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In recent years, the topic of effective wound treatment has become growing in importance due to the increasing rate for their diagnosis, but also because of the raising awareness of wound healing issues. One of the essential parts of the treatment is the use of appropriate wound dressings that actively support the natural healing process. This draws attention to the potential of hydrogel wound dressings, which, as non-adhesive, soft and flexible polymeric products with a high water content, can act as a safe contact layer, reduce pain levels, maintain an appropriate level of moisture and promote autolytic debridement. Hydrogel wound dressings are available in two physical forms, i.e. semi-solid (amorphous hydrogel) and solid (hydrogel sheet). A review of scientific literature shows that they are materials with many benefits in the treatment of dry or weakly exuding and necrotic wounds. However, their use in the management of infected and high exudate wounds is limited. There is therefore a need for their further development to help improve chemical, physical and biological properties, thereby expanding their functionality. Current studies focused on two main strategies, i.e. 1) enhancing therapeutic efficacy by incorporating into the system an active substance with anti-inflammatory and antibacterial activity, or 2) implementing various sensors, that detect, or respond to, environmental stimuli. In order to obtain a product of adequate quality and durability of use, an important part of the research is a detailed evaluation of the properties of the designed materials. Adequate elasticity, mechanical strength, swelling and absorption capacity, as well as internal structure are all factors that need to be examined to assess the functionality of the designed materials as wound dressings. The present review is aimed at systematizing the knowledge of hydrogel wound dressings and identifying future research directions. The work includes a description of their properties, available forms, composition and testing methods.

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We have proposed the use of a laser-polarimetric method, as more informative in terms of displaying optically inhomogeneous structures by using spatially coherent filtering. The filtering method consists in the fact that the spatial-frequency structure of the Fourier images of laser polarization images of the polycrystalline component of the polymer ball is different for its large-scale (with predominant linear birefringence) and small-scale (deep-like with predominant circular birefringence) components. By using spatial-frequency filtering, it was possible to isolate either low-frequency or high-frequency components, which, by means of the inverse Fourier transform, can be converted into the corresponding ‘filtered’ images of different-scale birefringent structures of various nature. The results of the development of a new method of Fourier-Stokes polarimetry of spatial-frequency spectra of laser polarization images of various model objects are also presented, which is based on the use of statistical analysis of polarization maps with the determination of statistical moments of 1–4 orders. The results obtained made it possible to identify the following diagnostically sensitive parameters to changes in birefringence (anisotropy). Differences in the statistical moments of the 3rd and 4th orders, which characterize the distribution of the large-scale component of the polarization azimuth map, for both types of networks, range from 2 to 3.5 times. Statistical moments of the 2nd–4th orders of polarization distributions of maps of the small-scale component of optically anisotropic cylinders range from 1.5 to 4 times.

Copyright of Prawne Problemy Górnictwa i Ochrony Środowiska is the property of Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Slaskiego and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Synthetic polymers, biopolymers and their modified derivatives are widely used in medicine and pharmacy. They play a significant role in the development of drug dosage forms serving as carriers of therapeutic substances, ensuring modified drug release or masking bitter taste of medicines. Polymers of natural, semi-synthetic and synthetic origin are used. They are characterized by a variety of physicochemical properties, which depend, among others, on their molecular weight or spatial configuration. Among polymers used in pharmaceutical technology, polysaccharides, which include e.g. derivatives of cellulose, are of significant importance. Cellulose is the polymer most commonly found in nature. It is produced during photosynthesis and constitutes the basic material of plant organisms. The raw material is a linear polymer consisting of glucopyranose residues whose units are connected by 1,4β-glycosidic bonds. It occurs as an odourless and tasteless powder with a fibrous structure which is practically insoluble in both hot and cold water. Among the modified derivatives of cellulose, its esters and ethers are of practical importance, such as methylcellulose, hydroxypropylcellulose, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose and ethylcellulose. The monographs of the European Pharmacopoeia (Ph. Eur.) and the United States Pharmacopoeia (USP) define the material as partially O-ethylated cellulose. Ethylcellulose is a biocompatible, non-allergenic and non-irritating hydrophobic polymer that is recognised as a safe excipient approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to be used in oral and topical formulations. Different grades of ethylcellulose are available, which differ in their degree of polymerisation and degree of etherification. The aim of this article was to provide a broad overview of the utilization of ethylcellulose for pharmaceutical purposes, with particular emphasis on its role in the development of oral and topical formulations. The paper is a review of both commercially available products in the manufacture of which ethylcellulose is used, as well as scientific achievements in the design of new drug delivery systems utilizing ethylcellulose.

