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Objectives: One of the most important questions in personality psychology and psychopathology is whether working models of attachment change during lifetime. It is assumed that early childhood experiences influence the formation of secure or insecure internal working models of attachment The belief that attachment representations formed in childhood are relatively stable is no longer so obvious: new reports have appeared, according to which important life experiences may lead to a change in attachment style from insecure to secure or the other way around. The main aim of the present project was to investigate whether and in what manner positive and negative life experiences lead to changes in internal working models of attachment., Methods: The specific style of attachment to mother, father, partner, and friend was measured with the ECR-RS, while global attachment was assessed based on the SAAM and ECR-RS G. The number and intensity of positive and negative life experiences was assessed by means of the LES-M. We analyzed the results for a sample of 156 adults., Results: The study revealed significant relations between the level of positive life experiences and global and specific styles of attachment to a friend and partner. However, no significant relationships were observed between the intensity of negative life events and attachment style. Between-group comparisons showed that in the group in which a change of attachment style from insecure to secure had taken place the experience of positive events was significantly stronger than in the group in which there had been no such change. The compared groups did not differ in the level of negative life experiences., Conclusions: The study supports the hypothesis about a change of global attachment style and selected specific aspects of insecure attachment to a secure style as a result of experiencing positive life events.

Attachment theory offers a coherent conceptualisation of emotional bond formation, social functioning and affect regulation, which can be helpful in explaining the onset and course of mental disorders, as well as optimising the healing process. Despite the growing interest in the importance of attachment in psychopathology, this issue has not been explored in the population of patients suffering from psychotic disorders (PD) in Poland. The aim of this study is a comprehensive approach to attachment in adults in the context of PD, i.e. to integrate existing reports on the specificity of attachment in adults with PD and the role of attachment in the aetiology of PD, its course, patients' functioning, and the healing process. Attachment can provide an important theoretical perspective, offering opportunities to understand PD and to plan clinical strategies tailored to the individual needs of patients. Among people with psychotic disorders, insecure attachment patterns are more common, which corresponds to reports of increased prevalence of traumatising childhood experiences in this group. Insecure attachment can negatively affect the psychosocial functioning of people diagnosed with psychotic disorders in interpersonal relations, metacognitive skills and affect regulation. Relationships between insecure attachment and the severity and specificity of productive symptoms, especially hallucinations and delusions have been demonstrated. Patient attachment patterns can affect the interpersonal component of psychosis treatment, including relationships with psychiatric staff and therapeutic alliance. Considering this perspective by adjusting interactions to patient attachment patterns, as well as increasing safety in the therapeutic relationship can translate into improved patient treatment.

Objectives: The aim of the study was to determine the relationships between negative as well as traumatic childhood experiences and posttraumatic stress, quality of life and attachment in addicted and/or incarcerated women., Methods: Family of Origin Dysfunction Scale (Skala Dysfunkcjonalności Rodziny Pochodzenia, SDRP-2) by Gąsior, Trauma Symptom Inventory (TSI-2) by Briere, Adult Attachment Scale (AAS) by Collins and Read, Life Satisfaction Questionnaire by Fahrenberg et al., and Resilience Measure Questionnaire (Kwestionariusz Oceny Prężności, KOP-26) by Gąsior, Chodkiewicz and Cechowski. The study group comprised incarcerated and/or addicted women., Results: There is a link between intensification of childhood trauma and posttraumatic stress, quality of life and attachment. The link is diverse depending on interrelations between threatening and protective factors., Conclusions: The highest intensity of childhood traumatic experiences occurs in women who are both incarcerated and addicted. Traumatic childhood experiences are linked with both the symptoms of the posttraumatic stress and insecure attachment patterns. Resilience is an important protective factor which guards against psychopathological problems.

