepreneurship in Latvia. Practical implications: social entrepreneurship is a rapidly developing and changing business field in which the traditional lines blur between business, government, and non-profit enterprises, and it is critical that business students understand the opportunities and challenges in this new landscape. The article may be used as guidelines for designing social enterprise education and development courses and workshops. Value: This article provides value for institutions of formal higher education who are implementing business administration programmes and are looking for diversity of approaches to verify career opportunity among business students who want to help tackle some of the European Union’s most pressing issues, such as high unemployment rates, poverty and social exclusion, ageing population thus make a difference towards a more just and sustainable world.

Copyright of Scientific Papers of Silesian University of Technology. Organization & Management / Zeszyty Naukowe Politechniki Slaskiej. Seria Organizacji i Zarzadzanie is the property of Silesian Technical University, Organisation & Management Faculty and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article discusses various approaches to defining social enterprise in Poland. The potential sources of funding of social enterprises are indicated and their use in practice is described. An analysis of available data shows that most social enterprises have very low incomes that are sufficient only to finance current activity. A few social enterprises are financed out of business, most of them use public funds, and they do not have the possibility of financing development, especially investments. The situation may be improved through consistent implementation of activities planned in the National Programme for the Development of Social Economy, but public funds must be used in such way as to strengthen the independence and financial sustainability of social enterprises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Communication is one of the most important factor for success in organisational world. There is a research gap which we would like to address in this paper: lack of research on communication practice in social enterprises. The main research question we would like to investigate in the paper is: what kind of communication we can find in these organisations. One of our research goals was to find out factors which are critical in the process of communications social enterprises. Also, we wanted to understand what kind of communication tools are used and what changes the management practice and public image of social enterprises in Poland. This paper is drawn on set of qualitative data from broader research on social economy sector conducted in Poland in period 2011-2013. For the purpose of this paper we have conducted multiple case study analysis and analysed 28 case studies of existing social enterprises. The research proved that ways of communications are developing with organisational culture; organisational behaviour and communication processes are beginning to resemble more non-governmental organisations than commercial ones. A direct, horizontal and informal communication prevail in Polish social enterprises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Management Issues / Problemy Zarządzania is the property of Problemy Zarzadzania and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The present paper concentrates on the issue of work in the context of operation of social cooperatives, defined by the law as social enterprises (Act of 27 April 2006). In order to illustrate the character of operation of this new form of economic life organisation / form of entrepreneurship, which, apart from purely market-oriented purposes (generating profits), also has social objectives (social and professional re-integration of persons excluded or threatened with exclusion), I will use the data collected in the course of the project called “Social Exclusion: Diagnosis and Mechanisms of Counteraction in Greater Poland Region”.

Copyright of Management Sciences / Nauki o Zarzadzaniu is the property of Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny we Wroclawiu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)