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Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic has caused numerous changes to the healthcare system, including care for the newborns. Aim of the study: The aim of the study was to create a clear set of recommendations used in the care of a newborn during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. State of knowledge: Despite the low risk of infection of the newborn in utero or during vaginal delivery, in rare cases there is a possibility of vertical transmission of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Every newborn baby whose mother has been diagnosed with COVID-19 disease should be screened for infection. Suspected neonates should be isolated from healthy children and kept in quarantine until the test result is obtained. It is essential to constantly monitor your baby's health and be alert to any possible signs of infection. Medical personnel should ensure adequate protection when handling an infected newborn. A healthy infant whose mother is SARS-Cov-2 positive may be discharged home provided it is looked after by a healthy caregiver. Summary: New patterns of management in maternity and neonatal departments are associated with changes that may have a significant impact on the mother-child relationship. When making decisions aimed at reducing the spread of SARS-CoV-2 infection, it is necessary to seek solutions taking into account the needs of this particular group of patients.

Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic significantly changed the lifestyle of pregnant women. Pregnant women with COVID-19 are more likely to suffer from severe disease, as well as unfavorable pregnancy and childbirth. Currently, there is no causal treatment for this disease available, so attention should be paid to preventing infection with vaccines. Aim of the study: A review of the literature on the influence of COVID-19 vaccines on the course of pregnancy and summary of recommendations regarding the use of COVID-19 vaccines during pregnancy and breastfeeding. State of knwoledge: Three types of COVID-19 vaccines are most commonly used: mRNA vaccines, vector vaccines as well as subunit vaccines. In preclinical developmental and reproductive toxicity studies in animal models, there were no alarming safety signals, and observations of vaccinated pregnant women did not reveal any complications with respect to the course of pregnancy and development of the fetus. No cases of neonatal death have been reported in the first 28 days after birth. Most of the side effects following vaccination, such as injection site pain or tenderness, fatigue, fever or muscle pain, were moderate and resolved within 24 hours. The current research results confirm a positive immune response in pregnant women. Moreover, it is important that the presence of antibodies in the umbilical cord blood makes it possible to protect and reduce the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection of the newborn. Summary: All pregnant women, irrespective of trimester, and breastfeeding mothers are advised to administer a booster dose of the COVID-19 vaccine within an appropriate period of time after the primary vaccination schedule.

Introduction: COVID-19 is an infection caused by the new SARS-CoV-2 virus. In pregnant women with COVID-19, compared to non-pregnant women, there is an increased risk of a severe course of the infection. Pregnant women are more often hospitalized in the Intensive Care Unit and require mechanical ventilation. In the course of COVID-19 infection, pregnant women have a greater risk of miscarriage, premature birth or having a baby with low birth weight, compared to their healthy pregnancy peers. The aim of the study: To present, based on the available literature, the principles of management of a pregnant woman infected with SARS-CoV-2 virus. State of knowledge: The evidence of infection is the detection of the virus in the clinical specimen confirmed by PCR. Chest computer tomography can be useful in diagnosis, especially when the PCR test result is negative. Particular attention should be paid to pharmacological treatment, which should be both effective and safe for the fetus. Certain antiviral and anti-inflammatory drugs as well as anticoagulants drugs are used in COVID-19 therapy. Oxygen and fluid therapy is also important. The condition of the fetus should be monitored regularly. It is recommended to measure the fetal heart rate, perform cardiotocography, pregnancy ultrasound and assess the volume of amniotic fluid. The decision about the time and method of delivery should be made individually on the basis of obstetric indications and the maternal-fetal condition. Summary: The therapy of a pregnant patient infected with SARS-CoV-2 should be adjusted individually depending on the woman's health condition. In therapeutic interventions, the welfare of both the mother and the fetus should be taken into account.

