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This paper presents the results of a study aimed at determining the spatial variation in the carbon intensity of the agricultural sector in Europe. The analyses used the volume of greenhouse gas emissions from the agricultural sector (in 2020), expressed in carbon dioxide equivalent, calculated according to the IPCC methodology for 31 European countries. To reduce variance and the impact of country size on emissions, three emissivity factors were calculated, depending on: agricultural area, value of goods produced by agriculture and population. To verify the relationship between emissivity and location, the Moran autocorrelation coefficient was used, calculated on a modified weighting matrix that, in addition to the criterion of a common border, takes into account the similarity of objects in terms of the values of diagnostic variables (similarity determined using cluster analysis) – in this case indicators describing the emissivity of the agricultural sector. The study showed that there was no reason to reject the hypothesis of a random distribution of objects in space with respect to the values of the indicators included in the study. It can therefore be concluded that there are some similarities in the emissivity from the different European economies, as evidenced by the cluster analysis results, while there is no spatial correlation.

The main research problem of this article is to check whether and how selected land use and facilities influence the spatial distribution of different kinds of urban thefts (and burglary) in Krakow. The analysis uses data on all crimes committed in Krakow in the years 2016–2018. Its results are generally consistent with the results of other similar studies in so far as they indicate a relationship between the increased criminal activity of perpetrators and the availability of potential victims or objects of attack. Both the higher density of crimes in general and theft in general occurred above all in facilities or in the immediate vicinity of facilities which accumulate large communities for various purposes (activity nodes) or in places which produce the high intensity of people flows (communication nodes). One land use and facilities coexist with an increased density of all types of thefts, while others coexist only with some of them. The results, however, seem inconsistent with the rational choice theory assumptions as high crime density rates were observed in the immediate vicinity of public and private monitoring cameras, as well as within 50 meters of police stations.

Copyright of Polish Statistician / Wiadomości Statystyczne is the property of State Treasury - Statistics Poland and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The research focuses on Poles’ attitudes towards selected aspects associated with social relations. Responses to the following 6 statements were examined: 1 – People try to help others above all, 2 – Homosexuals should be allowed to live according to their beliefs, 3 – Foreigners have too much to say in our country, 4 – Some people are worth more than others, 5 – Some groups of persons are not worthy of respect, 6 – We should seek to make the income of all persons more or less equal. The first aim of the study was to check how the level of agreement with those statements was distributed spatially in terms of districts. Then it was checked whether those attitudes were differentiated by 8 characteristics describing Poles: sex, marital status, education level, health status, participation in church services, age and income level, also taking into account the spatial aspect. Finally, regression models (classical and spatial) were constructed to check whether several features describing districts (rather than individual respondents) could help to build a model explaining why in some regions the population agreed with the statements more and in other areas less. The data needed for the analysis were taken from the nationwide study entitled “Social Diagnosis” and all calculations were carried out in the PQStat and Geoda programmes.

Rural development at the local level is a complex process, in which various actors are involved and various practices are performed. Nowadays, an important role in this process is assigned to rural communities, whose participation is essential. While in terms of the programming of rural development, it is still the rural area which is in the centre of attention, the theoretical concepts of rural development suggest that the process is even more local and specific to each village. This triggers the discussion whether the interpretation of the practices of rural development can be different depending on which spatial analysis unit is selected. The main aim of the paper was to empirically verify this hypothesis, on the example of the participation of local communities in the rural renewal programme in the Wielkopolskie Region. Hot spot analysis, based on spatial statistical methods, was performed. The discussion of the GIS tools - that can be used for this analysis - in the research on rural development was the second aim of the paper. The third aim was to contribute to the state of knowledge on the rural development fostered beyond the European Union policies. The main conclusion is that the most engaged communities tend to cluster, and such clusters are a specific kind of networks, which exist notwithstanding the administrative borders of rural areas. Both neighbourhood effect and cognitive distance are crucial for participation. Finally, the difficulties in the application of the tools used were identified, and these are related to the quantification of social phenomena and the selection of parameters of the very spatial statistical analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Research Papers of the Wroclaw University of Economics / Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wroclawiu is the property of Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny we Wroclawiu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The standard market practice in automobile insurance is to include information on the place of residence of the insured as one of the rating factors. In such a situation geographic area is used as a proxy for various risk factors associated with this area, e.g. traffic intensity and commuting patterns. The subject of this paper is to analyze how actuarial risk classification models could be extended to take these spatial effects into account in the most effective way. To this end, a combination of generalized linear models (GLM) and spatial statistics methods (such as spatial autocorrelation analysis and spatial smoothing) are used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Research Papers of the Wroclaw University of Economics / Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wroclawiu is the property of Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny we Wroclawiu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The study concerned the diversity of life values espoused by contemporary Poles. The analysis was performed in spatial terms (division of the country into districts) and in time (years 2000-2013). The main purpose of the study was to verify the two hypotheses: that there exists diversity of respected values in terms of space and time, and that in this diversity there are some regularities. To accomplish this purpose the classical techniques of spatial data analysis (Moran’s I global and local statistics and spatial regimes) and the method of cluster analysis were used. The sources of data were the results of the largest panel research in Poland called “Social Diagnosis”. During the analysis, it was found that life values are varied in terms of time and space, for Poles the most important value is health, in the last years non-material values (marriage, children, God) become more important and material values (money, work) depreciates, Masuria region is the most characteristic one in terms of different life values then in the rest of districts (values related with personal development are more significant in this region), it may be also noted a difference between west and east of the country (west is more materialistic, east more familiar and spiritual) and the spatial autocorrelation is not high and significant in only some cases (some years, some types of values).