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Plant stress detection is crucial for enhancing crop yield, particularly in the face of climate change. Cold stress significantly affects photosynthetic activity and pigment composition in soybean (a C3 plant) and maize (a C4 plant), underscoring the need to identify stress signals before irreversible damage occurs. This study used portable spectrometers to non-destructively detect the early signs of cold stress-related processes in these crops. The spectral reflectance indices were measured to identify crop-specific stress responses. According to the results, pigment-based indices have better potential for crop-specific stress detection than general stress response indices. The normalized phaeophytinization index (NPQI) and normalized pigment chlorophyll index (NPCI) exhibited diverse responses in C4 maize compared to C3 soybean, indicating the potential for discerning stress-induced changes in chlorophyll and other pigment contents. The photochemical reflectance index (PRI), modified to specific wavelengths, emerged as a crucial tool for stress detection in both crops, showing strong correlations with photosynthetic parameters and biomass traits. Specifically, the strongest correlation was found between PRI(525, 570) and fresh mass in maize and PRI(555, 570) and fresh mass in soybean. This approach underscores the importance of advanced spectral techniques in understanding and improving crop responses to cold stress, highlighting their potential for precision agriculture.

Early sowing to avoid summer stresses poses a significant risk of cold stress for warm-season crops such as soybean and maize in Croatia. To address the aforementioned issues, a study was conducted to investigate the effects of low-temperature treatment on early growth of soybean (C3) and maize (C4), highlighting the differences in photosynthetic responses and biomass changes. The findings revealed a significant low-temperature effect on the minimum fluorescence (F0), the maximum fluorescence (Fm) and the maximum quantum yield of PSII photochemistry (Fv/Fm), with notable distinctions between C3 and C4 photosynthesis. Low temperatures had the most pronounced effect on the average performance index of overall photochemistry (PItotal). The PItotal of C4 maize was 41.5%, 34.4% and 42.9% higher than the PItotal of C3 soybean at the first (D1), second (D2) and third (D3) measurements under optimal environmental conditions. The difference increased to 140.3%, 104.8% and 52% in D1, D2 and D3 of the imposed low-temperature treatment, respectively. Maize exhibited greater PSII damage at low temperatures, indicating a weaker coping and repair mechanism compared to soybean. Soybean demonstrated a better adaptive response by reducing overall photosynthetic efficiency. The better adaptation to low temperatures in soybean compared to maize was evidenced by a lower loss of water tissue and dry matter.

Depression is the most prevalent mental health condition. It’s estimated that nearly 5% of adults suffer from this disorder globally. Depression is marked by ongoing sadness and a loss of interest or pleasure in activities that were once enjoyable or fulfilling. It can also lead to disruptions in sleep and eating patterns. Common symptoms include fatigue and difficulty concentrating. According to WHO diabetes is a chronic, metabolic disease characterized by elevated levels of blood glucose which leads to the damage of the heart, blood vessels, eyes, kidneys and nerves. Nowadays the occurrence of diabetes mellitus, obesity and depression is getting higher and higher. Both conditions stand as prominent health issues in today’s society. Recent pandemic, wars, problems of the current world can cause depression and anxiety disorders. The fast-paced nature of our lives, work-life balance issues, sedentary habits, and time constraints can lead to opting for fast food and neglecting a healthy diet. People with diabetes are more prone to experiencing depression. Moreover, a significant portion of cases remains underdiagnosed.

The article was devoted to the analysis of the educational needs of vocational education teachers based on research conducted among 111 respondents from vocational schools in the Masovian Voivodeship. The research project was planned and carried out by the vocational education team operating at the Masovian Local Government Center for Vocational Development. Teachers answered questions about their educational needs, preferred forms and expected topics of professional development. The conducted research made it possible to obtain knowledge about the training needs of this group of teachers and will contribute to the development of an offer that meets their preferences.

The European Union’s response to the war in Ukraine is perceived as swift and relatively coherent. The political willingness to support its attacked neighbour has also extended to Ukraine’s membership bid. Despite protracting war and worsening Ukraine’s position, there are no doubts over the state’s commitment to reforms. For now, it can be safely assumed that Ukraine will pursue its path towards membership. Can fighting war and pushing an arduous accession process be balanced by the political will of the EU Member States rooted in a wartime gesture of solidarity?