Introduction: Childbirth is an important event, both in a woman's, and in her family's lives, an event which carries a huge emotional charge and influences the functioning of a triad. Labour is a physiological process which may have health (somatic, psychological, mental) and economic consequences. Irrespective of the reasons why it is performed; caesarean section involves surgical, obstetric and anaesthesiological intervention, as well as the necessity for pharmacological agents. Bonding between parents and their children serves as a basis for optimal psychomotor development, and the first year is important for the rest of life. The aim of the study was to assess the influence of the labour mode on the mother's emotional state, mother-child bonding, and the infant's neurobehavioural state., Material and Methods: The plan of this study was approved by the Bioethical Commission of the Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin (BN-001/108/08). The research material comprised 200 women and their children. The following instruments were used in this study: an original questionnaire, the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), the Mother-Child Relationship FIRST score (MCR FIRST score), the Brazelton Scale, also known as the Neonatal Behavioural Assessment Scale (NBAS). The umbilical blood was used to determine the level of cortisol as a stress marker. Statistical analysis was performed using the Shapiro-Wilk test, the χ2 test, the Mann-Whitney U-test, the Fisher test, and the Spearman rank correlation coefficient. The accepted significance level (p) was equal to 0.05 (the acceptable type I error)., Results: Around 35% of the women took part in prenatal education, and 59% of them declared the intention to participate in postnatal education. The respondents wanted someone close to be with them during delivery (65.5%), although only 35% had such a possibility. Women giving birth naturally were more often accompanied by their partners (p = 0.00005). Less than half of the women (35%) had skin-to-skin contact with their babies, and there was a difference between delivery mode (p = 0.01). Attempts at breastfeeding were made by 81.5% of those surveyed. Women after c-section less often tried to breastfeed their babies than their counterparts after natural delivery (p = 0.003). The levels of cortisol in umbilical blood were significantly higher after natural labour than after caesarean section (p < 0.00001). The assessment of the risk of postnatal depression performed with the EPDS did not demonstrate significant differences between women in particular delivery modes (p = 0.82). The percentage of'crying' Children was similar in both modes (12% of naturally born babies and 13% of those born by c-section); the difference was not statistically significant (p = 1.0). Infant examination with the Brazelton Scale revealed differences in babies' behaviour in 30 parameters of the scale in favour of naturally born children. Children born through caesarean section had rarer contact with their mothers after delivery (p = 0.01)., Conclusions: Naturally born babies obtained higher scores on the NBAS, which is an argument for the promotion of this delivery mode. Naturally born babies had significantly higher cortisol levels and more frequent direct contact with their mothers after delivery, which creates favourable conditions for forming bonds. Delivery mode had no influence on the occurrence of postpartum depression, according to the EPDS (p = 0.82).

Aim: The paper presents a study concerning perception of relationship between parents, attachment patterns between adolescents and parents and their influence on intensity of psychopathology symptoms in nonclinical adolescent women., Method: The study examined 75 nonclinical women in late adolescent (17-19 years old). Participants completed Parental Bonding Instrument, Youth Self Report Form and simple survey containing additional questions., Results: The study revealed that the girls in late adolescence who perceived parents relationship as not good presented more psychopathology symptoms. The study also revealed that the adolescents who perceived their parents as less care and more controlled have more psychopathology symptoms. Maternal care was a predictor of lower levels of withdrawal, anxiety and depression. Paternal care was a predictor of lower levels of somatic complaints and thought disorders. Maternal control was a predictor of higher levels of attention disorders and aggressive behavior. Paternal control was a predictor of greater severity of social problems., Conclusions: The results are generally consistent with the data from literature. Perceived by adolescents family aspects such as parents quality relationship and attachment have significant influenced on the intensity ofpsychopathology symptoms: internalizing and externalizing symptoms, withdrawal, anxiety and depression, social problems, thought disorder, impaired concentration and aggressive behavior.

Unlabelled: In the year 2013 a study of the assessment strategies of coping with stress and attachment styles among pregnant women which were married or in relationship were done. There were 57 females participated in the study, including 30 pregnant women. Mini-COPE Coping Inventory) was used for the diagnosis of strategies to cope with stress, and QAS (Questionnaire of Attachment Styles) was used to assessment attachment styles., Conclusions: Pregnant women which are married or in relationship more often use adaptability of coping strategies under stress. Pregnant women which are married or in relationship reveal more often secure attachment. Female, which show safe attachment use in stressful situation strategies such as active coping, planning, sense of humor, seeking the emotional and instrumental support.