In less than a century, plastics have gained enormous popularity and it is now difficult for us to imagine our lives without them. They are very widely used in industry, agriculture, medicine and many others, mainly due to their stability and low production costs - which contribute to a steady increase in demand worldwide. They biodegrade very slowly, and the limited and inappropriate recovery of this raw material from waste has led to a visible accumulation of residual polymers in the environment. As a result of physical, chemical and biological processes, e.g., ultraviolet (UV) radiation, weathering or mechanical abrasion, plastics degrade to fine particles - those less than 5 mm in size are called microplastics. They can be found in the natural environment in various morphological forms, e.g., as fibres, granules, scraps, spheres, particles or fragments, e.g., film, of primary or secondary origin. The presence of microplastics has been found all over the world, in all environments. Only recently has there been a broader focus on microplastics, which includes terrestrial systems where soils are an important part of the environment potentially exposed to contamination. Their main source in soils may be within agriculture (where composts, organic fertilizers, sewage sludge and mulching, as well as irrigation are used) plus transport, landfills and the deposition of atmospheric pollutants.

Our scientific article presents materials that illuminate a new experimental method of polarization tomography of the polycrystalline structure of polymer phase-inhomogeneous layers. The method is based on the formalism of the vector-parametric description of laser fields using the parameters of the Stokes vector. A polycrystalline polymer layer is associated with a matrix operator (Mueller matrix), which most fully describes the polarization manifestations of optical anisotropy. Analytical algorithms have been developed that make it possible to determine the magnitude of linear and circular birefringence and dichroism from the experimentally measured coordinate distributions of the magnitude of the elements of the Mueller matrix of methyl acrylate layers. This method is generalized using the technique of polarization interferometry, which makes it possible to record layer-by-layer distributions of fields of complex amplitudes of object laser radiation. For this purpose, the methodology of digital holographic reconstruction based on the inverse Fourier transform algorithm is used. The layer-by-layer distributions of the phase and amplitude anisotropy parameters of methyl acrylate layers obtained using discrete phase scanning are analyzed within the framework of the statistical approach, which is based on the calculation of a set of central statistical moments of the 1st–4th orders, which characterize the mean, variance, asymmetry and kurtosis of maps of the optical anisotropy of methyl acrylate. The dynamics of the change in the value of the set of central statistical moments of the 1st–4th orders, which characterize the coordinate distributions of random values of the optical anisotropy parameters of the polycrystalline structure of multi-scattering layers of methyl acrylate in various ‘phase’ sections of its volume, has been studied and theoretically analyzed.

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The dynamic development of trauma-orthopedic surgery and accompanying material technology has led in recent years to the need for close cooperation between researchers in these fields. In a short time, thanks to the cooperation of engineers and doctors, the general approach to the method of bone anastomosis has changed significantly. The need to optimize the effects of treatment, i.e. to quickly recovery, reduce the number of postoperative complications, reduce the number of reoperations, and reduce the costs of procedures and treatment used has resulted in the development of many new technologies that have set trends in modern traumatology. The widespread use of LCP (Locking compression plate) and locking screws, the development of polymers and biopolymers with a modified chemical structure, a significant improvement in the biocompatibility and cytocompatibility of the materials used, and the implementation of products with significant micro-roughness that improve osseointegration are the well-known and commonly used effects of this cooperation today . Materials science related to orthopedics is an extremely complex and multi-threaded field. Its continuous development requires a periodic summary of the results and development directions provided, which allows faster evaluation and interpretation by researchers. The purpose of the following work is to summarize the latest research on materials and methods used in osteosynthesis in a legible way for potential recipients of this information from various fields.