Przedmiotem artykułu jest problematyka trwającego małżeństwa jako przeszkody do życia zakonnego, o którym traktuje kan. 643 § 1, nr 2 Kodeksu Prawa Kanonicznego. Za cel opracowania przyjęto wykazanie, że aktualne małżeństwo uniemożliwia wstąpienie do zakonu, jest nie tylko przeszkodą w przyjęciu do nowicjatu, lecz także w ogóle uniemożliwia życie zakonne. Tak określone zamierzenie badawcze zrealizowano poprzez opis i gruntowną analizę obowiązujących przepisów i tekstów Magisterium Kościoła. Analiza wymienionych źródeł pozwoliła na sformułowanie kilku głównych wniosków. Po pierwsze, udowodniono, że małżeństwo i życie zakonne wzajemnie się wykluczają. Po drugie, stwierdzono, że trwające małżeństwo jest przeszkodą do życia zakonnego, która posiada skutki prawne. Po trzecie, wyjaśniono problematykę ustania impedimentum ligaminis oraz ukazano możliwe sposoby jej wygaśnięcia

W artykule zaproponowane zostało nowe ujęcie Nakarmić kamień – debiutanckiego tomu Bronki Nowickiej nagrodzonego nagrodą Nike (2016), dotychczas omawianego głównie w kontekście problemów milczenia, traumy i przemocy domowej. W rozprawie położono nacisk na uporządkowanie kwestii związanych z dynamiką narracyjną utworu (m.in. fokalizacji). Głównym celem artykułu jest przedstawienie i rozwinięcie koncepcji perspektywy impersonalnej, zastępującej nieprecyzyjne pojęcie perspektywy dziecka i zbudowanej na podstawie filozofii impersonalności Roberta Esposita. Objaśnia ona specyficzną formę reifikacji w Nakarmić kamień, zacieranie się nowoczesnych podziałów między podmiotem a przedmiotem, między kulturą a naturą, a w połączeniu z terminem „u-chodzić” Tadeusza Sławka pozwala scharakteryzować bohaterów: dziecko, prababkę i lokalnych dziwaków. Ponadto, za pomocąŽižkowskiej wersji psychoanalizy oraz dzięki założeniu syntezującej pracy pamięci, która konsoliduje heterogeniczne obrazy, rozwikłany został problem niezbornej i niejednoznacznej postaci ojca despoty – zarazem zdrowego i chorego, dorosłego i dorastającego.

Introduction and aim of the study: Thiamine is a water-soluble vitamine, which bioactive form is necessary for energy metabolism in all cells. Deficiency of thiamine may be caused by malnutrition, alcoholism and certain diseases and it leads to an acute neuropsychiatric disorder called Wernicke encephalopathy. Untreated patients can develop a residual syndrome called Korsakoff syndrome. The aim of our study is to present current knowledge of history, pathophysiology, causes, symptoms and treatment of vitamine B1 depletion and Wernicke-Korsakoff’s syndrome. Material and methods: Our review is based on the analysis of materials collected in „Pubmed”, „Google Scholar” and other scientific articles using keywords: „thiamine”, „thiamine deficiency”, „Wernicke encephalopathy”, „Korsakoff syndrome”. Conclusions: Despite numerous studies, Wernicke encephalopathy is still difficult to diagnose. Attention should be paid to the possibility of vitamin B1 deficiency in people who are at risk of it like alcoholics, malnourished or psychiatric patients. Wernicke encephalopathy is an acute neuropsychiatric disorder so the treatment should be started as soon as possible to reduce the risk of developing Korsakoff syndrome.

Introduction and purpose: A collection of symptoms known as cerebral palsy first manifest in early childhood and result in profound physical impairment. Cerebral palsy is thought to affect 1 in 500 live births, or roughly 17 million people worldwide. The type of cerebral palsy determines the clinical symptoms. Movement coordination disorders, epilepsy, muscle weakness, and feeding difficulties are the most common symptoms. The purpose of this article is to familiarize readers with the options for nutritional therapy for cerebral palsy patients. Material and methods The following review was based on articles from the PubMed and Google Scholar databases. Key search terms included cerebral palsy; nutrition; treatment; gut microbiota.. State of knowledge Early identification of malnutrition symptoms and appropriate interventions, such as the implantation of a percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tube in patients who are unable to swallow food, are the cornerstones of nutritional therapy for cerebral palsy patients. Dysphagia is a major problem in the population of patients with cerebral palsy, and multidisciplinary therapy is necessary for them. Patients' serum vitamin D levels are also influenced by their diet; 50% of those with cerebral palsy have a deficiency in this nutrient. Conclusions For people with cerebral palsy, nutrition is very important. Premature death may arise from malnutrition brought on by the disease's advancement. As a result, individuals with cerebral palsy need to receive specialized care