Introduction: The objective of this work was to demonstrate the importance of attachment in the assessment of health and in life satisfaction of women with breast cancer., Material and Methods: Two groups were formed: study group (128 women with breast cancer) and control group (112 women without any psychiatric or serious somatic illness). The following questionnaires were used: Relationship Questionnaire, Physical Disposition Scale, Subjective Health Scale, The Satisfaction with Life Scale., Results: The following were revealed in women with breast cancer compared with controls: 1) insecure attachment was more frequent, 2) physical well-being and subjective health were statistically significantly at a lower level, 3) subjective health and life satisfaction were at the highest level in women with secure attachment, regardless of the presence or absence of breast cancer., Conclusions: The attachment style is important as regards subjective health and life satisfaction.

Aim: The purpose of this study was to explore any particular personality traits and psychosocial conditions of suicidal attempts among women, especially their adult attachment styles, harmful social experiences in childhood, adult live events and mental states directly leading to suicidal effort and methods of suicide., Method: A group of 35 psychiatrically treated women who attempted suicide were submitted to the study. The following measures were used: Attachment Style Test, structured psychological interview., Results: Women, who attempted suicide mainly described their attachment style as avoidant; the types of problems they reported as being significant were: experiences of violence in their childhood, loss of members of their families, suicide of their relatives in their adulthood, being the victims of marital violence; those women mainly felt social rejection and overdosed medications when trying to commit suicide., Conclusions: Parasuicides were characterised by avoidant attachment style and had a variety of traumatic and harmful experiences during their lifetime, that established their victimisation process and the wish of auto-destruction.

The paper presents intimate relationships between biologically and legally close relatives, complicated in the social, culture and religion perspective. (art. 201 of the Penal Code), but it chiefly addresses problems associated with giving opinion on the fatherhood towards the incestuous child. The report calls for a broader interest in this issue from expert witnesses in forensic genetics, as well as encourages them to publish examples taken from their own professional experience that may unquestionably be helpful to other practitioners in this field and above all will lead to extending educational methods related to widely understood DNA analysis in giving an opinion on arguable fatherhood.

Aim: The paper presents results of research concerning attachment patterns and aggressive behaviours in adolescents suffering from mixed disorders of conduct and emotions., Method: Both the clinical and the control group completed Parental Bonding Instrument and Polish version of Buss-Durkee Inventory. The first questionnaire measures parental style as perceived by the child, it consists of two scales: care and control. The second one measures some dimensions of aggression., Results: The study revealed that adolescents from the clinical group perceive their parents as less protective than the control. It showed very weak relations between relations with the parents and expression of aggression. These results are discussed., Conclusions: The basic conclusion is that there are differences between groups in family functioning--adolescents from the clinical group received less protection from their parents what may influence their behaviours aimed at providing them more safety. Results concerning the relation between family relations and aggression indicate that future research must take into consideration other social relations of adolescents.

Aim: The paper presents results of research concerning attachment patterns and anxiety in adolescents suffering from mixed disorders of conduct and emotions., Method: Both clinical and control group completed the Parental Bonding Instrument and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. The first questionnaire measures parental style as perceived by the child, it consists of two scales: care and control. The second one the temporary condition of "state anxiety" and the more general and long-standing quality of "trait anxiety"., Results: The study revealed that adolescents from the clinical group perceive their parents as less protective than the control. Adolescents from the clinical group revealed also a higher level of anxiety, both as a state and as a trait., Conclusions: The basic conclusion is that there are differences between groups in family functioning--adolescents from the clinical group received less protection from parents, which may influence their behaviours aimed at providing them more safety.