In the last two decades, the map of the primary school network in Poland has undergone a significant transformation, especially in rural areas that are suffering depopulation. These changes generally involve the closing of small rural schools and this leads to numerous conflicts between residents and local government. However, it is rarely pointed out that closing a school can be a fatal blow to the local community, not only due to the reduction in the social activity of residents but also the loss of jobs which contributes to the economic decline of a village. However, few studies can confirm this thesis. Therefore, this article aims to present the spatial diversity of the reorganisation process of the primary school network in rural areas of Małopolska Voivodeship and attempts to determine the impact of school closures on the economic development of those villages. To achieve this, the author compared the average value of the entrepreneurship indicator for 2018 with changes in the number of businesses for 2009–2018 for individual villages. The calculated values were compiled for those communities where the primary school was closed and for those villages in which the residents decided to take over a school from the local government with their own organisation or association. For comparison of selected indicators, differences in the average values for the two types of localities were presented using a one-way ANOVA variance analysis. The research showed much higher economic activity in places where the school was taken over compared to where the school was closed. In addition, the places where the school was taken over showed a stronger rate of growth for the number of businesses registered in the REGON system.

Pregnancy is a period when optimal supply of vitamins and micro and macro elements is necessary to ensure proper fetal development and maternal health. One of the substances that has been shown to have a positive effect on the fetus is folic acid. Deficiency of this compound is associated with an increased risk of neural tube defects in the fetus. As a consequence, the awareness of women about the role of folic acid and necessity of its supplementation in the preconception period and during pregnancy is crucial. In order to obtain information on the knowledge of women regarding the need to take folic acid and the benefits associated with it, an anonymous questionnaire was carried out. The survey containing 28 original questions in an online form was sent to participants. The study showed deficiencies in the knowledge of female students of reproductive age regarding folic acid supplementation and the need to promote it. Therefore, it is necessary to include as many young women as possible to The Primary Prevention Program of Neural Tube Defects.

Przedmiotem prezentowanych rozważań są programy rewitalizacji zgłoszone do realizacji przez gminne jednostki samorządu terytorialnego (JST) w województwie małopolskim w latach 2015–2016. Za cel opracowania przyjęto ocenę założeń rewitalizacji oraz określenia możliwości ich realizacji w kontekście pozostających od dawna do rozwiązania problemów społeczno-ekonomicznych obszarów wiejskich w poszczególnych rejonach województwa małopolskiego. Ponadto w opracowaniu skupiono się na ukazaniu potrzeb społeczno-ekonomicznych małopolskich wsi, ich dużego zróżnicowania w przestrzeni regionu oraz na omówieniu różnych ograniczeń, które mogą osłabiać skuteczność wdrażanych programów rewitalizacyjnych. Cel pracy zrealizowano dzięki analizie dokumentów będących podstawą wdrażania programów rewitalizacyjnych, przedstawieniu zróżnicowania rozwoju społeczno-gospodarczego gmin wiejskich na podstawie analizy wskaźnikowej oraz dokonania typologii obszarów wiejskich regionu. Kluczową kwestią dla znacznej części małopolskich wsi pozostaje ich niska efektywność ekonomiczna, wynikająca z dużego bezrobocia rejestrowanego i ukrytego, z niskiej aktywności mieszkańców w sferze pozarolniczej czy też z malejącej efektywności gospodarowania gruntami. Wiele obszarów cechuje postępujące wykluczanie z rozwoju i brak zdolności do wykorzystania posiadanych zasobów jako podstawy dobrej gospodarki lokalnej. W pracy dużo uwagi poświęcono uwarunkowaniom skuteczności programu rewitalizacji w rozwiązywaniu problemów wsi, które, w przekonaniu autorów, wiążą się głównie z pozyskaniem przy jego realizacji szerokiego poparcia mieszkańców, lokalnych przedsiębiorców i zaangażowania władz samorządowych, a następnie z odpowiednim wsparciem poszczególnych gmin przez działania szczebla regionalnego, a także z większą elastycznością tych programów, tak w odniesieniu do celu rewitalizacji, jak i do lokalizacji zadań w przestrzeni gminy. Działania związane z tym programem powinny znacznie poprawić te właśnie sfery potrzeb mieszkańców. Powinny też ograniczyć istniejącą peryferyjność wielu wsi widoczną w dużym oddaleniu i trudnym dostępie nie tylko do większych ośrodków społeczno-gospodarczych, ale także do upowszechnianych dzisiaj sposobów pozyskiwania informacji, kontaktu z kulturą, wiedzą, służących budowaniu silnych więzi społecznych i rozwojowi cywilizacyjnemu.