Introduction: Duchenne muscular dystrophy is a genetic X-linked recessive disorder. This condition is characterized by progressive loss of muscle tissue. Thus, it results in deterioration and inability to perform basic motor skills such as independent movement or breathing. Due to progressive muscle weakness, patients with advanced stages of DMD require mechanical ventilation, feeding, and rehabilitation. Furthermore, alterations in cardiac muscle lead to cardiomyopathy. Despite advanced supportive treatment, DMD is a fatal disease. Purpose: The aim of the paper is to present, using a case study description, the current standards of treatment for patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy as well as the current state of knowledge and new discoveries regarding this medical condition. Material and methods The patient's medical records were analyzed and available literature in PubMed was reviewed to write this article using the keywords: „Duchenne muscular dystrophy”; „cardiomyopathy”; „mechanical ventilation”; „gene therapy”; Conclusions Early detection of respiratory and circulatory insufficiency improves the patient's quality of life. Many patients with an advanced stage of Duchenne muscular dystrophy need specialized treatment, for example, in the intensive care unit. Therefore there is an urgent need for new treatment methods, such as gene therapies, which can slow down or break the course of the disease. New discoveries and the implementation of new treatment standards can enhance the quality of life for patients and extend their lifespans.

Introduction and purpose: The number of invented and produced medications has increased over recent years. Besides their positive impact on health, they invariably provide various kinds of side effects. This review is focused on malignant neuroleptic syndrome, a rare condition with no fully confirmed pathogenesis, which at least partially can be explained as an adverse effect of blocking dopamine receptors. Even though it usually affects psychiatric or neurological patients, doctors of all medical specializations should stay alert, as the condition can often lead to premature death. Brief description of knowledge: The main symptoms associated with NMS are hypertonia, hyperpyrexia, autonomic instability and altered consciousness. They can appear in any configuration, sometimes followed by less characteristic manifestations. It should be primarily differentiated from serotonin syndrome, malignant hyperpyrexia and catatonia, mostly through the interview of those who have taken medications and undergone surgeries, as there are not any specific lab tests available. Fundamental treatment methods consist of neuroleptic withdrawal, intensive supportive care, drug administration and eventually ECT. Summary: NMS is an uncommon, severe disease that should be carefully considered in patients treated with neuroleptics. Due to its rarity and sudden onset, it appears to be problematic to conduct widespread research and studies, so there are still no concrete, consistent and unquestioned guidelines on recognizing and treating the condition.

Background There are several techniques to diagnose post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms that correspond to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) classification of mental disorders. This study aimed at testing the reliability and construct validity of the Polish version of the PTSD-8. The results obtained in four professional groups of healthcare workers (physicians, nurses, paramedics, other occupations) were compared. Material and Methods The PTSD-8 questionnaire includes questions on stress reactions manifested by intrusion (4 items), avoidance (2 items), or hypervigilance (2 items). Respondents were asked about their reactions to the traumatic work-related experiences occurring during the COVID-19 pandemic. The nationwide survey conducted in 2022 included 2303 employees, among whom 746 had such an experience and completed the PTSD-8 questionnaire. Results Based on confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) results, it was shown that a single-factor model is acceptable, but under the condition of modification by correlation of random errors at selected observable variables. The reliability of this scale is very good (McDonald’s Ω = 0.890), and the goodness-of-fit of the overall CFA model is confirmed by: CMIN/DF = 3.969, NFI = 0.982, RFI = 0.964, IFI = 0.986, TLI = 0.983, RMSEA = 0.063. The model estimated for female nurses has the best psychometric properties. In the study group of 2303 respondents, 16.76% met the criteria for PTSD, accounting for 52.74% of those who were traumatized by a work-related event. The PTSD-8 index is M±SD 20.01±5.55 pts (range: 8–32 pts). The PTSD-8 index is significantly higher in women than in men, and higher in nurses compared to other professions. However, the differences between professional groups are significant only for women, and the largest when comparing female physicians and nurses. Conclusions The analyses confirmed the rationale of further implementation of the PTSD-8 questionnaire in Poland, both as a tool for identifying PTSD and for studying the severity of the syndrome, its determinants and health effects. Med Pr Work Health Saf. 2024;75(1):45–56