Aim: The aim of the study was comparison of perception of attachment patterns between adolescent girls suffering from anorexia nervosa (restrictive type), bulimia nervosa and healthy peers. Moreover, we tried to find the differences between the groups in self-esteem and identification with the culture-defined sex role., Method: We examined 40 patients with anorexia, 32 with bulimia and 63 girls from the comparison group. Three questionnaires were used: Parental Bonding Instrument, The Culture-Free Self-Esteem Inventory and Psychological Sex Inventory., Results: Results indicate that the parents' emotional commitment in relations with daughters from the clinical sample is weaker, and they are controlled by parents more then those from the control group. In all groups, the mothers' emotional commitment correlates positively with daughters' social self-esteem. In the anorectic group, fathers' control correlates negatively with daughters' identification with the culture-defined feminine role. In the bulimic group, fathers' emotional commitment correlates positively with self-esteem as well as daughters' identification with the culture-defined masculine role., Conclusions: The results concerning the bonds between the ED patients and their parents indicating dysfunctions of the bonds are generally consistent with the data from literature. Additionally they show the relationship between quality of the bonds between the patients and parents and its influence on development of self-evaluation and a sense of feminity/masculinity in anorectic and bulimic girls.

This work presents the application in medical practice of relationship rules derived from the theory of attachment which was first formulated in the fifties by John Bowlby, a British psychiatrist, and further developed by the American developmental psychologist Mary Ainsworth. This theory is considered to be one of the more outstanding achievements of psychology in the 20th century. Attachment types may reveal themselves in the form of specific behavior which characterizes the relationship of the patient with medical staff. The reaction to stress is shaped by the experience of childhood during which the child develops and perpetuates its own style of emotional expression and coping with stress. The child's model of coping with stress matures along with the experience of care from adult caregivers and determines the future pattern of coping with strange situations and solving problems through open communication and "accommodation" of negative or distressing emotions during therapy.

Emotional disturbances in children and adolescents may be explained basing on different aetiological theories. One of them is the attachment theory created by Bowlby. It stresses the relationships between the characteristic of children's relations with caregivers and their behaviours, which might be described as symptoms in certain circumstances. Attachment behaviours should not be treated as the only explanation of disturbances but rather as a risk factor. Another advantage of the theory is that it might be helpful in the integration of different theories referring to the aetiology of emotional disturbances, taking into consideration both intrapsychic and interpersonal factors.

Aim: The aim of this study was to answer following questions: Does the self-image of male schizophrenics differ from the image their parents have? Do parents judge their sons more negatively or more positively than they themselves do? Are opinions of the mothers and fathers different or consistent?, Methods: 30 unmarried male patients with paranoid schizophrenia (diagnosis based on ICD-10) were included in the study. All subjects lived with their parental families. In all cases, families were complete. Subjects were aged 18-23 (x = 23.23). The mean time of duration of disease was 2.37 (range 0.5-5 years) and the mean hospitalization number was 1.7 (range 1-4). All subjects had completed primary education. 3 subjects graduated from university and the rest of them continued education in vocational or secondary schools as well as universities. The study was carried out during the last week before discharge from the hospital. The Adjective Check List (ACL) of Gough and Heilbrun was used in the study. Subjects filled out the questionnaire in accordance with instructions "I am" and parents in accordance with the instruction "My son is". Three different types of present images of patients were obtained: patient self-image, the image their mother and their fathers have and they were compared using ANOVA., Results: Comparison of actual self-images of male schizophrenics with present images of schizophrenics their mothers have revealed 26 statistically significant differences, and with present images of schizophrenics their fathers have revealed 23 statistically significant differences. The differences between images of schizophrenics obtained from their mothers and their fathers were statistically significant in 2 cases only., Conclusions: Self-opinion of the males diagnosed with paranoid schizophrenia is more positive than the opinion their mothers and fathers have of them. Self-images of the males diagnosed with paranoid schizophrenia and images their mothers have are different. Mothers have a more negative opinion of their sons than their sons have of themselves. Self-images of males diagnosed with paranoid schizophrenia and images their fathers have are different. Fathers have a more negative opinion of their sons than their sons have of themselves. Generally fathers and mothers perceive their sons in the same way.

The paper presents the attachment theory in relation to eating disorders. In the first part, the classic concepts of anorexia and bulimia nervosa are discussed taking into account assumptions of Bowlby's and his followers' model. In the second part, empirical data on anorexia and bulimia nervosa and attachment patterns are presented. The importance of methodological issues is stressed regarding the attachment model particularly in eating disorders. In the conclusion significant findings correlation of attachment patterns and eating disorders are indicated.

