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On the occasion of the 660th foundation anniversary of the Academy of Krakow, which fell in 2023, the article takes a closer look at a theme that has not been explored in the academic literature, namely the contribution of the staff of Poland’s oldest national museum in Krakow to the celebrations marking the 600th anniversary of the academy in 1964 with an exhibition entitled Art in Krakow, 1350–1550. It was a monumental exhibition, which is worth recalling so as not to erase the traces of this initiative. The curator of the exhibition for the 600th foundation anniversary of the Jagiellonian University was Maria Kopff. In organising it, she worked with great dedication and devotion, and it was thanks to this exhibition that she gained great professional and moral authority in the museum community, and on many occasions her opinions influenced the most important museum issues in Poland. It was the exhibition that synchronised monuments of sacred art with monuments of a secular nature in a manner unprecedented in the Polish People’s Republic, all in an attempt to show the luxuriant development of Polish art from the 14th to the 16th century. Although the content of the exhibition was close to the so-called ‘historical policy’, exposing, among other things, the secular character of Cracovian art, it undoubtedly presented the enormous achievements of Polish national heritage.

The paper examines the impact of the war in Ukraine on the financial condition and stability of banks in Central and Eastern European nations directly bordering on the countries involved in the military conflict, i.e., Ukraine, Russia, and Belarus. The research sample, consisting of 93 banks and 45 analysed variables, was selected based on the systematic literature review presented. The empirical study uses the system generalised method of moments (SGMM). To capture the studied impact, both binary and interactive variables were used. The results are discussed in relation to banking variables and those related to the macroeconomic situation. The study allowed us to conclude that there has been no significant deterioration in the capital position of banks. However, it showed a significant negative impact of several variables on the condition and stability of the studied banks, as captured by other indicators. Additionally, the significance of 22 interactive variables indicates that the war in Ukraine has had a real impact on banks in the examined countries. Moreover, the results suggest that banks in countries with higher debt or budget deficits may be more affected by the war.

The main objective of this study is to explore the dynamics of heritage tourism in Oud Batavia, the Old City of Jakarta, specifically focusing on perceived price, perceived authenticity and perceived value, and how they influence tourist satisfaction and revisit intentions. By using a quantitative design, data was collected from 406 valid responses through a questionnaire distributed in the Old City. The findings confirmed positive and significant relationships highlighting the importance of preserving historical buildings and emphasizing the role of perceived factors in enhancing the overall tourist experience. The study contributes valuable insights for stakeholders, urging the Jakarta city government and the Ministry of Tourism to focus on preserving cultural heritage buildings and employ adaptive reuse strategies to increase tourist visits. The limitations of the study include its exclusive focus on domestic tourists in the Old City of Jakarta, suggesting avenues for future research to explore broader topics such as city branding and foreign tourist perspectives. The study concludes with recommendations for strategies to commercialize historical tourist destinations and a call for United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization recognition of the Old City as a world historical heritage site.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which can lead to severe respiratory failure, has become a real threat to pregnancy. Although vertical transmission of the virus through the placenta appears to be rare, there is increasing evidence that a SARS-CoV-2 infection may cause complications during pregnancy. We report a case of COVID-19 in a pregnancy complicated by fetal pleural effusion in the third trimester of pregnancy. To our knowledge, only 4 similar cases have been reported to date. A 29-year-old woman in the 37th week of pregnancy admitted to the department of pregnancy pathology due to right fetal pleural effusion. In the 34th week of pregnancy, the patient suffered from COVID-19 with symptoms of fever and general weakness. The infection was confirmed by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). At 38 weeks, vaginal delivery occurred. The male newborn with a 6/7/8 point Apgar score required continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) breathing assistance and was transferred to the intensive care unit. The rapid antigen test was negative. The ultrasound showed collapse of the right lung compressed by fluid in the pleural cavity. Inflammation, congenital TORCH and group B Coxsackie virus infection, chromosomal disorders and anatomical defects were excluded. During hospitalization 850 ml of lymphatic fluid was drained. We suspect a possible causal relationship between non-immune fetal hydrops and coronavirus disease.

“GRANDES ESPERANÇAS” – AFRICA IN THE FOREIGN POLICY OF BRAZIL IN XXI CENTURY The links between Brazil and African countries go far beyond official political or economic relations and date back to the beginnings of Portuguese colonisation in the New World. They are bound by the painful history of many centuries of slavery, but also the influence of the African population on Brazilian culture, religion and society. Today, Brazil is the country with the second largest population of African descent after Nigeria, yet Brazil’s policy towards Africa seems largely short-term. The aim of the following article is to show the evolution of Brazil’s policy towards Africa in these dimensions from a historical perspective, with particular emphasis on the changes in its dynamics in the 21st century and its inclusion in a broader strategy of the country’s international activity.

Streszczenie Współcześnie społeczno-kulturowy obraz samobójstw wskazuje na większą niż kiedyś akceptację czynu i jego neutralizację językową. Szczególnie istotne wydaje się dostrzeganie słowotwórczych i definicyjnych różnic w języku mówionym, co w niniejszym artykule zostało omówione w odniesieniu do grup studentów kierunków medycznych (pielęgniarstwo, położnictwo, kierunek lekarski, ratownictwo medyczne), kierunków społecznych (dziennikarstwo) oraz specjalistów (pracownicy naukowi, chirurdzy i inni lekarze szpitala klinicznego, położne i pielęgniarki, psychiatrzy i inni pracownicy szpitala psychiatrycznego). Analizę stosunku do samobójstw w języku mówionym oparto o zogniskowane wywiady grupowe, które umożliwiły rekonstrukcję głęboko zakorzenionych sposobów myślenia i postrzegania zjawisk w kontrolowanych badawczo warunkach. Dobór słów i tematów oraz sposób definiowania samobójstwa i zagadnień z nim związanych odzwierciedlał stan wiedzy o suicydologii oraz (ukrywane) emocje i postawy.

Introduction: The right to conscientious objection in the pharmacist profession, as in the case of other medical professions, has been the subject of a lively ethical and legal discussion in Poland and abroad for many years. This is related to the introduction to pharmacy trade of products and devices whose purpose of use or mechanism of action is inconsistent with the religious beliefs or moral convictions of some pharmacists. Pharmacists practicing in Poland do not have the so-called conscience clause in law regulating their professional activity, but there are attempts to introduce such a legal solution similarly to the doctors and nurses. Aim: The aim of our study was to analyze the attitudes of Polish society towards the conscientious objection of pharmacists. We tested the hypotheses that social attitudes may vary depending on the circumstances and are modified by psychological and sociodemographic variables, such as: perception of the prestige of the pharmacist profession, tendency to seek advice from pharmacists, age, gender, education, financial conditions, health status and place of residence. Material and methods: The research was conducted on a group of 600 people over 18 years of age. The sample was representative of the Polish population. A mix mode technique was used based on personal and telephone interviews, i.e. 84% CAPI (Computer Assisted Personal Interview) and 16% CATI (Computer Assisted Telephone Interviewing). Respondents were asked whether a pharmacist, guided by his or her own conscience, could refuse to sell selected products or devices such as: hormonal contraceptives, morning-after pills and intrauterine devices. Results: The majority (78-86% - depending on the case) of respondents believe that a pharmacist has no right to refuse to sell a product or device available in pharmacies. A small number of respondents indicated that the pharmacist has the right to refuse to sell contraceptives (2.7%, n=16), intrauterine device (8.7%, n=52), post-coital pill (10.5%, n=63). Statistically significant differences were observed between the level of acceptance of the pharmacist's conscientious objection in different cases: refusal to dispense hormonal contraceptives (Me=0.14), for intrauterine devices (Me=0.21) and post-coital pills (Me=0.25) (p=0.01). The acceptance of conscientious objection by pharmacists correlates statistically significantly negatively with the respondents' age, financial conditions, level of perceived prestige of the pharmacist profession, and positively with the tendency to consult OTC medicines with pharmacists. There was no relationship with education, health status and place of residence, and no differences between women and men. Conclusions: The level of social acceptance for introducing a conscience clause into laws regulating the practice of the pharmacist profession seems to be low. However, it varies depending on the type of pharmaceutical product or medical device, which may result from the perception of a different mechanism of action, which may be morally objectionable to a greater or lesser extent. The level of social acceptance of the pharmacist's right to conscientious objection is also dependent on the social perception of the pharmacist's role, and is also modified by psychological and sociodemographic variables such as: perception of the pharmacist's prestige, tendency to consult a pharmacist when purchasing medications, as well as age and financial conditions.