Czyściec by Michał Kondrat in the Light of Contemporary Teaching of the Church and the Pop-Cultural Turn in the Catholic Dogma This article presents an attempt at an analysis of the fictionalised documentary Czyściec by Michał Kondrat (2020) in the context of the contemporary teaching of the Church and postulate of a popcultural turn in Catholic theology, formulated by Józef Majewski. Directing strategies, topoi, and graphic metaphors from this hybrid film – the script of which refers to Stefania Horak’s mystical experiences – are interpreted in the context of a long tradition of reflections on the topic of purgatory and the key principles of the post-conciliar teachings of the Catholic Church on this subject. These analyses and interpretations enable consideration of whether the said film aims at refreshing the forms of expression of purgatory-related topics. They also let the reader explore whether the mass-culture elements included in the film can help the viewer become more spiritually mature and whether they deepen the eschatological reflection.

Artykuł został poświęcony analizie kompetencji społecznych wyszczególnionych w zawodach związanych z edukacją na podstawie opisów Informacji o Zawodach, przygotowanych przez zespoły ekspertów, ocenianych przez recenzentów i ewaluatorów w ramach projektu INFOdoradca+. Celem badań opartych na metodzie analizy dokumentów było znalezienie kompetencji, które mogą być uniwersalne i transferowalne między poszczególnymi zawodami w obszarze edukacji. Wymienione w opisach kompetencje społeczne zostały przyporządkowane do ogólnych kategorii i uszeregowane pod względem częstości występowania w analizowanych opisach. Wyodrębnionych zostało 19 głównych kompetencji dla 34 zawodów. W wynikach najczęściej pojawiają się kompetencje w znaczeniu gotowości do odpowiedzialnego działania rozwoju zawodowego i etycznego postępowania. Dla tych zawodów charakterystyczne są także: kompetencje odnoszące się do oceniania i weryfikowania realizowanych działań, współpracy, oraz podejmowania właściwych decyzji. Istotna jest także gotowość do tworzenia i upowszechniania wzorców właściwego postępowania, jak również do samodzielnego działania, okazywania empatii, budowania relacji, komunikowania się, elastyczności, pracy zespołowej, budowania własnego autorytetu, oceniania zagrożeń i ryzyka. Przeprowadzona metaanaliza będzie pomocna do przygotowania programów i scenariuszy dotyczących kształtowania kompetencji społecznych na każdym etapie edukacji oraz będzie użyteczna dla doradców zawodowych jako wskazówka do pracy indywidualnej i grupowej uwzględniającej rozwijanie najbardziej potrzebnych kompetencji społecznych w przyszłej aktywności zawodowej.

Celem studium jest rozważenie, czy twitterowa komunikacja wyborcza odzwierciedla kryzys przywództwa politycznego. Po przeprowadzeniu analizy zawartości tweetów publikowanych przez kandydatów w wyborach na prezydenta Warszawy w 2018 roku oraz pomiarze stopnia zaangażowania obserwujących ich profile, odpowiedź na te pytanie jest niejednoznaczna. Za występowaniem kryzysu przywództwa przemawia nacisk polityków na kwestie wizerunkowe (prezentacje kampanijnej aktywności skoncentrowanej na osobie kandydata z istotną rolą komentarza polityka) oraz wysoki stopień zaangażowania zwolenników w treści nieprogramowe w porównaniu z treściami programowymi. Z drugiej strony istotne zróżnicowanie poziomu występowania tematyki programowe0j między kandydatami pokazuje, że Twitter nie determinuje rezygnacji ze strategii budowania relacji ze zwolennikami w kontekście celów programowych. The Crisis of Political Leadership in Twitter Electoral Communication on the Example of Local Government Presidential Campaign The aim of the study is to consider whether Twitter’s electoral communication reflects a crisis of political leadership. After analysing the content of tweets published by candidates in the 2018 election of the mayor of Warsaw and measuring the degree of engagement of their followers, the answer to this question is ambiguous. The existence of a leadership crisis is supported by the emphasis of politicians on image issues (presentations of campaign activity focused on the person of the candidate with the important role of the politician’s commentary) and the high degree of supporters’ engagement in non-programme content compared to programmatic content. On the other hand, significant differences in the level of occurrence of program topics between candidates show that Twitter does not determine the resignation from the strategy of building relationships with supporters in the context of program goals.