In a postindustrial economic world, information economies are key components in local, regional and national development. These are service economies, built on the production, consumption and dissemination of information, including education, health care, outsourcing, tourism, sustainability and related human welfare services. We explore the geography/knowledge intersections in Poland’s voivodeships and poviats by using the volumes of information or hyperlinks about selected information economies. Google hyperlinks are electronic knowledge data that can be mapped to highlight the areas of most and least information about certain subject categories. While some mapping results are expected, such as Warsaw and Krakow, being prominent, in other regions there are unexpected gaps within eastern, northern and southern Poland, including some places near major metropolitan centers. There is a significant difference between the cities with poviat rights, which stand out in the number of information on items comparing to the poviats that surround them. The majority of poviats in Mazowieckie voivodeship are surprisingly recognized as core areas on the map of knowledge, nevertheless they are considered undeveloped from the economic point of view.

Przedsiębiorczość w europejskim systemie edukacji jest postrzegana jako kompetencja kluczowa, której kształtowanie wpływa także na rozwój innych ważnych kompetencji w procesie kształcenia przez całe życie. Dlatego cele kształcenia w zakresie przedsiębiorczości, w szczególności w ramach edukacji szkolnej, są szerokie i nie odnoszą się tylko do wiedzy i umiejętności potrzebnych do założenia i prowadzenia własnej działalności gospodarczej. Jednocześnie jednym z wielkich wyzwań cywilizacyjnych jest realizacja strategii zrównoważonego (ang. sustainable) rozwoju, a edukacja na rzecz zrównoważonego rozwoju jest jednym z głównych filarów tej strategii. Do tych szczególnych wyzwań edukacyjnych nawiązuje Europejski projekt SUSEN (ang. „Sustainable Entrepreneurship – A Game-Based Exploration for Lower Secondary Schools”, tj. „Zrównoważona przedsiębiorczość – odkrywanie idei z wykorzystaniem gry dla szkół gimnazjalnych”) realizowany przez konsorcjum składające się z partnerów z rożnych krajów europejskich. Przedmiotem pracy są przesłanki realizacji, podstawowe cele i produkty finalne tego projektu, przydatne w edukacji w zakresie przedsiębiorczości i ekorozwoju. Podstawowym celem artykułu jest pokazanie możliwości i zalet zastosowania w praktyce edukacyjnej głównego produktu, którym jest gra dydaktyczna PowerPlayer, oraz ocena jego przydatności w świetle wstępnych wyników pilotażu prowadzonego w polskich szkołach. PowerPlayer to gra planszowa przeznaczona dla uczniów, głownie wieku w wieku 12–15 lat. Narzędzie to łączy w sobie cechy typowe dla gier strategicznych z elementami edukacyjnymi. Gra ma na celu wprowadzenie koncepcji „zrównoważonej” przedsiębiorczości w atrakcyjnej formie dla uczniów ostatniej klasy szkół podstawowych i szkół gimnazjalnych, którzy w jej trakcie podejmują decyzje biznesowe w zakresie wykorzystania źródeł energii. Gra łączy zatem tradycyjne poznawanie treści na lekcji z praktycznymi ćwiczeniami, dzięki czemu uczenie się staje się bardziej efektywne. W ramach pakietu dostarczane są także ciekawe studia przykładowe z życia gospodarczego, pokazujące, jak firmy wiążą w praktyce myślenie biznesowe (nakierowane na efektywność ekonomiczną) z dbałością o środowisko w zakresie wykorzystania źródeł energii. Wstępne wyniki pilotażowe badań w Polsce wskazują na atrakcyjność gry i jej przydatność w praktyce szkolnej.