Aim: The aim of this study was a comparison of socio-demographic data of female patients with a diagnosis of purging and restricting type of anorexia nervosa., Methods: The method of the study was an analysis of the data obtained from 131 case histories of female patients with a diagnosis of anorexia nervosa (40 patients with restrictive type and 91 with a bulimic type of anorexia), treated at the Adolescent Department and the Neurosis Department of the Psychiatry Department of the Medical University of Lublin in the years 1993-2003. The mean age of the investigated patients with a restrictive type of anorexia was 20.8 years, the age of disease onset was 16.5 years, the mean time of disease duration was 3.7 years, mean BMI = 15.4. The mean age of the patients with a bulimic type of anorexia was 21.8 years, the age of disease onset was 17.9 years, the mean time of disease duration was 4.6 years, mean BMI = 15.9. Half of the patients had a secondary level education. 87% were brought up in a full family and the most frequent reason of being brought up by a single parent was the death of another parent., Results: Results of our study revealed relevant differences between female patients with a restrictive type of anorexia and a purging type of anorexia in certain family factors., Conclusions: (1) Compared to the patients with the restrictive type of anorexia, much more patients with the bulimic type of anorexia assessed their relationships with their mothers negatively. (2) Much more patients with the bulimic type of anorexia compared to the patients with the restrictive type of anorexia, experienced sexual and physical abuse, in most cases caused by their fathers. (3) Alcohol abuse was present in 53% of the fathers of the patients with the bulimic type of anorexia and 30% of the fathers of patients with the restrictive type of anorexia. (4) Mental diseases occurred more often in mothers of women with a restrictive type of anorexia (10%) than the bulimic type (2.2%). (5) Chronic somatic diseases occurred more often in fathers of the patients with a restrictive type of anorexia (12%) than with the bulimic type (2.2%). (6) Compared to the patients with the restrictive type of anorexia, significantly more patients with the bulimic type of anorexia abused alcohol and had a lifetime history of suicide attempt.

Aim: The aim of this study was to look for any relationships between the parent-child relations and sense of control in the perception of girls with anorexia., Method: The examined group consisted of 30 girls aged 15-23 years, diagnosed with anorexia nervosa (ICD-10) and 30 healthy girls of the same age (15-23). Parent-child relations were examined using the Parent-Child Relations Questionnaire (PCR, A. Roe and M. Siegelman) and a belief in control with the use of Inter-External Control Scale (IE, J. Rotter)., Results and Conclusions: Statistical and clinical analysis of the results obtained allowed us to formulate the following conclusions: (1) Mother-child relations as perceived by the girls with anorexia are ambivalent. (2) The fathers of the girls with anorexia are rated as being more rejecting and less loving as compared to the fathers of healthy girls. (3) There are differences between father-child relations and mother-child relations both in the experimental and the control group. (4) Compared to their fathers, the mothers are rated by the daughters from both groups as being more loving and protecting. (5) The patients' fathers are rated as being more rejecting than their mothers, whereas the healthy girls report more demanding fathers than mothers. (6) External control in girls with anorexia is connected with rejecting and hostile mothers. (7) Internal control in healthy girls is linked to the approving and loving mothers and fathers.

In this article the issue of developmental psychopathology is presented in conjunction with the concept of Affect Regulation--the term which is understood as a proces in mother-child interactions that indicates the ability or disability of affective self-regulation in later life. The results of recent developmental research are presented to underline the specific features of these interactions that influence the process of affect regulation and affect dysregulation as well. In addition, neurophysiological data is explored, which makes it possible to create a bridge between psychopathology and dysregulation of emotions.