This paper explores the three cooking methods (frying, grilling, and steaming) related to fish most commonly utilized by consumers, with a focus on their implications for both food quality and safety. The mean contents of water and fat were found to be 12.63% and 66.22%, respectively. The fat content of the raw fish samples was significantly lower than that of heat-treated samples, and the percentage fat content did not differ significantly between treatment types. In trout, the greatest water loss was observed during grilling and steaming; in the case of salmon, during frying and steaming. In raw trout and salmon, 5.56 log cfu/g of psychrotrophic bacteria and 5.20 log cfu/g of psychrotrophic bacteria were found, respectively. The steaming method proved the least efficient at eliminating psychrotrophic bacteria. In the present study, the grilling method was found to be the best for quality, safety and better health.

Zawód nauczyciela należy do tych zawodów, w których kontakt z drugą osobą, procesy komunikowania, zaangażowania i wymiany emocjonalnej odgrywają istotną rolę. W tym kontekście, mentalizowanie rozumiane jako zdolność wyrażająca się w kompetencji do ujmowania stanów mentalnych własnych i drugiej osoby jako przyczyn zachowania (Białecka-Pikul, 2012) wydaje się stanowić jeden z filarów budowania satysfakcjonujących relacji z innymi, także relacji nauczyciel-uczeń. Celem niniejszego artykułu jest zaprezentowanie dostępnych badań dotyczących zdolności do mentalizowania u nauczycieli. Przegląd literatury sugeruje konieczność wyodrębnienia co najmniej dwóch grup badań w tym obszarze. Po pierwsze, badania koncentrują się wokół roli mentalizowania dla funkcjonowania nauczycieli w roli zawodowej, a po drugie – pokazują związki mentalizowania nauczycieli z funkcjonowaniem ich uczniów. Dokonany przegląd wskazuje, że mentalizacja może stanowić czynnik ochronny dla funkcjonowania nauczycieli oraz czynnik facylitujacy relacje w klasie i rozwój uczniów. Jednak wnioski powinny być formułowane z ostrożnością, bowiem badania nad tą problematyką prowadzone są od niedawna i zgromadzone dane wymagają pogłębienia i replikacji w dalszych badaniach.

Introduction and Purpose: Spinal bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA), also known as Kennedy's disease, is a rare genetic disorder characterized by progressive muscle weakness and atrophy. The purpose of this review is to provide a comprehensive understanding of SBMA, including its pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnostic tools, and therapeutic approaches. By examining the latest research findings, we aim to highlight the challenges inherent in managing SBMA. Material and method: For this review, we performed searches across multiple databases, including PubMed, Elsevier, Medline, and Google Scholar. Description of the State of Knowledge: SBMA arises from mutations in the androgen receptor (AR) gene, leading to the accumulation of toxic proteins and subsequent neurodegeneration. Clinical manifestations primarily involve muscle weakness, tremors, and difficulties with speech and swallowing, with symptoms typically appearing in mid-life. While no treatment currently modifies disease progression, symptomatic management and supportive care play crucial roles in enhancing quality of life for affected individuals. Recent research has focused on understanding the underlying mechanisms of SBMA and developing targeted therapies to address them. However, challenges remain in translating these findings into effective treatments. Conclusions: SBMA represents a complex and challenging neurodegenerative disorder with significant implications for affected individuals and their families. While our understanding of SBMA has advanced in recent years, much remains to be elucidated regarding its pathophysiology and optimal management strategies. Continued research efforts are essential to develop novel therapeutic interventions that can effectively target the underlying mechanisms of SBMA and improve outcomes for patients.

Introduction and aim. Orthorexia nervosa is described as an obsession with consuming solely healthy foods accompanied by restrictive behaviors. Patients with chronic conditions frequently require dietary interventions alongside medication to manage symptoms and slow down disease progression. However, when dietary restrictions are taken to extremes, individuals may develop orthorexia nervosa, resulting in malnutrition and weight loss. This poses risks during treatment, where maintaining a balanced diet is vital. In this review we aim to display the prevalence of orthorexia nervosa in patients suffering from selected chronic diseases. Material and methods. A literature review was performed to investigate the prevalence of orthorexia nervosa in individuals with type 1 diabetes, inflammatory bowel disease, celiac disease, rheumatoid arthritis, and cancer. Description of the State of Knowledge. The occurrence of orthorexia reaches up to 7% in the general population, 72% in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus, 77% in case of inflammatory bowel disease, 71% among individuals suffering from celiac disease, 75% in those with rheumatoid arthritis, and 50% in case of cancer. Orthorexia nervosa mostly affects females who are younger, have higher education levels, select organic foods, prepare their own meals, and have concurrent chronic illnesses. Distress associated with diagnosis is the primary factor contributing to the development of this condition. Orthorexia ultimately leads to malnutrition, weight loss, impaired social functioning, and poses a risk of complications in chronically ill patients. Conclusion. The prevalence of orthorexia nervosa in patients suffering from chronic illnesses is significantly higher compared to the general population. Therefore, early detection of this condition and intervention are necessary to improve patient management. Further research is needed to assess the frequency of orthorexia among individuals suffering from other chronic diseases.

The Achilles tendon is a strong tendon in the human body but is prone to rupture, especially during recreational activities. Misdiagnosis of ruptures can lead to chronic issues, affecting the quality of life. Surgical V-Y plasty is a technique used to treat chronic Achilles tendon ruptures by lengthening the tendon and restoring its continuity. Two cases of Achilles tendon ruptures were presented, where V-Y plasty was performed along with immediate weight-bearing and rehabilitation. The patients showed significant improvement post-surgery, with no symptoms or restrictions on physical activity after about 6 months. The rehabilitation protocol included functional training, regenerative treatments, and follow-up visits to monitor progress. Studies have shown that surgical treatment is more effective in preventing re-tears compared to conservative treatment for Achilles tendon ruptures. V-Y plasty has been proven to be an effective technique for treating chronic ruptures with large defects in tendon continuity. Immediate weight-bearing and rehabilitation post-surgery have shown positive outcomes in patient recovery. Further research is needed to establish a standardized rehabilitation protocol for Achilles tendon ruptures. The unique management regimen used in the cases presented yielded successful results, emphasizing the importance of immediate rehabilitation post-surgery for improved patient outcomes. V-Y plasty with immediate weight-bearing and rehabilitation is a promising method for treating chronic Achilles tendon ruptures.