Przedmiot prezentowanych badań stanowiło szkolnictwo podstawowe zawężone do I i II etapu edukacyjnego (klasy I–III i IV–VI) na obszarach wiejskich województwa małopolskiego. Celem opracowania było wskazanie uwarunkowań funkcjonowania sieci szkół podstawowych oraz konsekwencji likwidacji szkół w kształceniu młodzieży. W artykule wykorzystano dane z lat 2000–2012 dotyczące liczby uczniów oraz szkół podstawowych, a także uczących w tych szkołach nauczycieli oraz stanu zaludnienia miejscowości Małopolski, udostępnione przez BDL GUS. Do realizacji postawionego celu badawczego wykorzystano również wyniki własnych badań bezpośrednich, przeprowadzonych w szkołach za pomocą metody sondażu diagnostycznego, oraz studia literatury przedmiotu, w tym aktów prawnych. Badaniom poddano 12 szkół podstawowych zlokalizowanych w powiecie miechowskim. Objęto nimi dwie grupy respondentów. Pierwszą stanowili opiekunowie uczniów, a drugą – dyrektorzy szkół. Badanie objęło 705 osób. W wyniku niekorzystnych tendencji demograficznych (ryc. 1) w województwie małopolskim w latach 2000–2012 na obszarach wiejskich liczba uczniów zmniejszyła się o 30% (ryc. 2). W konsekwencji likwidacji uległy 143 szkoły podstawowe, co stanowiło 12% ich ogólnej liczby (ryc. 3). Zamknięto głównie małe szkoły wiejskie, z obszarów typowo rolniczych w północno-wschodniej części województwa oraz z jego słabiej zaludnionych obszarów południowo-wschodnich (ryc. 4). W mniejszym stopniu proces ten objął miasta, gdzie spadek liczby dzieci w przeliczeniu na szkołę był znacznie wyższy w porównaniu do obszarów wiejskich. Liczba zlikwidowanych szkół byłaby zapewne znacznie większa, gdyby nie aktywność lokalnych społeczności. Korzystały one z możliwości przejęcia szkoły dzięki zakładaniu stowarzyszeń i organizacji społecznych oraz w dalszym etapie – zmianie organu prowadzącego (ryc. 5). W konsekwencji tych procesów znacznie zmieniło się w regionie rozmieszczenie szkół. Badania przeprowadzone w szkołach powiatu miechowskiego wskazują, że średni czas dojazduz miejsca zamieszkania do placówki wynosi 21 min, a najdłuższy jest do tych szkół, w otoczeniu których zlikwidowano minimum dwie placówki (ryc. 6). Najwięcej uczniów, bo ok. 60%, dojeżdża do badanych szkół autobusami. Bezpośrednio z formą organizacji dowozu wiąże się udział uczniów w zajęciach pozalekcyjnych. Tylko 44% uczniów z badanych szkół podstawowych powiatu miechowskiego uczęszczało na zajęcia pozalekcyjne.

Wpływ działalności rolniczej na kształtowanie struktur funkcjonalnych obszarów wiejskich jest w ostatnich latach coraz mniejszy. Stwarza to nowe uwarunkowania dla rozwoju wsi, zwłaszcza w kontekście ich zwiększającego się potencjału demograficznego. Problem ten jest bardzo ważny z punktu widzenia Małopolski, gdyż województwo to cechuje się bardzo dużym w skali kraju udziałem ludności mieszkającej na obszarach wiejskich. Przekłada się to na bardzo duże rozdrobnienie gospodarstw rolnych i najmniejszą przeciętną ich powierzchnię. Celem artykułu jest określenie wpływu peryferyjności położenia na rozwój społeczno-gospodarczy obszarów wiejskich województwa małopolskiego. W tekście określono zróżnicowanie dostępności komunikacyjnej regionalnych ośrodków wzrostu na tle poziomu przedsiębiorczości terenów wiejskich.

The paper presents the results of tourist traffic monitoring carried out in years 2007−2009 by SKNG UP in the Pieniny National Park. The study included a survey of 25,612 visitors and allowed to estimate the intensity of tourist traffic in the Pieniny National Park and its spatial variability, as well as to determine the main routes and the most popular marked paths within the Park. The questionnaires allowed to determine the types and preferences of the visitors to the Pieniny National Park.During 19 days of monitoring, carried out repeatedly in 2007, 2008 and 2009, surveyors standing at the selected measure points counted and surveyed the visitors for 7 hours per day (9 am − 4 pm). In July 2007, the intensity of tourist traffic in the PPN reached 1,408 people per day (60 visitors/1km2of PPN/day), 1,160 people per day (49 visitors/1km2 of PPN/day) in July 2008, and 1,477 people/day (63 visitors/1km2 of PPN/day) in July 2009. The most popular routes in the PPN included: the section between Przełęcz Szopka – Trzy Korony with 1,200, 948 and 1,238 people per day in the years 2007, 2008 and 2009, respectively, the section Wymiarki – Limierczyki with 1,000, 720 and 1,071 visitors per day (2007−2009), and the section Sokolica – Przełęcz Sosnów: 500, 350, and 700 visitors per day (2007−2009). The most popular place to visit in the Pieniny National Park was Krościenko, receiving twice as many visitors as the largest tourist resort in this region – Szczawnica. Their average age was about 30 years old and approximately half of the respondents were people who hold university degree. The majority of the tourists came from Lesser Poland, Silesia, Masovian and Lodz voivodeships (the total number of over 50%). Those who were visiting the Pieniny for the fifth time or more prevailed among Lesser Poland inhabitants. Furthermore, they were also the majority of the one-day visitors to these mountains. Krościenko and Szczawnica turned out to be the most popular accommodation places chosen by 61% of the tourists. The vast majority of guests reported a three-day minimum stay and most of them gave preference to private accommodation.

