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The pathologic mechanisms of periodontal disease are still not completely understood. Current knowledge concerning the pathogenesis of periodontitis suggests an interaction between putative periodontal pathogens and the host defense system which results in the inflammation and eventual destruction of supporting periodontal tissues, including connective tissue and alveolar bone. Bacterial products stimulating host cells lead to a release of inflammatory mediators such as cytokines. These regulators have attracted particular research attention and are suspected to be involved in both inflammation-related alteration and repair of the periodontal tissues. This study - based on current literature - shows the modern understanding of the role of proinflammatory cytokines in periodontal disease pathogenesis.