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Microplastic (MP) is a highly polymeric synthetic material with particle sizes ranging from 0.1 to 5000 jum. It can be classified according to its origin into: primary and secondary. Primary MPs are particles of manufactured products (e.g. personal hygiene), while secondary MPs are the unintentional debris of plastic breakdown. MP can affect human health in direct and indirect ways. The most common route of exposure to MP is the digestive system. MP has been confirmed in foods such as fish, seafood, water, tea, soft drinks, energy drinks, beer, wine, milk, honey, salt, sugar, various types of vegetables and fruits (e.g., carrot, broccoli, lettuce, apple, pear). The most common are particles formed from: polyethylene, polypropylene, poly(vinyl chloride), polystyrene, poly(ethylene terephthalate), polyamide, polycarbonate, and polyurethane. Health hazards resulting from the consumption of these materials are due to their composition, quantity, as well as size and shape of the particles. MP is ingested involuntarily with food. It has been shown that people around the world can consume up to 5 g of microplastic per week. The presence of MP in the digestive system has been confirmed by human stool studies. Depending on where it is accumulated, MP affects the function of the digestive system in different ways. It accumulates in organs such as the liver and intestines. It may be the cause of chronic inflammatory bowel disease, including Leśniowski-Crohn's disease and also affects the composition of the microbiome. Changes in the diversity of the intestinal microbiota can result in dysbiosis. MP is present in the bloodstream and can enter organs via this route. Contact with it is associated with risk of oxidative stress, changes in cell division and viability, DNA damage, immune responses, increased risk of cancer, respiratory, and neurodegenerative diseases. This paper presents information on MPs, with a focus on their presence in food and their effects on the digestive system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are over four hundred different diseases occurring within the oral cavity. These include, among others, mucositis, periodontitis, gingivitis, caries, oral infections, which are usually treated topically. Active substances for topical application in the oral cavity can be administered in the form of polymer films. Polymer films can ensure the delivery of the active substances directly to the affected area and a longer presence of the active substances in the oral cavity, which increases the effectiveness of the treatment. The film is easy to apply and the treatment can be discontinued immediately. The sustained-release systems can reduce the frequency of drug administration, the doses, and side effects. Infections can be caused by damage to the mucosa, and one of the benefits of buccal films is to create a protective barrier on the surface of the damaged tissue, which alleviates pain and increases effectiveness of the treatment. Depending on the active substance applied, the films may have antiseptic, antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects. The paper describes the characteristics of the site of application of polymer films, i.e. the oral mucosa and the saliva environment. The advantages of a topical mucoadhesive drug form in comparison with tablets, liquid and semi-liquid formulations have been presented. Furthermore, characteristics of an ideal film for topical application in the oral cavity have been listed. Important factors which have influence on mucoadhesion are factors related to the properties of polymers as well as physical and physiological factors. Currently, there are six theories of mucoadhesion, such as: adsorption theory, diffusion theory, electrostatic theory, fracture theory, wettability theory and mechanical theory. The predominant methods of mucoadhesion testing are in vitro methods, which consist in testing the forces needed to break the connection between the mucoadhesive substance and the model membrane. The most important test methods include: tensile strength and percentage elongation, folding endurance. The polymers used to make the films are of the first and second generation. The first group includes anionic, cationic and non-ionic polymers. The second generation includes thiolated polymers, which can extend the residence time of the therapeutic substance at the site of application and allow for its controlled release. The methods of obtaining polymer films include: pouring method, hot melt extrusion method, semi-solid casting production method, pressing method, solid despersion extrusion method and methods using 3D printers. The film tests include the following: the study of the gel mass, measurement of the film thickness, pH, swelling index, moisture absorption, percentage of moisture, surface characteristics, organoleptic testing, chemical stability testing, disintegration time, drug content uniformity and in vitro drug release.

Copyright of Polimery is the property of Industrial Chemistry Research Institute and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Polimery is the property of Industrial Chemistry Research Institute and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Polimery is the property of Industrial Chemistry Research Institute and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Polimery is the property of Industrial Chemistry Research Institute and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Polish Journal of Wound Management / Leczenie Ran is the property of Evereth Publishing Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Polimery is the property of Industrial Chemistry Research Institute and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Polimery is the property of Industrial Chemistry Research Institute and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Polimery is the property of Industrial Chemistry Research Institute and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The most common complications of percutaneous coronary interventions and other endovascular procedures include minor hemorrhage, hematoma, or infection at the insertion site [1]. Much more serious ones include damage to the vessel wall, dissection, shock from contrast administration, acute kidney injury, myocardial infarction [2] and ischemic stroke [3]. Ischemic complications can be caused by an embolic incident due to a thrombus formation or detachment of atherosclerotic plaque fragments [3]. A rarely diagnosed complication is ischemia caused by microembolisms from the material covering the equipment inserted into the vessel - hydrophilic polymer coating (HPC)[4]. We present an interesting case of HPC revealed in coronary vessels within myocardial preparations taken in forensic post-mortem examination conducted at the Department of Forensic Medicine in Bydgoszcz (L.dz. 676/19). This article raises the issue of clinical implications and forensic aspects., (Copyright © 2024 by PTMSiK.)

Copyright of Polimery is the property of Industrial Chemistry Research Institute and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Polimery is the property of Industrial Chemistry Research Institute and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Polimery is the property of Industrial Chemistry Research Institute and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Polimery is the property of Industrial Chemistry Research Institute and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Polimery is the property of Industrial Chemistry Research Institute and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Polimery is the property of Industrial Chemistry Research Institute and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Polimery is the property of Industrial Chemistry Research Institute and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Polimery is the property of Industrial Chemistry Research Institute and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Polimery is the property of Industrial Chemistry Research Institute and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Polimery is the property of Industrial Chemistry Research Institute and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)