INTRODUCTION: Neuroblastoma is a malignant tumor primarily affecting infants. Originating from embryonic cells of the sympathetic nervous system, NB commonly arises in the adrenal glands, followed by the abdomen, mediastinum, head, and neck. Clinical presentation varies depending on the tumor's location. General symptoms, if present, include fatigue, weight loss, and fever. The paraneoplastic syndrome refers to symptoms and disorders associated with malignant tumors but not directly caused by the tumor itself or its metastases. Opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome and diarrhea are the most common paraneoplastic syndromes linked to neuroblastoma. REVIEW METHODS: The article was conducted using PubMed and Google Scholar data concerning paraneoplastic syndromes associated with neuroblastoma. THE STATE OF KNOWLEDGE: Opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome is a neurological paraneoplastic syndrome that presents itself with characteristic eye movement disorder, short, involuntary, irregular twitches or spasms occurring in a muscle, sleep disturbance, and changes in behavior. Diarrhea resulting in hypokalemia may be also present as a paraneoplastic syndrome associated with neuroblastoma. Cushing’s syndrome is a rare condition in childhood, but it also may be linked to neuroblastoma. CONCLUSIONS: Neuroblastoma is one of the most common childhood cancers, Paraneoplastic syndromes associated with neuroblastoma are rare conditions. Diagnosing chronic diarrhea, OMS, and Cushing's syndrome should always lead to the exclusion of neuroblastoma. Heightened awareness among pediatricians regarding PNS could result in faster diagnosis, timely treatment commencement, and ultimately enhance patient prognosis.

Introduction: Breastfeeding is considered the best nutrition for infants, including born preterm due to containing optimal ingredients for development and growth. Breast milk is a rich source of nutrients, it also contains diverse types of bacteria, which play a role in infant’s gastrointestinal tract colonization and preserving mammary health. Composition of human milk varies depending on numerous maternal and infant factors. Aim of the study: The aim of the study was to summarize the current knowledge about the content of nutrients, bioactive factors and microbiota diversity in human milk depending on various factors. Materials and methods: The work is a review of 26 mainly English-language scientific publications from 1989-2024 posted on the PubMed platform. Results: Milk composition changes in addition to several factors. Depending on postnatal age: preterm milk has higher content of protein, fat and immunological factors and lower concentration of lactose than term milk. Depending on milk maturity: Colostrum is higher in protein but lower in lactose, fat and energy than mature milk. Human milk is also a source of viable bacteria important for developing infant’s gut microbiota, but the diversity of bacterial strains in milk may vary. Depending on mode of delivery: milk of mothers after spontaneous labour contents more probiotic vaginal- and enteric-associated bacteria, while milk of mothers after C-section has more skin-associated microbiota. Depending on mother’s weight: milk of overweight mothers is lower in probiotic- and higher in pathogenic bacteria. Alcohol, nicotine, and some medications also have negative impact on produced milk. Conclusions: Human milk varies from woman to woman and its composition depends on several factors. Postnatal and gestational stage, delivery mode, mother's weight and certain substances have been found to be important factors influencing the constitution of breast milk, including nutrients, microbiota and volume of milk.

Introduction Body dysmorphic disorder, also known as dysmorphophobia, is a severe psychiatric disorder characterized by DSM-V as preoccupation with one or more perceived defects or flaws in physical appearance, that are not observable or appear slight to others. BDD can cause significant distress or impairment in social and occupational areas of life. It is often comorbid with other psychiatric conditions like major depressive disorder. Current ways of treatment include a combination of pharmacotherapy and cognitive-behavioral therapy. Aim of the study To summarize current knowledge of body dysmorphic disorder, its pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment, outline possible areas for further research, and raise the awareness of the disorder. Material and methods The review was based on the PubMed database and was carried out using keywords to determine the latest publications. Summary Body dysmorphic disorder is a relatively common and severe condition that greatly diminishes patients' quality of life. While helpful diagnostic tools exist, BDD diagnosis remains relatively uncommon, posing challenges for patients to receive adequate treatment and continuing their suffering. Despite identifying several factors contributing to the disorder, much remains unknown. Many patients do not respond to standard treatment options, highlighting the need for further studies into the disorder's neurobiology, causes, and alternate treatment approaches to achieve a deeper comprehension of BDD as the number of new cases increases every year.

Introduction Multiple sclerosis (SM) is the most common chronic inflammatory-demyelinating disease of the Central Nervous System. In its course, a multifocal damage is done to a nervous tissue - myelin sheaths surrounding axons become disintegrated. This process leads to a dysfunction of the electrical impulses passage along nerve fibers which occurs as various symptoms that hinder the functioning of the patients. Aim of the study This review aims to summarize treatment methods of relapsing-remitting type of multiple sclerosis (RRMS). Following information will be presented: groups of medications, mechanism of its action, its most important side effects and its effectiveness. Material and method This review presents the current state of knowledge about relapsing-remitting type of multiple sclerosis (RRMS) treatment - it is based on Pubmed database and was carried out using keywords concerning the issues of multiple sclerosis. Cited articles were selected in order to base on up-to-date investigation results. Summary A wide range of therapeutic options let neurologists treat their patients accurately, but the basic knowledge about each substance should be assimilated to choose the best individual therapy. Patients suffering from multiple sclerosis differ from each other and a personal approach is needed to implement appropriate treatment as soon as possible. Early start allows patients to not to lose their everyday functioning areas, as the neurodegenerative process is stopped at the initial stage. If some changes in brain tissue structure are permanently done, neurologists should know the options of symptomatic treatment to alleviate a patient's suffering.

Introduction Migraine, a prevalent neurological disorder affecting a substantial portion of the global population, poses a significant burden on individuals' overall quality of life. While the exact pathophysiological mechanisms underlying migraine headache attacks remain elusive, the involvement of trigeminal pathway activation is well-documented. A multitude of factors, collectively termed triggers, have been identified as capable of precipitating migraine episodes, ranging from dietary components to environmental stimuli such as bright lights and weather fluctuations. Migraine headaches typically manifest as throbbing pain localized predominantly on one side of the head and are often accompanied by a constellation of additional symptoms including photophobia, phonophobia, and nausea. The management of migraine involves a diverse array of therapeutic modalities tailored to the specific characteristics of the pain experienced. These may include the administration of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol, triptans, and antiemetics, among others. This study endeavors to explore the most prevalent triggers implicated in migraine onset, as well as contemporary treatment strategies, with an emphasis on incorporating the latest research findings and therapeutic advancements in this evolving field. Aim of the study This review aims to identify symptoms, triggers of acute migraine and solutions in its treatment process, including latest developments. Material and method This article presents the current state of knowledge about acute migraine, triggers and treatment options in various scientific articles. Publications describing acute migraine attacks and treatments including the most recent reports in the field were reviewed using the PubMed platform. The search included the keywords ‘migraine, 'migraine triggers', 'triptans', 'migraine with aura'.