Aim: The aim of this study is to evaluate and compare self-esteem, coping strategies and feeling of anger in French populations with anorexia nervosa., Method: Thirty two adolescents with anorexia nervosa were investigated during their hospitalisation in the Psychiatric Department of the Hospital Sainte-Croix of Metz and of the Hospital of Children of Nancy-Brabois. The control group consisted of 57 French students of the University of Verlaine Paul in Metz. An anonymous questionnaire form concerning family life, the state of health and course of illness, the Self Esteem Inventory by Coopersmith (1984), the Brief COPE by Carver (1997) and the Self Expression Control Scale by Van Elderen et al. (1997) were applied to 89 women., Results and Conclusion: The results showed that there are statistically significant differences between self-esteem, coping strategies and feeling of anger in French anorexics and the French group control. French anorectic adolescents show low social, familial and general self-esteem. They can be described as making less use of acceptance, humour and focus on and venting of emotions as the coping strategies, as usually not reinterpreting the situation positively in order to deal with emotional distress (do not use the coping strategy of positive reinterpretation) and as reducing their efforts to cope with the situation (behavioural disengagement). French anorexics conceptualise their anger against themselves (the interiorisation of anger).

General psychosocial theories of developmental psychopathology assert that family environment plays a significant role in forming both adaptive and maladaptive functioning of children. Also virtually all theories of depression assert that faulty parent-child relationships play a major role in the aetiology of this disorder. According these theoretical formulations familial risk factors have been the focus of most research on depression in adolescence. Several studies have shown that insecure attachment and parenting characterized by coldness, rejection, harsh discipline and unsupportive behaviour is positively related to adolescent depressive symptoms. Some research indicates that authoritative parenting, conceptualized as a composite of warmth, accept-involvement, firm control, and democratic discipline, is associated with the least depressive symptoms among adolescents. Pathogenetic factors within the family environment, such as parental depression, changes of family structure, violence or neglect, can also contribute to depression in adolescence. A causal relationship between anomalous parenting and depression is probably the interplay among genetic, cognitive, emotional, interpersonal and family environmental factors.

The purpose of this study was to look for effects of attachment styles for emotional distress presented in depression in 117 lung cancer patients under surgical treatment and in 112 healthy subjects. The three attachment styles were assessed by means of the instrument based on Hazan and Shaver's (1987). Depression was measured by self-reporting Symptom Checklist 90 (SCL-90). Manova variance analysis revealed significant main effect of the factor "group" which indicated higher level of depression in cancer patients than controls, significant main effect of factor "attachment style" which exhibited higher level of depression in the anxious-ambivalent subjects than in the secure ones, significant main effect of interaction between these two factors which revealed higher level of depression in the anxious-ambivalent style in lung cancer patients than in controls. Analysis of correlations indicated that the patients' secure style was adversely associated with depression, the anxious-ambivalent style positively correlated with patients' depression, the avoidant style did not correlate significantly with depression neither in healthy nor affected by the disease subjects. The secure subjects and the avoidant subjects did not differ significantly in the level of depression. The results indicate that the secure style and the avoidant style may protect lung cancer subjects before operation from excessive reacting with distress demonstrated in depressive symptoms. The ambivalent style was favorable for higher depression and it could be a risk factor for mood disorders in clinical group.

Aggressive behaviors are often accompanied by excitement. Violence is often triggered to as a means of helping a felon reach an emotional thrill. This is also true in the case of homicides. Hedonistic motivation of a murderer derives from a need to feel an emotional 'high' from killing a human being. In such instances, a murderer's pattern of behavior reflects elements of fun and entertainment.