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Aim of the Study: The main purpose of the study was to examine opinions on perinatal care expressed by women hospitalized after childbirth in Poland and Germany Different socio-demographic variables were also analyzed in order to evaluate the quality of perinatal care in two different countries., Materials and Methods: The study group comprised of postpartum patients from two facilities: the Clinical Ward of Gynecology and Obstetrics of Frideric Chopin Province Specialist Hospital in Rzeszów, Poland, and the Obstetrics-Gynecology Hospital in Gross-Gerau, Germany The group of randomly selected women, who were initially invited to participate in the study included 259 Polish and 230 German females. In order to measure the level of satisfaction with perinatal care, the authors used "The Newcastle Satisfaction with Nursing Scale" (originally constructed at the Center for Health Services Research, "University of Newcastle upon Tyne, UK, and adopted in Poland by Poznań University of Medical Sciences) and their own questionnaire. Finally 200 patients, one hundred from Poland and one hundred from Germany were enclosed. Statistical analysis was performed using the Statistics 8.0 software and a p valued below 0.05 was regarded significant., Results: Generally perinatal care was assessed as being satisfactory by both Polish (91%) and German (97%) respondents. The study population varied in terms of age, education, place of residence or marital status. Only one socio-demographic variable (education) had a significant impact on the perception of the obtained perinatal care. However a limited number of patients (25% in Poland and 47% in Germany) participated in the prental and parenting classes., Conclusions: 1. Perinatal care was positively assessed by Polish and German patients of both hospitals. 2. The greatest importance in selecting the location for childbirth was attributed by both Polish and German subjects to such factors as: opinion of their friends, highly qualified personnel, modern medical equipment and instruments on premises. Additionally Polish respondents found it important that the doctor who had provided care for a given woman during pregnancy was employed at that particular hospital. In turn, German respondents also paid particular attention to the distance between their place of residence and hospital. 3. All study participants, regardless of their nationality admitted that the hospitals offered to their close relatives the possibility to visit and accompany the patients during childbirth.

Recent years have undoubtedly been a time of dynamic changes for German midwives, which had had their source in numerous social, economic and political changes. The medical care cost growth, lack of profitability of medical centers and an increasing number of redundancies have been given lots of attention in various discussions. The above mentioned problems have started to concern the professional group of German midwives, thus giving birth to the introduction of innovatory system of obstetric care in German hospitals, known as Belegsystem. In Europe the Belegsystem has been introduced in certain Scandinavian countries, Great Britain, Austria and Switzerland. In Germany the first labour room within the Belegsystem rules has been opened on 1 June 2003 in Brema (Klinikum Bremerhaven Reinkenheide). The following two Centers have been opened in Hamburg at the beginning of 2004 (Allgemeines Krankenhaus Hamburg-Harburg i Allgemeines Krankenhaus Hamburg-Barmbek). The folllowing article presents the functioning rules and procedures of the Belegsystem labour rooms in Germany, as one of the labour care alternatives.

From the beginning of the world assisting during childbirth was and is the women's domain. On the evolution this profession composed of many famous midwifes. Into this group unquestionably we can count Justine Siegemundin (1636-1705), midwife-self-taught person. Her activity contributed to rise the obstetrics knowledge in XVII century. Justine Siegemundin, the midwife of the Brandenburg court, published in 1690 a book describing a surgical trick still bears her name today. It is called the "double hold"--"Gedoppelter Handgriff", or "Siegemundin-Handgriff". This book counts as on the most important milestones of obstetrics history.