Introduction and purpose: As the elderly population grows, the risk of cognitive decline and dementia increases. Environmental toxicants, including metals, have been identified as potential contributors to these conditions. This literature review investigated the potential contribution of metals, such as aluminium, lead, zinc and copper to Alzheimer's disease development. Material and methods: The literature was conducted using "Pub Med" and "Google Scholar" databases with the keywords "metals", "Alzheimer's disease", "aluminium", "lead", "neurodegenerative diseases", "copper". Brief description of the state of knowledge: Metals can negatively affect the functionality of the central nervous system, leading to impairments in behavior, motor skills, and cognitive abilities. The development of Alzheimer's disease can be influenced by several factors, including Aβ aggregates, tau tangles, synaptic dysfunction, inflammation, and oxidative stress, which may be worsened by interactions with these metals. Results and conclusions: Extensive research has shown a link between metal exposure and neurodegeneration. Understanding the role of metals like lead, copper, aluminum, and zinc in Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis remains crucial, but further investigation is needed. A better insight into the impact of metal exposure on brain health could help find the way for effective prevention and treatment strategies for neurodegenerative diseases.

The article aimed to present arguments for the necessity of changes in the real estate tax system. The concept of a zone-based tax was introduced, which could replace the existing system quickly, addressing some of the raised issues of social injustice while providing additional revenues to municipalities. The selection of appropriate zoning criteria from the residents’ perspective remains an open question. An integral part of the article is an empirical analysis based on the example of the city of Wrocław, encompassing a combination of three different zoning criteria: proximity to public transportation stops, educational institutions, and cultural centers. The results of computer simulations were compared with the actual distribution of transaction prices for residential properties from January 2022 to March 2023.

Kwestionariusz Samooceny Głosu dla Transpłciowych Kobiet (Trans Woman Voice Questionnaire – TWVQ) jest narzędziem diagnostycznym stworzonym specjalnie na potrzeby feminizującej terapii głosu. Uzupełnia on obiektywną diagnozę o subiektywne odczucia pacjentki. Terapeuta otrzymuje bezcenne informacje dotyczące jej potrzeb i oczekiwań, a sama pacjentka ma możliwość lepiej uświadomić sobie swój stosunek do własnego głosu. Kwestionariusz – zaprojektowany pierwotnie w języku angielskim – wymagał przełożenia na język polski. Proces tłumaczenia, a później adaptacji i walidacji został przeprowadzony zgodnie z rygorystycznymi wytycznymi Światowej Organizacji Zdrowia, w tym z udziałem transpłciowych pacjentek. Polska wersja TWVQ została zaakceptowana przez współautorkę oryginału i jest za darmo dostępna w internecie. Logopedzi i logopedki w Polsce otrzymali specjalistyczne narzędzie pomocne w terapii transpłciowych pacjentek.

Background Work of a dental technician is associated with exposure to a number of harmful factors. We can distinguish: chemical, biological, physical and psychophysical factors. They contribute to many diseases, but not all of them are classified as occupational diseases. The main aim of the study was to assess the health hazards that occur in the workplace of a dental technician and their prevention during the COVID-19 pandemic. Material and Methods An epidemiological cross-sectional study was conducted. A self-created questionnaire form containing 28 questions was used. The link to the survey was shared on social groups associating dental technicians. Participation in the study did not require logging in. During the data collection, the respondents' personal data were not collected and processed. Results 148 dental technicians participated in the study. The largest group were participants aged 21-25 (32%), the smallest group were people over 50 (6%). The most frequently occupied position was acrylic and plaster. More than 1/3 of those surveyed reported having allergies, most often to acrylic or metal. More than 20% of technicians reported experience of mechanical injuries several times a week or more. 17% of technicians declared professional burnout. 80% of technicians used protective clothing. Personal protective equipment was always used by only 22% of technicians, and as many as 29% of respondents never used the listed protective equipment. Conclusions Not all dental laboratories were equipped with the necessary personal protective equipment. The most commonly used personal protective equipment included: disposable gloves, disinfectant liquid and extract. The COVID-19 pandemic contributed to a change in disinfection procedures in more than 1/3 of the respondents. 35% of them started using disinfection only after the outbreak of the pandemic, while most of the changes concerned the improvement of existing procedures. The length of work experience of technicians had an impact on exposure to stress and occupational burnout. Med Pr Work Health Saf. 2023;74(4):289–99.

Artefacts made of and from untypical materialswith the use of sophisticated techniques preserved in museumsconstitute an exceptional challenge to museum curators. Suchis the case of two letters described in the paper, written onbirch bark by someone signed as the female: Janka and Jaśkadispatched to her mother from the Soviet Polovinka Gulag inthe Urals in 1946 and 1947. Currently, the artefacts are in thecollection of the Museum of Rev. Józef Jarzębowski in LicheńStary, while their history was explained only in the 2010s. In2022, the letters underwent museum conservation, whichallowed to find out what material they were written on andwhat technique was used for the execution, following whichthey were appropriately preserved so that they can last thelongest possible minimizing their deterioration.

Introduction Snowboarding is an activity that appears to be gaining popularity among people who are interested in winter sports. The dynamic evolution of the method of snowboarding comes with it the risk of injuries, the consequences of which can be catastrophic. As a result of the fact that this sporting activity is distinguished by a diverse riding technique and calls for the use of specialized equipment, the mechanism of damage is also distinct from that which is known in, for instance, skiing. In addition, comparable to skiing, snowboarding has a sub-discipline that is linked with the execution of tricks and jumps. In a disproportionate manner, this raises the probability of an accident occurring. Wrist, shoulder, and ankle joints are among the most often injured structures in the body. Trauma to the brain and spine are remarkably uncommon, nonetheless, they are the ones that have the most serious repercussions. It is imperative that special attention be made to the avoidance of these incidents, which is why both medical professionals and proprietors of ski resorts stress the need of people wearing helmets and other protective gear, such as wrist guards. It is anticipated that the implementation of these techniques will lead to a decrease in the occurrence of the most common and serious forms of injuries, as well as a reduction in the strain placed on the organization that provides medical care. Aim of the study This review aims to characterize the most common injuries acquired during snowboarding, analyze their mechanism and to show methods of prevention. Material and method This article presents the current state of knowledge on snowboarding injuries, their mechanisms and prevention in various scientific articles. Publications describing injuries that occur while snowboarding were reviewed using the PubMed platform. The search included the keywords 'snowboard', 'injuries', 'fracture', ‘trauma’.

The aim of the study is to analyse how the main financial data of d ouble-entry b ookkeeping f ood p rocessing e nterprises r eflect t he e ffects o f t he i ndicated economic environment.