Objectives The purpose of this article is to determine the level of application of sustainable human resource management practices in Polish companies. Material and methods The research was conducted on a nationwide sample of 231 companies using a survey questionnaire covering five dimensions: social, psychological-ethical, environmental, economic, and strategic. The survey covered small, medium, and large enterprises. Results The results obtained indicate that sustainable human resource management practices are applied in the surveyed companies in all the highlighted dimensions. However, the level to which they are applied varies depending on the size of the enterprise. The differentiation concerns the environmental, economic, and strategic dimensions. The effect of the level of implementation of the psychological-ethical dimension on the strategic dimension in small and large enterprises as well as of the social and ecological dimension in medium-sized enterprises was identified. Conclusions The adopted hypotheses regarding the differentiation of the scope of activities in the various dimensions of sustainable human resource management by company size and the impact of these activities in the social, psychological-ethical, environmental, and economic dimensions on the strategic dimension were partially confirmed. The results of the research indicate to companies the areas in need of intensified actions for sustainable management of human resources.

Introduction and purpose: Post-traumatic stress disorder is a psychiatric condition following an extreme event that causes a near death of an involved individual. Since conventional treatments using selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors do not consistently yield therapeutic success, alternative substances are being explored as potential solutions. This study aims to compile information regarding the outcomes of utilizing psychedelics in individuals diagnosed with PTSD. Brief description of the state of knowledge: In July 2023, after a number of clinical trials and 20-year-long efforts to overturn the impact of a prohibition, Australia became the first country to allow doctors, in clinical development and under strict control, to use the 3,4-methyl​enedioxy​methamphetamine (MDMA) commonly known as ecstasy, as well as psylocybin in patients with post-traumatic stress disorder or depression [8]. There is a noticeable annual growth of inquiries on PubMed involving the keywords "psychedelics" and "therapeutic", amounting to 92 in 2000 and topped by 738 searches in 2023, whereas the total number of results consists of 8415 positions. Therapeutic effects of psychedelics are becoming more recognized over time. Summary: Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a complex condition that affects both the psychological and somatic aspects of the body. Thus, a multidimensional intervention is indicated. The use of psychedelics might contribute to improvements not only in the severity of PTSD but also in depression or pain. Further research on a larger group of participants should be carried out to assess the potential role of psychedelics in conventional medicine in the future, alongside psychotherapy.

Introduction and purpose: Chronic pain is a struggle itself and also a symptom in many common conditions. Its complexity requires diverse treatment methods including some that might seem unconventional, for example, horse riding. This study gathers information about the use of equine assisted therapy in pain relief. Brief description of the state of knowledge: Hippotherapy is known as an important part of care for patients with cerebral palsy, attention deficit and autism. The rhythmical, multidimensional movements of the horse are transmitted to the rider’s pelvis and help in strengthening and stretching the muscles which result in better posture stabilization and balance. The positive effects of equine assisted therapy are not limited to only physical ones but positive social, cognitive and psychological effects can be observed as well. In order to lower the cost and time of the therapy, horse riding simulators were invented. So far, horse riding has been tested as a pain relief tool in entities like nonspecific low back pain, multiple sclerosis and arthritis. Summary: Horse riding sessions had beneficial effects on pain levels among patients with nonspecific back pain and arthritis. There is a need to conduct further research in order to properly compare the use of real horses versus horse simulators. Hippotherapy was well perceived by different patient groups so maybe it has the potential to be an important part of pain management in various conditions.

Introduction: Mental disorders are common and still growing problem around the globe. Significantly decreasing quality of life, they are often source of true suffering for patients and their families leading to further health issues or even dramatic outcomes resulting in death. As public awareness rises, more and more people understand risks and tend to look for help as fast as possible. Currently available treatment methods are not always efficient enough to deal with more complex cases. Therefore it is important to look for new therapy options incrementing chances of fast and successful treatment. Results: Studies showed that psilocybin is not only able to lower depression and anxiety scores in patients with major depressive disorders or with serious life-threatening conditions but also proved this effect to be long-lasting. At the same time, no or little adverse side effects were noticed. Conclusions: Psilocybin is potentially a good method for depression treatment in some groups of patients. It should be considered if other, better known therapies show little or no effects.