The Purpose: of this study was to look for effects of attachment styles for emotional reacting with depression in 117 lung cancer patients awaiting surgery and in 112 healthy subjects., Material and Methods: All subjects were classified according to their attachment style (secure, avoidant, ambivalent) assessed by means of the instrument based on Hazan and Shaver's (1987) descriptions of how people typically feel in close relationships. The Beck Depression Inventory was used to measure depression. Clinical group differed neither in age t(227)=0,32 p>0,7 (mean for controls 58,59; mean for clinicals 58,97) nor in sex chi2 (1)= 0,248 p>0,6 (29 females in clinicals and 31 in controls; 88 males in clinicals and 81 in controls). The groups did not differ in education years t(225)=0,947 p>0,3. The groups did not differ in the attachment styles chi2 (2)= 4,20 p>0,7. Manova variance analysis revealed significant main effect of group factor F(1,217)= 60,5 p< 0,005, higher depression in cancer patients (mean= 15,37) than in controls (mean 6,50); significant main effect of attachment style factor F(1,217) = 7,14 p< 0,002, higher depression in the anxious-ambivalent subjects (mean= 13,65) than in the secure ones (mean= 8,15); significant interaction between two factors F(1,217)= 5,23 p< 0,007, higher depression in the attachment styles in lung cancer patients (secure 10,76; avoidant 14,27; ambivalent 21,04) than in controls (secure 5,5; avoidant 7,75; ambivalent 6,27). Correlational analysis indicated that the secure style is favourable for weaker depression of patients (Pearson's r= -0,27 p< 0,01), but the anxious-ambiwalent style for stronger depression (Pearson's r= 0,43 p< 0,01). The avoidant style did not correlate significantly with depression neither in healthy (Pearson's r= 0,07 p> 0,1) nor affected by the disease subjects (Pearson's r= 0,01 p> 0,1)., Conclusions: the secure or the avoidant style may protect lung cancer subjects before operation from excessive reacting with depression but the anxious-ambivalent style may be a risk factor for maladaptive emotional reacting with depression.

Aim: The aim of the study was to answer the following research problem: what dependencies occur between actual images of women with anorexia and actual images of their mothers and fathers in their daughters' perception? TEST GROUP AND METHOD: The examined group consisted of 30 patients diagnosed with anorexia nervosa, undergoing treatment at the Department of Psychiatry of the Medical University in Lublin. The average age of the examined females was 21 years. All patients had a secondary level education. The actual images were examined using the Gough and Heilbrun Adjective Check List (ACL), which was completed by the patients three times following the instruction: "I am", "my mother is", "my father is"., Results: Statistically significant positive correlations were obtained between actual images of the patients and their mothers in 10 ACL scales, whereas between actual images of the patients and their fathers--in 15 scales., Conclusions: 1. Dependencies between the images of the patients and their mothers (in the daughters' perception) were found regarding self-control, order, diligence, loyalty, autonomy, confidence and avoiding conflicts. 2. The following relationships occur between the images of the patients and their fathers (in their daughters' perception) regarding self-evaluation, autonomy, aggression, understanding the motives of one's own behaviour, self-confidence, ability to cope with stress, nurturance and spontaneity. 3. The images of patients are connected both to the images of their mothers as well as fathers as regards: self-confidence, self-reliance, sense of one's effectiveness, autonomy, narcissism and difficulties in abandoning subordinated children's roles.

The purpose of this study was to look for effects of attachment styles for emotional reacting with depression in 117 lung cancer patients who were undergoing surgery during hospitalization and six weeks later. All subjects were classified according to their attachment style (secure, avoidant, ambivalent) assessed by means of the instrument based on Hazan and Shaver's (1987) descriptions of how people typically feel in close relationships. The Beck Depression Inventory was used to measure depression. Anova variance analysis revealed higher level of depression in anxious-ambiwalent style than in the secure style or the avoidant style during hospitalization. Six weeks later higher level of depression was in the anxious-ambivalent subjects than in the secure. The avoidant style took the middle position and it did not differ with the level of depression from others. The results indicate that the secure or the avoidant style may protect lung cancer subjects from overreacting with depression during hospitalization, but the anxious-ambivalent style may increase the depression level. After the return home the insecure styles may react with stronger depression and the secure style with weaker depression.

Aim: In the context of Bowlby's theory of attachment authors made an attempt to assess parental and peer attachment in different clinical subgroups of hospitalised adolescents., Method: 142 patients--58 with the diagnosis of neurotic disorders, 49 eating disorders and 35 patients with schizophrenic disorders, as well 34 untreated, healthy adolescents were assessed by The Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment by Armsden and Greenberg., Results: The group of schizophrenic patients was characterised by disturbed attachment with peers and normal attachment with parents.Two other diagnostic subgroups, neurotic and eating disorders were similar as far as nature of attachment was concerned. The attachment was disturbed both with parents and peers, but the level of alienation in relations with peers in the group of eating disorder patients was similar to the level in the group of schizophrenic patients. This conclusion allows us to put the group of eating disorders closer to the group of schizophrenic, than neurotic patients, as far as attachment is concerned., Conclusions: The Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment, used for the first time in Poland, can be seen as a promising instrument in assessing three dimensions of attachment: communication, trust and alienation in relations with parents and peers.