Po wybuchu wojny Rosji z Ukrainą rząd polski podjął natychmiastowe działania w celu przyjęcia i udzielenia pomocy dzieciom z terenów dotkniętych konfliktem zbrojnym. Zgodnie z polskim prawem każde małoletnie dziecko cudzoziemców ma prawo do bezpłatnej nauki oraz pomocy psychologiczno-pedagogicznej. Celem opisanych badań jest ustalenie, jakie informacje o wsparciu dla dzieci pochodzących z Ukrainy pojawiły się w pierwszych tygodniach wojny na stronach internetowych szesnastu kuratoriów oświaty w Polsce. Do zebrania danych wykorzystano netnografię, natomiast do ich analizy zastosowano metodę analizy dokumentów. Na podstawie przeanalizowanych dokumentów można zidentyfikować trzy główne podmioty wsparcia, które tworzą instytucje rządowe i organizacje pozarządowe oraz wolontariusze. Formy wparcia obejmują zarówno indywidualne aktywności (porady, diagnozy, konsultacje), jak i zbiorowe (warsztaty, szkolenia, konferencje). Oferowana pomoc wymaga od realizujących ją nauczycieli, pedagogów, psychologów wysokich kompetencji międzykulturowych, niezbędnych do dialogu z drugim człowiekiem.

W ostatnim czasie przedsiębiorczość wiejska stała się bardzo popularnym tematem badawczym, zarówno w polskiej, jak i w zagranicznej literaturze przedmiotu. Zauważalny jest jednak brak ujęć koncepcyjno‑metodologicznych, szczególnie w odniesieniu do nowego sposobu pojmowania terminu „przedsiębiorczość wiejska” przy jednoczesnej nadreprezentacji ujęć w duchu pozytywistycznym. W związku z powyższym w artykule położono nacisk na przedstawienie wyników badań odnoszących się do analizy literatury przedmiotu dotyczącej problematyki przedsiębiorczości wiejskiej, zwłaszcza w zakresie współczesnego sposobu jej rozumienia oraz metod badania. Artykuł ma charakter teoretyczno‑ metodologiczny i powstał na bazie kwerendy literatury przedmiotu zaczerpniętej z baz danych Scopus i Web of Science. Przeprowadzona analiza pozwoliła zauważyć, że od połowy pierwszej dekady XXI w. notuje się znaczny wzrost zainteresowania problematyką przedsiębiorczości wiejskiej. Jest ona jednak inaczej interpretowana na gruntach polskim i zagranicznym, w rezultacie czego badania z tego zakresu wykazują znaczne różnice. W obliczu zmiany paradygmatu, a także zwrotu, jaki dokonał się w sposobie rozumienia przedsiębiorczości wiejskiej w literaturze światowej, w artykule zaproponowano autorski model przedsiębiorczości wiejskiej opartej na relacjach przedsiębiorca wiejski – miejsce. Choć model ten wymaga jeszcze weryfikacji empirycznej, może on być bardzo pomocnym wzorcem badawczym, przydatnym nie tylko w zrozumieniu mechanizmu funkcjonowania przedsiębiorczości wiejskiej, lecz także w określeniu czynników, które determinują jej rozwój w kontekście relacji przedsiębiorcy wiejskiego z miejscem. Ponadto wnioski z pracy mają walor aplikacyjny, gdyż zaproponowany model może stanowić pomoc dla decydentów (głównie władz samorządowych, szczególnie gmin wiejskich) w formułowaniu dokumentów planistycznych i strategicznych.

The COVID-19 pandemic had a major impact on the functioning of the entire world, and the consequences of this event are still visible in various aspects of the functioning of countries. As a countermeasure against such a crisis, Poland implemented regulations to help combat the negative effects or minimize them. The aim of the study is to evaluate the anti-epidemic regulations and their changes during the pandemic. The acts were reviewed by means of the Internet System of Legal Acts (Internetowy System Aktów Prawnych – ISAP) and the Public Information Bulletin (Biuletyn Informacji Publicznej – BIP) database. The anti-epidemic regulations in Poland propose solutions that may help in counteracting a pandemic both in the sphere directly related to medical aspects, as well as social and entrepreneurial or economic aspects. However, the analysis of relevant regulations and literature revealed a large mismatch between the existing regulations and the actual needs related to real epidemiological phenomena. The first weeks of the pandemic, especially in the area of applying these standards, revealed a great deal of chaos. The standards introduced during the pandemic were also characterised by a number of inaccuracies and ambiguities. An attempt should be made to create a more coordinated plan for an eventual subsequent pandemic and an evaluation of the rules for other emergencies should be undertaken to avoid the mistakes and chaos witnessed in the COVID-19 pandemic.

This text is an attempt to describe a growing interest in transferring street art into digital art in the form of NFTs. By examining several urban values associated with graffiti and street art, it is possible to see how these phenomena affect new technologies. First, however, it is important to consider some street art NFTs and distinguish between their different types. We may identify three ways of presenting street art as NFTs: transferring the character to a different medium; assembling a collection of street art NFTs in a museum-like environment with each piece having its own characteristics; writing street artistry into the wider metaverse. I describe five urban values of NFTs: preservation, accessibility, illegality, money, and uniqueness. In conclusion, it is clear that NFTs change how viewers may perceive street art. NFTs are supposed to be eternal rather than ephemeral, and they lose street art’s association with spontaneity and illegality as well as its critique of commercialism. Street art as NFT is just another form of profit-making and one of its new values is money. It is possible to notice artistic values as well. NFTs are marked by diversity, and have their own rules (such as the importance of movement or looping), which are impossible to implement in traditional street art.

In the second half of the 19th century, the rising interest in the partition of Africa translated into a growth in the number of essays, articles and travel diaries on the ‘dark continent’ published in Russia. This paper examines how black Africa was represented in the popular illustrated journal “Vsemirnaia illiustratsiia”, intended as educational material for a newly-formed middle-class readership. Through written texts and pictures, the journal constructed an image of black Africa quite dependent on Western colonial stereotypes, using colonial-consolidated rhetoric techniques and European sources. While the Tsarist Empire’s politics used to meddle in European colonial enterprises, the present analysis highlights how the literary and visual construction of black Africa as backward, savage, and ahistorical may have served to justify Russia’s long-debated belonging among Western nations.