Introduction and purpose : Type 2 diabetes is currently a serious problem worldwide. Each year, the number of individuals with carbohydrate metabolism disorders is increasing. This is due to an unhealthy lifestyle, lack of physical activity, and a diet rich in highly processed foods. Currently, the treatment of type 2 diabetes is based on the use of oral antidiabetic medications, with the first choice often being a derivative of biguanides, such as metformin. Berberine has been used in China for many years as a hypoglycemic agent, and its efficacy is compared to metformin preparations. This paper focuses on the benefits of using berberine in patients with prediabetes or type 2 diabetes and compares the effects of berberine preparations to classical medications used in diabetes treatment. Material and methods : The literaue was reviewed in PubMed and Google Scholar scientific database in 2013-2023 using the following keywords : berberine, diabetes mellitus type 2, hyperlipidemia, hyperglicemia Conclusions : The studies included in this manuscript have shown that berberine is a promising agent for adjunctive treatment in type 2 diabetes. It exhibits a range of positive effects such as lowering blood glucose levels, improving lipid profile, with no serious adverse effects reported. However, further research is needed to confirm these findings and develop an effective treatment plan.

Introduction and purpose Cariprazine is an atypical antipsychotic drug approved for the treatment of schizophrenia, as well as manic and mixed episodes associated with bipolar disorder. It functions as a dopamine multifunctional agent, a partial agonist at dopamine and serotonin receptors. Unlike the majority of antipsychotics, which primarily target positive symptoms through dopaminergic antagonism, often neglecting negative, cognitive, and affective symptoms, the unique cariprazine's pharmacological profile, particularly potent blockade of D3 dopamine receptors, suggests the potential for numerous clinical applications. The aim of this study is to present current knowledge of cariprazine, focusing particularly on its mechanism of action, potential applications, adverse effects, and pharmacokinetic properties that could impact its clinical use. Methods and materials A review of the literature available in the PubMed database was performed using the key words: cariprazine; atypical antipsychotic drug; antipsychotic medication; schizophrenia treatment; bipolar disorder treatment; mania treatment; depression treatment, dopamine agonist. Conclusions Cariprazine demonstrates a unique pharmacological profile, offering potential benefits in managing a wide range of psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia, bipolar disorder (mania, depression, mixed episodes), unipolar depression, and co-occurring substance use disorders. Clinical studies have shown efficacy in reducing symptoms and improving negative and cognitive function, with a favorable metabolic profile, minimal impact on cardiovascular system, and generally mild adverse effect profile. However, further research is necessary to explore its full therapeutic potential and optimize its clinical use in diverse patient populations.

ON EVALUATIVE LINGUISTIC LABELS USED IN REGARD TO YOUNG CHILDREN The author of the article attempts to describe the linguistic phenomenon of labelling and stigmatization concerning children. In the introduction, the issue of child discrimination, known as adultism, is addressed. Then, the author discusses the origins and mechanisms of pejorative terms which frequently appear in online discussions related to motherhood and parenthood. In the analytical section, the author presents the most commonly used and negatively charged personal expressions, extracted,e. g. from the Monco PL search engine: bombelek, gówniak, kaszojad, purchlę and purchlak [pejorative terms denoting children]. Possible etymologies and usage examples are provided. Originally unequivocally negative terms for children also permeate colloquial language and gradually become neutralized or serve to distance oneself from parenthood. However, in this context, it’s worth referring to the ethics of language and promoting inclusive communication, which should also extend to talking about children and communicating with them.

LANGUAGE ACCURACY OF TEXTS GENERATED BY AI: A CASE STUDY OF CHATGPT The article aims to assess the linguistic accuracy of texts generated by ChatGPT, based on queries that mirror the instructions found in the 2023 secondary school final exam in Polish language and literature. The analysis focused on identifying and classifying language errors and evaluating their frequency. The results of the analysis revealed a varied level of accuracy in AI-generated texts. Most errors occurred in texts containing more complex constructions, where correct formulation required a comprehensive understanding of grammatical rules. The conclusions drawn from the analysis offer insights into the limitations of AI, which users should be mindful of when editing texts using chatbots.

The 30th anniversary of a scholarly journal is an opportunity to take stock, to look at the development and “growing up” of a theological periodical, and to look with hope to the future. The article first takes up the origins of the journal, highlighting two factors that contributed to it, namely the functioning of the Higher Seminary and the Higher Institute of Religious Knowledge in Koszalin. This was followed by an overview of the changes introduced over the past thirty years. These were related to changes in the editorial board, organisational changes and academic affiliations, or adapting the journal to evolving standards and expectations of scientific journals. In the third section, the basic directions for the further development of the journal were identified, i.e. primarily the further internationalisation of the journal and its application to worldwide indexing databases such as Web of Science or Scopus.