In the current study, PCNA and p53 proteins were immunohistochemically studied in the proliferative (n = 5), hyperplastic (n = 4) and neoplastic (n = 20) human endometrium. PCNA immunostaining was noted in 2 out of 5 (40%) proliferative, 4 out of 4 (100%) hyperplastic, and in 18 out of 20 (90%) neoplastic slides. Concomitant PCNA and p53 expression was reported in 12 out of 20 (60%) malignant tumors. All non-endometrioid neoplasms were PCNA-positive, suggested this proliferative marker is commonly expressed in the unfavorable histological types of endometrial cancer.

Objectives: Matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) which can degrade type IV collagen is implicated in cancer invasion and metastasis. The aim of the study was to evaluate the serum MMP-2 level in patients with endometrial carcinoma (EC) and to compare the level with histological grade G1 to G3 in relation to clinical staging I degree-IV degrees as well as myometrial invasion (M. < 1/2, M. > 1/2)., Materials and Methods: The study group consisted of 30 patients with EC. MMP-2 serum levels were measured with specific one-step sandwich enzyme immunoassay (Amersham Life Science). Statistical analysis was performed by Mann-Whitney test and p value < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant., Results: The statistically elevated enzyme level was observed in patients presenting II degrees-IV degrees clinical stage of EC in comparison to women with I degree stage of this carcinoma. There were no significant correlations between MMP-2 serum levels and grades of histological differentiation as well as depth of myometrium invasion., Conclusions: MMP-2 serum level is statistically higher in clinically advanced stages of EC. This enzyme seems to be useful in monitoring of therapeutical efficacy or screening for the recurrences of the disease.

Zearalenone (ZEA), a nonsteroidal mycotoxin with estrogen-like activity, is synthesized by molds (Fusarium) commonly contaminating poorly stored agricultural products and foodstuffs. Human ER binds ZEA and this is probable mechanism of its action, although their influence on target tissues seems to be weaker (80-160 less active) comparing to E2. Zea has been observed to possess tumor-promoting activity similar to that of estrogens and hypothetically can inducing proliferation and carcinogenesis in estrogen-dependent tissues. Nowadays, the questions are, if ZEA is present in human endometrium and whether concentrations of this mycoestrogen is associated with endometrial cell proliferation. Endometrial tissues specimens were collected from 49 women (endometrial adenocarcinoma n = 27, endometrial hyperplasia n = 11, normal proliferative endometrium n = 11). Mean tissue zearalenone concentration in 3 endometrial hyperplasia and 22 adenocarcinoma samples was 47.8 +/- +/- 6.48 and 167 +/- +/- 17.69 ng/ml respectively in contrary to normal endometrium where tissue mycoestrogen concentration was not detectable. In 8 cases of hyperplastic and 5 cases of neoplastic endometrial tissue specimens ZEA was not observed. Our findings confirm the presence of ZEA in hyperplastic and neoplastic endometrium and therefore this substance might be of importance in carcinogenesis.

We have retrospectively analyzed 77 cases of pregnant patients with cervical incompetence in which we performed cervical cerclage. These cases were 0.65% of all deliveries. The age was 20-41 years (mean 28.5). They were in second or third pregnancy. 62 women delivered by vaginal way and 15 by cesarean section. Only 5 newborn had small weight for age. We discussed our results with data from other authors.

A simple, sensitive method of DNA analysis of nucleotide substitutions, namely, single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis of polymerase chain reaction products (PCR-SSCP analysis) was used for detection of mutated K-ras gene in specimens of human endometrial cancer. The mobility shifts of single-strand DNA fragment was seen in 3 of 8 analysed neoplasms: two in stage I and one in stage II, according to FIGO classification, K-ras gene mutation was found in 3 out of 4 patients over 66 years old.

During therapy of anovulatory infertility, percentage of pregnancies is lower than the ovulation rate. Cause of this phenomenon is connected as well with the inadequate corpus luteum as others anomalies of the genital tract. Hysterosalpingography was performed in 120 infertile women in whom pregnancy did not occur in spite of effective induction of ovulation. Patency of both tubes was observed in 79 percent of patients. Occlusion of right tube has occurred in 8 percent, left tube in 5 percent, and both tubes in 8 percent of women. Authors suggest that laparoscopy should be obligatory as diagnostic and therapeutic procedure in woman with concomitant ovarian failure and abnormal HSG results.