Przedmiotem artykułu jest zagadnienie tożsamości terytorialnej (przestrzennej) zobrazowane na przykładzie placu Zwycięstwa w Łodzi jako przestrzeni publicznej związanej z dziedzictwem przemysłowym tego miasta. Tożsamość terytorialna rozpatrywana na gruncie geografii humanistycznej uwzględnia relacje między człowiekiem a przestrzenią, w której żyje. Jest to złożony proces, oparty na subiektywnej identyfikacji człowieka z otaczającą go przestrzenią, innymi jej użytkownikami oraz jej dziedzictwem materialnym i niematerialnym. Rodzajem przestrzeni publicznej, w której kontekście dobrze widoczne są kwestie poczucia tożsamości przestrzennej, może być plac miejski, szczególnie odwołujący się do historii danego miasta. Właściwym przykładem jest plac Zwycięstwa w Łodzi, silnie związany z przemysłem bawełnianym, dzięki któremu od XIX w. nastąpił dynamiczny rozwój całego miasta. Posługując się tym przykładem, w artykule zidentyfikowano wyznaczniki tożsamości przestrzeni, określono znaczenie dziedzictwa przemysłowego w budowaniu tożsamości terytorialnej, a także wskazano rolę obiektów poprzemysłowych w kształtowaniu tożsamości terytorialnej mieszkańców. Celem artykułu było uzyskanie odpowiedzi na pytanie, czy plac Zwycięstwa w Łodzi stanowi w oczach jego użytkowników źródło tożsamości terytorialnej – czy jest on istotnym punktem, z którym mieszkańcy się utożsamiają i który wzbudza w nich pozytywne odczucia. Posłużono się następującymi metodami i narzędziami badawczymi: kwerenda literatury, wywiad kwestionariuszowy, inwentaryzacja i obserwacja bezpośrednia w terenie wraz z dokumentacją fotograficzną. Badania empiryczne miały na celu określenie i ocenę aktualnego stanu zagospodarowania badanej przestrzeni publicznej, identyfikację i ocenę jej aktualnych funkcji i znaczenia, także w kontekście porównania stanu obecnego z wiadomościami o historii obszaru pozyskanymi z literatury. Współczesny plac Zwycięstwa charakteryzuje się znaczeniem głównie użytkowym, w mniejszym stopniu interakcyjnym, jego dawna funkcja obywatelska całkowicie zaś zanikła. Znaczenia aksjologiczne, symboliczne i tożsamościowe tej przestrzeni są obecnie mniej uwidocznione w świadomości społeczności lokalnej, mimo że plac Zwycięstwa niewątpliwie je posiada ze względu na swoją historię i lokalizację związaną z przemysłem włókienniczym. Wyniki badań wskazują, że długa i bogata historia placu Zwycięstwa niestety nie wpływa istotnie na tworzenie tożsamości terytorialnej, co wiąże się z deklarowaną przez większość respondentów nieznajomością historii tego miejsca. Zdaniem autorek podmioty kształtujące przestrzeń miejską, odpowiedzialne za jej zagospodarowanie i budowanie tożsamości, powinny stworzyć bardziej przyjazne otoczenie, zadbać o większą estetykę i bezpieczeństwo, a także podjąć działania informacyjno-promocyjne upowszechniające wiedzę historyczną o tym miejscu. Przyczyniłoby się to do odzyskania znaczenia symbolicznego oraz budowania coraz bardziej pozytywnego obrazu i tożsamości placu Zwycięstwa w świadomości łodzian i turystów.

Portfolio to prosta, a zarazem uniwersalna metoda kształcenia, która może być stosowana na różnych szczeblach nauczania. W jej skład mogą wchodzić zestawy różnych elementów. Od wielu lat metodę tę stosuje się w polskich szkołach. Zagościła ona nawet w pracy szkół wyższych i sprawdziła się, tym bardziej więc stanowi przykład dobrych praktyk w pracy ze studentami, w tym tymi przygotowującymi się do zawodu nauczyciela. Artykuł stanowi próbę prezentacji osobistych refleksji autorki płynących z praktyki wykorzystywania tej metody kształcenia w pracy ze studentami specjalności nauczycielskiej. Teczka portfolio, złożona z materiałów przydatnych w przyszłej pracy zawodowej, przy odpowiednim dobraniu i wyselekcjonowaniu, może stać się niezastąpiona w trudnym okresie adaptacji do zawodu nauczyciela. Może ona stanowić również bazę wyjściową do e-portfolio studenta, w którym będzie dokumentował własny proces uczenia się i rozwoju w dłuższym okresie.

Introduction and objective The health status of people at working age is one of the elements exerting an effect on the socio-economic development of a given population. The aim of the study was to assess the incidence of malignant cancers among population at working age in the Podlaskie Province during 1999–2017. Material and methods Information from the National Cancer Register (NCR) was used to analyze and assess the incidence of malignant cancers among the inhabitants of the Podlaskie Province in the age group with the highest economic activity. Information concerning the incidence of malignant cancers in the group aged 20–64 in the Podlaskie Province during 1999–2017 was also included. Results In 2017, in the Podlaskie Province, 837 new cases of malignant cancers were registered among males aged 20–64, which means an increase by nearly 15%, compared to 1999. In females, the number of new cases increased by almost 19%, from 789 cases in 1999 up to 936 in 2017. In the analyzed period, the value of the crude incidence rate (CR) in males also increased by 4.7%, whereas in females – by 18.6%. The age-standardized incidence rate (ASR) decreased by 18.3% in males and by 5% in females. Conclusions During the analyzed period, in the Podlaskie Province, an increase was observed in the number and value of the crude cancer incidence rate in the age group 20–64. Among females at the age of the highest professional activity, both the level and the course of the trend of the actual incidence rate indicated a rapid increase in the risk of malignant cancer. A high morbidity due to malignant cancers in the group aged 20–64 is one of the greatest challenges for public health in Poland, and indicates an urgent need for undertaking planned measures to protect and improve the health of working people.

Niniejszy artykuł jest poświęcony komunikacji zdalnej na lekcji języka obcego. W tekście przedstawiono różne aspekty kształcenia na odległość jako formy porozumiewania się ucznia i nauczyciela oraz omówiono wykorzystanie tej wiedzy w kontekście edukacji językowej. Na podstawie wyników ankiet i wniosków z wywiadów przeprowadzonych z uczniami drugiego i trzeciego etapu edukacyjnego zidentyfikowano możliwości, problemy oraz zagrożenia związane z lekcjami online. Zaproponowano również sposoby pracy z uczniami na zajęciach języka obcego. Praca dowodzi, że komunikacja zdalna (mimo swoich ograniczeń) ma duży potencjał w kształceniu językowym.

Introduction The role of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) in the pathomechanism of arterial hypertension has been demonstrated, but little information is available on the influence of AGEs on the course of pre-eclampsia (PE). The aim of the study was to assess the concentration profile of advanced protein glycation products in pregnant women diagnosed with PE. Material and methods The concentrations of AGEs, carboxymethyllysine (CML), carboxyethyllysine (CEL) and methylglyoxal (MG) in the sera of female respondents were determined using the enzyme immunoassay method. Results The levels of AGE and CML were lower in the group of women with PE compared to the group of non-pregnant women (p = 0.0411 and p = 0.0072). A lower CML concentration was found in healthy pregnant women as compared to healthy non-pregnant women (p = 0.00068). Positive correlations were found between AGE and CML levels in women with PE (R = 0.339, p = 0.032) and between CML and CEL in healthy non-pregnant women (R = 0.447, p = 0.012). Conclusions We suggest that there is a decrease in the intensity of non-enzymatic protein glycation during pregnancy. Moreover, our study indicates that isolated PE may be associated with a different pathomechanism than chronic hypertension, and therefore AGEs cannot be at present considered a marker of PE.

