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Current trends in the printing industry depend entirely on the requirements and specific preferences of customers. Packaging must not only reliably protect the goods from dust and dirt, but also provide long-term storage of goods, protection from moisture and ultraviolet light, be durable and aesthetically pleasing. The technological process of lamination of packaging products is carried out in order to improve its appearance and barrier properties of materials, protect and enhance smoothness, give gloss or opacity. Lamination makes it possible to reliably protect cardboard packaging from contamination and mechanical damage, thus increasing its durability. Laminated cardboard packaging is resistant to external mechanical influences, especially in places of cuts and running. Production of high-quality packaging products, research of its operational stability, increasing the level of printing design in order to meet the high aesthetic demands of consumers is an urgent task of specialists in the printing industry. The operational and reproductive — graphic indicators of digital imprints obtained on popular brands of cardboard, presented on the Ukrainian market of printing consumables, before and after the process of their lamination with glossy and matte film were studied. In order to assess the quality and accuracy of color image reproduction, graphical dependences of gradation transmission of inks and their color coverage are built, which show that color coordinates of all studied samples are within regulated limits, and lamination of the surface of the prints, both matte and glossy polymer film, significantly improves their color coverage. In addition, the results of experimental studies of tear resistance confirmed that the lamination of imprints significantly affects the increase of their operational stability. It was also found that the characteristics of the used film affect the strength of the obtained laminated imprints.

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The aim of the research was to determine the possibility of using raw dairy wastewater as a medium for algae cultivating. The experiments were carried out under the laboratory conditions. The culture medium was raw dairy wastewater vaccinated with algae cells. At the beginning and the end of the culture, signs of biogenic substances of general nitrogen, total phosphorus and ammonium nitrogen were made. Microalgal biomass growth was assessed on a daily basis of optical density at 686 nm. The research results has confirmed the possibility of using dairy wastewater as a microalgal culture medium. From the beginning of cultivation until its completion, the total contents of nitrogen, ammonia nitrogen and total phosphorus were reduced by the 70%, 92% and 55% respectively.

The paper presents results of the study on efficient production of microalgae (Chlorella sp.) biomass. Culture was conducted on the basis of synthetic medium, in a laboratory storage tank photobioreactor with an active volume of 5 dm3, under forced aeration and mixing conditions. The culture control consisted in the spectrophotometric measurement of changes in the optical density of the culture medium as well as the determination of basic nutrients (total nitrogen and phosphorus) in the culture medium. In addition, Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and Total Organic Carbon (TOC) values were measured in biomass suspension. Within 35 days, algae absorbed about 230 g of nitrogen (over 30% by weight) and about 36 mg of phosphorus (over 90% by weight), and the OD686 exceeded 1.2. During this time, the COD value increased by over 80% and the total organic carbon content by over 20%. The high efficiency of algae biomass production has been achieved by limiting the possibility of bacterial infection and ensuring appropriate conditions, including aeration, circulation and availability of biogenic compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ecological Engineering / Inżynieria Ekologiczna is the property of Polish Society of Ecological Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)