Tungsten trioxide (WO3) is a wide-bandgap semiconductor. Its advantages include highchemical stability and low price. Furthermore, WO3 has chromogenic properties, that is, the abilityto switch between pale yellow and dark blue in response to various stimuli, including temperature,light irradiation, electric field, and exposure to hydrogen. Due to its high colouring efficiency andfast switching, it can be used in antidazzling mirrors and smart window applications, as well as in gassensing. In this paper, we present the influence of annealing on the properties of WO3 coatings that wereannealed at temperatures in the range from 200C to 400C. The sensing response was characterisedbased on the transmittance measurement during exposure to air and Ar/H2 mixture with hydrogenconcentrations from 25 ppm to 1000 ppm. Furthermore, the influence of annealing on the structureand morphology of the coatings was examined. Annealing at 400C led to a structure change fromamorphous to crystalline one. After the introduction of the Ar/H2 mixture, a decrease in transmittancewas observed for all of the analysed coatings. For films annealed at 200C and 300C, the transmittancevalue decreased during the entire colouring cycle, while for the coating annealed at 400C a plateau wasreached after 7 minutes of exposure. It was found that the best sensing characteristics were obtained forthe WO3 thin film annealed at 400C due to high sensor response to very low hydrogen concentrations(SR = 6.3 for 25 ppm H2) as well as short response and recovery times.Keywords: electronics, tungsten oxide, thin film, gas impulse magnetron sputtering, gas sensingproperties

The paper presents elastic properties of liquid crystals, especially their nematic phase. Anoutline of a development of theories describing these properties is given. The model describing liquidcrystal as continuous medium is formulated. The curvature theory of elasticity of nematic liquidcrystals based on Zocher – Oseen – Frank’s approach is discussed in details. In this way, essentialelastic properties of nematics as well their relative material parameters are described.Keywords: liquid crystals, nematics, elastic properties, deformations, continuous medium

Introduction Curcumin, the active ingredient in turmeric, is gaining increasing attention due to its potential health benefits, especially in the context of its immunomodulatory and anticancer properties. Aim of the study The aim of this review was to discuss recent findings regarding the impact of curcumin on the immune system and its potential applications in anticancer therapy. Materials and methods The paper was created based on the Pubmed and Scholar database. The literature was reviewed using the keywords: „curcumin”, „immunomodulatory effects”, „cytokines”, „anticancer”, „apoptosis”, „cell proliferation”, „radiosensitizing”. Results Studies have confirmed that curcumin, especially in the form of nanocurcumin, exhibits significant immunomodulatory effects. It reduces the number of Th17 cells, increases Treg cells, and regulates the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which is crucial in controlling autoimmune reactions. Furthermore, it demonstrates anticancer activity by inhibiting the growth of cancer cells, stimulating apoptosis, and enhancing the effectiveness of anticancer therapy. Conclusions Despite promising results, further research on the safety of curcumin therapy, particularly in the long term, is essential. Limitations associated with bioavailability and pharmacokinetics suggest the need for the development of formulations with increased bioavailability to maximize the potential benefits of curcumin in the treatment of various disorders.

Introduction and purpose Acute appendicitis, a common surgical abdominal ailment, mostly affects individuals in their second or third decade of life, with an annual incidence of about 100 cases per 100,000 persons. This literature review aims to synthesize evidence from diverse sources, summarizing optimal practices for clinical implementation. Surgical intervention, achieving almost 100% cure rates, remains the gold standard, emphasizing challenges in patient qualification for non-surgical approachesNon-operative treatment, considered safe for uncomplicated cases, involves antibiotic therapy, with concerns about antibiotic resistance. Summarizing the current understanding of antibiotic therapy of appendicitis seeks to enhance its effective use, decrease adverse incidents in patients, and contribute to the overall safety of both patients and healthcare providers. Material and methods The following review of studies was based on articles obtained from the PubMed and Google Scholar databases. Key search terms included acute appendicitis, acute appendicitis conservative treatment, appendectomy, surgical abdominal diaseases, antibiothic therapy. Conclusions The literature review highlights the existing challenges in the management of acute appendicitis, acknowledging the efficacy of both methods. While surgical intervention with high cure rates, the increasing popularity of non-operative therapy encourages optimism for comprehensive research in the future. The need for large, randomized studies comparing long-term clinical effectiveness is emphasized, aiming to inform decision-making and optimize patient outcomes.