Abstract: After analyzing the impact of aircraft on the airport pavement (parking spaces, runways, startways), it was considered advisable to consider the problem of deep improvement or strengthening of its subsoil. This is especially true for low-bearing soil. The paper presents a quick and effective method of strengthening the subsoil intended for the construction of engineering structures used for civil or military air operations. It allows the use of wastelands, wetlands, swamps, etc. for the above-mentioned purposes, thus creating a dispersed network of landing sites increasing the security of the country and increasing the availability of air transport for large society groups. Keywords: Runways; Runways load; Ground reinforcement; Blasting agents

Introduction: A process of psychomotor development should take place harmoniously according to a fixed plan. Because of the fact, that not every child develops properly, parents ought to possess basic knowledge of child’s psychomotor development. It could enable them to notice any possible abnormalities and turn to a specialist for help in time. Aim: The aim of the study is to assess parents' knowledge about the psychomotor development of children aged 0-12 months and the impact of selected socio-demographic factors on the level of this knowledge Materials and methods: The research involved 111 parents who filled in the questionnaire form on psychomotor development of a child in its first year. Results: It has been proven that a general level of parents’ knowledge ranges from low to good. Moreover, based on the research it can be claimed, that people who graduated from universities gain better knowledge on a person’s development than people who didn’t. Similarly, parents with a bigger amount of children and what’s connected, better experience, achieve better results. Finally, a large majority of parents claim that their knowledge is better that it really is. Conclusions: Comparing the outcome with the results of other researchers it can be concluded, that the level of knowledge on child’s psychomotor development is rather low. The reason of that might be the lack of needed education on the area. Taking into consideration a quite wide range of available sources of information, parents can find many possibilities to broaden their knowledge. To improve the situation various actions encouraging self-improvement of parents’ level of knowledge should be introduced. In the future a similar research should take place to check if the level of awareness of this issue is heightened.

Artykuł stanowi analizę treści nagłówków medialnych dotyczących wojny rosyjsko-ukraińskiej, inspirowaną Raportem podsumowującym monitoring przekazów medialnych – 150 dni wojny na/w* Ukrainie. Artykuł analizuje stosunek mediów do wojny i stron konfliktu oraz sposób wypowiadania się o sytuacji między Rosją a Ukrainą. W tekście wytłumaczono, jaki obraz obu krajów kreują polscy nadawcy medialni w tytułach swoich materiałów, a także to, w jaki sposób ukazywana jest w nich Polska. Poruszono również zagadnienie dziennikarskiej odpowiedzialności za słowo w kontekście silnie nacechowanych nagłówków.

Quizzes have become an inseparable element of the media landscape. They can be found in the number of titles of newspapers and magazines, radio contests and, in particular, in television game shows. Nowadays quizzes are also more and more observable in virtual space. Virtual quizzes, however, avoid an attempt of a simple definition, e.g. due to the genre differences present in other media. After the adoption of the media studies and historical perspective in this article, two media environments – television and the Internet – were presented, in which quizzes had an opportunity to achieve a popularity. The market of the internet quizzes and its typology were also characterized.

In less than a century, plastics have gained enormous popularity and it is now difficult for us to imagine our lives without them. They are very widely used in industry, agriculture, medicine and many others, mainly due to their stability and low production costs - which contribute to a steady increase in demand worldwide. They biodegrade very slowly, and the limited and inappropriate recovery of this raw material from waste has led to a visible accumulation of residual polymers in the environment. As a result of physical, chemical and biological processes, e.g., ultraviolet (UV) radiation, weathering or mechanical abrasion, plastics degrade to fine particles - those less than 5 mm in size are called microplastics. They can be found in the natural environment in various morphological forms, e.g., as fibres, granules, scraps, spheres, particles or fragments, e.g., film, of primary or secondary origin. The presence of microplastics has been found all over the world, in all environments. Only recently has there been a broader focus on microplastics, which includes terrestrial systems where soils are an important part of the environment potentially exposed to contamination. Their main source in soils may be within agriculture (where composts, organic fertilizers, sewage sludge and mulching, as well as irrigation are used) plus transport, landfills and the deposition of atmospheric pollutants.

Przedsiębiorczość stanowi bardzo ważny problem badawczy. Jej znaczenie wzrosło pod wpływem uznania przedsiębiorczości za jeden z kluczowych czynników rozwoju społeczno-gospodarczego. Dużą szansę w rozwoju lokalnej przedsiębiorczości upatrują zwłaszcza najmniejsze miasta, które z uwagi na zachodzące coraz szybciej procesy globalizacji, metropolizacji, tracą swoje ponadlokalne znaczenie na rzecz większych ośrodków. Dodatkowo, pomimo podejmowania przez władze lokalne małych miast wielu inicjatyw aktywizujących tę formę działalności ludzkiej, w ostatnim czasie pojawiły się nowe zagrożenia dla rozwoju lokalnej przedsiębiorczości wynikające m.in. z rozwoju tanich sklepów dyskontowych, wzrostu ubóstwa społecznego w kontekście ostatnich wydarzeń politycznych oraz inflacji, czy też – stanu epidemii. W rezultacie zmalała też chęć mieszkańców do tworzenia własnego biznesu, a co za tym idzie – znacznie osłabł ich impet rozwojowy. Celem artykułu jest ocena potencjału przedsiębiorczości i atrakcyjności ekonomicznej wybranych, najmniejszych miast regionu łódzkiego. Aby wyodrębnić miasta o najbardziej sprzyjających warunkach do rozwoju lokalnej przedsiębiorczości, zastosowano metodę wielowymiarowej analizy porównawczej, która w polskiej literaturze przedmiotu występuje pod nazwą wskaźnik Perkala. Do analizy wykorzystano dane statystyczne pochodzące z banku danych lokalnych GUS za rok 2021.

Za zasadniczą przyczynę współczesnego kryzysu ekologicznego uznaje się konsekwentną realizację dominującego od Nowożytności postulatu postępu naukowo-technicznego ludzkości. Wielu myślicieli promowało tę ideę, zaś ich stanowiska wpłynęły na kształt współczesnej cywilizacji. Wśród nich szczególne miejsce zajmuje August Comte, inicjator pozytywizmu. W artykule podjęta zostaje próba odtworzenia pozytywistycznych zapatrywań na miejsce człowieka w przyrodzie oraz poddania ich dyskusji. Przeprowadzone zostają dociekania w celu wyjaśnienia, w jakim stopniu pozytywizm przełożył się na pogłębienie poczucia alienacji człowieka z przyrody. Decydujące dla rozważanej problematyki znaczenie ma fakt, że stanowisko pozytywistyczne jest silnie antropocentryczne, co przejawia się głównie w kontynuowaniu nowożytnych, Baconowskich zaleceń podporządkowywania przyrody potrzebom człowieka. Pozytywizm rozwinął ponadto metodę naukową w kierunku, który z jednej strony przyczynił się do ogromnego skoku cywilizacyjnego ludzkości, ale z drugiej – okazał się dla relacji człowieka z przyrodą głęboko kryzysogenny.

Za zasadniczą przyczynę kryzysu ekologicznego uznaje się realizację nowożytnego postulatu postępu naukowo-technicznego. Niniejsze opracowanie ma na celu wykazanie, że – wbrew głosom ekologizującym myśl Karola Marksa – jego filozofia kontynuuje wezwanie do tworzenia dobrobytu narodów na drodze bezwzględnego wykorzystania przyrody i usprawiedliwia postęp rozumiany w kategoriach imperialistycznego antropocentrycznego podporządkowania przyrody człowiekowi, prowadząc jednocześnie do dalszego pogłębienia poczucia wyobcowania człowieka z przyrody i zaniku jakiegokolwiek respektu wobec niej.