Psychoanalytic exploration of the action of psychotropic drugs has a long tradition which begins in the pioneer days of contemporary psychopharmacotherapy in 1950-ties. This exploration and publications based on them theorized about influence of neuroleptics on ego defences, id drives and intrapsychic conflicts and decrease in symptomatology as a result of action of the medication on all listed above. The paper presented is the case story about psychodynamic meaning of medication with a neuroleptic drug in a new context. The patient after a psychotic episode (paranoid type) was treated with quetiapine 600 mg per day and in the same time had an individual psychotherapy. During psychotherapy her inability to establish object stability was disclosed. In that particular intrapsychic situation the patient established a relation with an omnipotent and idealized representation of the drug. Medication was an absolutely idealized object for her one that was controllable and stabile and could not abandon her. The quality of relation with the drug was based on a primary defence mechanism like splitting, idealization and omnipotence and denial.

Significant achievements of neuroscience point out a role of stimulation in infant brain development. Attachment style is found to reflect in development of cortex--limbic system functional structures having this way fundamental influence on emotional development of the child and its future mental health. Styles of attachment are in this way transmitted from generation to generation. Before treatment methods based on these finding will be developed, prevention in a form of infant care and psychotherapy should be introduced.

In the article the author would like to draw the readers' attention to one of the central issues of psychoanalysis, i.e. Oedipus complex. In the development of the psychoanalysis the classical conception of Oedipus complex presented by Freud gave rise to a severe criticism both on the part of some psychoanalysts, especially women such as e.g. Melanie Klein, and on the part of ethnographers such as B. Malinowski. In the paper the author presents the main controversies concerning this interesting discussion. The fact of the matter is that the Oedipus complex is a hotly debated subject, not only from the cultural point of view but also within the psychoanalytical movement.

Authors present the evolution of psychoanalytical views of how a child perceives and contruct the world. They begin with Freud's thought and go through works of Klein, Spitz, Mahler, Bowlby, ending with modern thought of Stern. Developments in understanding of the infant by observations taken through the last thirty years are outlined and implications for psychoanalytical theory and treatment of mental problems are described.

Using prospective cohort study design the influence of skin-to-skin contact after birth on breastfeeding was analyzed in a group of 1250 three years old Polish children. The implementation of this practice significantly increased the mean exclusive breastfeeding duration by 0.4 month and overall breastfeeding by 1.4 months. The effect of skin-to-skin contact duration after birth was also observed. The infants kept with the mothers at least 30 minutes were 1.2 month longer exclusively breastfed and 1.7 month later weaned than those who had the shorter contact. The skin-to-skin contact after birth significantly coexisted with the other hospital practices supportive for breastfeeding: early first feeding [(OR=9,73), 95%CI:6.87-13.80] exclusive breastfeeding in the maternity ward [(OR=4,30), 95%CI:3.15- 5.89], rooming-in [(OR=2,78), 95%CI:2.05-3.78] and elimination of bottle [(OR=3,70), 95%CI:2.69-5.09]. Multivariate linear regression analysis showed that mother-infant contact afterbirth was a significant and independent factor for exclusive breastfeeding continuation.

On the basis of the own questionnaire, the research concerning 60 married couples, experiencing family delivery, was made. It was stated that there is strong emotional bound between parents and strong need for experiencing the delivery together.

A bibliography review concerning to mother and child care in "rooming-in" system (RI) was shown in this paper. Propagation of this form of care, main advantages of RI concerning breast-feeding promotion, organization of medical staff work and opinion of women in puerperium about the system were taken into consideration. There was also discussed "Humane Neonatal Care Initiative" which concentrates on dissemination of "rooming-in" in neonatal intensive care units. It issued from this analysis that newborn separation from mother is one of the main reason disordering lactation and rising of emotional link between mother and child.