The bicyclic ring system of indole (benzo[b]pyrrole) is a structural element of many therapeutic agents used in medical practice with diverse biological activities, including anticancer, antibacterial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antipyretic and hypotensive drugs as well as antidepressants or antipsychotics. Indole compounds, both natural and synthetic, have long been used as anticancer drugs in the treatment of neoplastic diseases such as lung cancer, breast cancer, sarcomas, lymphomas, and tumors of the central nervous system. On the other hand, as antiemetic drugs, they are used in oncological patients undergoing chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Indole compounds regulate the functioning of the endocrine system and are used in the treatment of hyperprolactinemia, endometriosis, and central premature children’s puberty. They are important for the proper functioning of the nervous system and therefore are used in patients suffering from neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson’s or Alzheimer’s disease. The indole ring is also the basis of drugs used, among others, in cardiovascular diseases - in the treatment of arterial hypertension, in the digestive system - in irritable bowel syndrome, in the respiratory system in particular in the case of asthma as well as in bone tissue diseases indicated for the treatment of osteoporosis. Indole derivatives are in the focus of many research centers, in which their new properties are constantly being discovered. It should be emphasized, that aromatic or heteroaromatic rings constituting the structural motif of compounds with different pharmacological effects are referred to as privileged structures. This group of heterocyclic compounds also includes indole. This article is intended to provide a review of currently used drugs containing the heterocyclic indole system in their structures and their possible clinical applications. The current directions of searching for novel indole-based drugs are also presented.

The Polish campaign of 1939 in historiography and historical education of the 20th and 21st centuries, in selected aspects The article is part of a publication series devoted to the terminological and historiographic aspects of the Polish campaign of 1939. A completely new approach to this important event is the focus on its presence in historical education of the 20th and 21st century. The Polish Campaign of 1939 has held a special place in the historiographic narrative and school curricula alike. Its depictions – both academic and popular-scientific – have been and still remain compatible with each other. At certain times however – especially during the ideological assault of the 1950s – historical education diverged from historiography, creating an anti-German and pro-Soviet image. After 1989, the narrative of the Polish campaign of 1939 changed significantly and the “forgotten threads” were also introduced. This event still occupies a leading place in the so-called historical policy. It has also been put on a pedestal in historical education of school students, although for a period of several years in the early 21st century it was largely absent due to the limited number of topics from the recent history included in the school curriculum.

The aim of the study was to assess the effects of manual peeling on microbiological contamination of whiteleg shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei in cold storage. The test material was whiteleg shrimps (Litopenaeus vannamei), raw, which were kept in cold storage for 72 hours after peeling. The count of psychrotrophic microbes, Staphylococcus aureus, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, and fungi was determined in the test products. After 72 hours of storage, a higher growth of microbes was shown in the peeled shrimps, as compared to unpeeled ones. After 24 hours of storage, a significantly higher count of S. aureus and psychrotrophic bacteria was observed in the unpeeled shrimp group. Peeling shrimps before the storage process led to a lower contamination with the microflora in question.

Głównym celem opracowania jest próba określenia relacji, która zachodzi między rozwojem pozarolniczej działalności gospodarczej a poziomem rozwoju społeczno-gospodarczego na obszarze wybranych gmin wiejskich województwa łódzkiego. W pierwszej części artykułu zbadano poziom rozwoju pozarolniczej działalności gospodarczej w wybranych gminach wiejskich w 2018 roku na podstawie sześciu wybranych cech. W części drugiej określono wskaźnik przedsiębiorczości rozumiany jako liczba podmiotów prywatnych na tysiąc osób w wieku produkcyjnym. Wykorzystano do tego celu średnią obrazującą liczbę podmiotów prywatnych w poszczególnych gmi nach wiejskich za lata 2014–2018 Ostatnim etapem było prześledzenie związku, który zachodzi między poziomem rozwoju wybranych gmin wiejskich a poziomem przedsiębiorczości. W pracy odwołano się głównie do metod matematyczno-statystycznych (wskaźnik syntetyczny Perkala oraz wskaźniki korelacji Pearsona), a materiał źródłowy pozyskano z oficjalnej statystyki GUS (Bank Danych Lokalnych). Wyboru gmin dokonano w sposób celowy; wybrano te gminy, które w latach 2008–2013 w badaniach A. Suliborskiego i J. Tomczyk (2016) wykazały największe i najmniejsze zmiany w poziomie rozwoju społeczno-gospodarczego. Przeprowadzona analiza ujawniła, że poziom rozwoju przedsiębiorczości na badanym obszarze tylko w niewielkim stopniu jest skorelowany z poziomem rozwoju społeczno-gospodarczego obszarów. Badania wprawdzie potwierdziły tę zależność, ale uzyskana wielkość była bardzo mała i nieistotna statystycznie. Uzyskane wyniki dowodzą zatem, że rozwój przedsiębiorczości jest bardzo złożony i źródeł jego fenomenu należy upatrywać w różnych czynnikach.

Modlitwa Cypriana Norwida to wiersz, który − chociaż stał się już przedmiotem kilku interesujących interpretacji − nie został jeszcze odczytany w kontekście psychologii, a zwłaszcza proponowanej tu koncepcji procesu twórczego Howarda Gardnera. Pojawiające się w utworze milczenie oraz dramat poety, który prosi o rozwiązanie głosu, jest odczytywane w nowym kontekście, który nie unieważnia dotychczasowych analiz, a jedynie je uzupełnia o brakujący komponent, umożliwiający uwzględnienie podmiotowości poety oraz powiązanie jego wiersza z doświadczeniem twórczym bez popełniania błędu biografizmu czy psychologizmu. Równocześnie przedstawiona interpretacja staje się realizacją sformułowanych na początku postulatów metodologicznych związanych z wykorzystywaniem psychologii w badaniach literaturoznawczych.

Nowadays, the socio-cultural image of suicide indicates a greater acceptance of the act, as well as its linguistic neutralization. The discernible differences with respect to word-formation and definitions used in the spoken language seem to be particularly significant. The paper discusses this issue in relation to groups of students of medical studies (nursing, midwifery, medicine, emergency medical services), social studies (journalism) and specialists (academic employees, doctors, midwives and nurses, psychiatrists, psychiatric hospital employees). The analysis of atitudes towards suicide exhibited in spoken language was based on focus group interviews, which enabled the reconstruction of deeply rooted ways of thinking and perceiving phenomena in research-controlled conditions. The choice of words, topics, and the way of defining suicide, as well as related issues, reflected the state of knowledge about suicidology and (underlying) emotions or atitudes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Like all other regional daily newspapers founded by the ruling Polish United Workers' Party, the Kielce Słowo Ludu functioned as a source of authorized information and a tool for the mobilization of the 'masses'. An important date in the mobilization calendar was the recurring anniversary of the 22 July 1944 Manifesto, established as the state holiday of the People's Republic of Poland. The coverage of the occasion soon turned into a set of repetitive formulas, as the ritual of national and regional celebrations, anniversary speeches by central and local figures, reports on the completion of important construction projects, the awarding of medals and decorations for outstanding work performance was rolled out year in year out. The importance of the date was marked further by the release of occasional publications whose language, however, could not rise above the repetitive, dreary clichés of the regular press. Their titles said it all, as for example 'The Origins of the People's Republic', 'Difficult Beginnings and Great Achievements; so did the secondary headlines, as in the condensed 'yesterday and today', or the giveaway 'Working-Class Characters through the Prism of Their Own Experiences: Happy Lives'. The message communicated by all of those representations could not have been simpler. Their recipients were to be reassured that in their postwar world everything was getting better, the hard-working people got credit for their effort and the country was on the right track. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]