Introduction Viloxazine is an antidepressant medication classified as an SNRI (serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor). In April 2021, it received FDA approval in the United States for the treatment of ADHD in children aged 6 to 17. Subsequently, in May 2022, it was also approved for the treatment of adults with ADHD [1]. Viloxazine, available in extended-release capsules, represents novel non-stimulant medication option for patients with ADHD. Aim of the study Our aim was to review the viloxazine in the fields of ADHD treatment, summarize current knowledge and analyze the first treatment results. Methods and materials A review of the literature available in the PubMed database was performed, using the key words: „Viloxazine" ; „ADHD treatment" ; „ADHD”, „attention deficit hyperactivity disorder”, „attention deficit hyperactivity disorder treatment”; „ADHD non-stimulant treatment”; „ADHD non-stimulant”; „ADHD non-stimulant drugs”, „SPN-812” Conclusion Viloxazine presents a promising non-stimulant alternative for ADHD treatment with more favorable pharmacokinetics, new way of possible administration and fewer adverse effects, particularly within the cardiovascular system, than other available ADHD medication options. While these findings are encouraging, continual research is imperative to establish the long-term safety profile.

Introduction In contemporary medicine, increasing attention is being devoted to alternative forms of therapy. Immersing oneself in cold water, cryotherapy, or cold showers are practices that have long sparked interest due to their potential health benefits. Aim of the study The aim of this comprehensive review is to analyze the impact of cold exposure on the human body, with particular emphasis on its effects on the nervous system. Through the synthesis of available research, the paper seeks to identify health benefits and areas requiring further investigation in the context of various cold application practices. Materials and methods An analysis of scientific articles available in the Pubmed and Google Scholar databases was conducted. Publications from recent years that most relevantly addressed the discussed topic were utilized for this study. The search process involved the use of the following keywords: “cold,” “cold showering,” “cold water,” “cryotherapy.” Results The results of the literature review unequivocally indicate a positive, multifaceted impact of cold on the human body, particularly with an emphasis on the nervous system. Significant therapeutic effects observed in various fields suggest that the application of cold may be a promising alternative in promoting health and treating numerous medical conditions. Summary The focused literature review on the impact of cold on the human body, especially the nervous system, presents various therapies such as cryotherapy or cold water immersion, emphasizing their beneficial effects on the nervous, cardiovascular, endocrine, lymphatic, musculoskeletal, and joint systems. However, despite the observed benefits, further research is needed to gain a more detailed understanding of the mechanisms of action and to ensure the safety of these practices.

Introduction and purpose Polycystic ovary syndrome is a common reproductive disorder, accompanied primarily by hyperandrogenism and insulin resistance. Myo-inositol (MI) and D-chiro-inositol (DCI), have emerged as potential therapeutic agents due to their role as insulin sensitizers. This article examines the effects of inositol therapy on fertility in women with PCOS and its role in assisted reproductive technology (ART). Studies suggest that inositols alleviate irregular menstruation, reduce androgen levels and positively affect ovulation rates. MI supplementation has also shown positive effects during controlled ovarian hyperstimulation and IVF procedures, reducing the required FSH dose and cycle length. However, despite positive results on ovulation and menstrual regularity, the article indicates the need for further studies to establish inositol as standard ART therapy in patients with PCOS. Material and methods The following review was based on articles from the PubMed and Google Scholar databases. Key search terms included polycystic ovary syndrome; assisted reproductive treatment, insulin resistance, inositols, Myo-inositol, D-chiro-inositol. Conclusions Inositols are a promising therapeutic option for women with PCOS. They have been shown to have positive effects on improving insulin sensitivity and fertility. However, despite inositol's safety and easy availability, the ideal dose and timing of use, the appropriate MI/DCI ratio, as well as the potential side effects of excess DCI and the problem of inositol resistance, require further comprehensive studies.

Introduction and purpose Migraine is a common disease mostly affecting women. It has a huge influence on patients’ life strongly decreasing its quality by cause of repetitive headache episodes and often comes with unpleasant and burdensome symptoms like photophobia, nausea or vomiting. This article focuses on migraine treatment, especially on new drugs. Primary drugs used in migraine attacks are non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAI) and triptans. Because of their side effects and impact on internal organs, these substances are often contraindicated or inefficient. The same applies to triptans, which cannot be used by patients with cardiovascular diseases. Due to the need of a new migraine treatment path development, new remedies have been found, bringing hope for patients who could not use prior options. They are divided into two groups: ditans (lasmiditan), which are 5-HT1F serotonin receptor agonists and gepants (ubrogepant, rimegepant, atogepant and zavegepant), which are CGRP receptor antagonists. A summary of the current state of knowledge is intended to increase the awareness of physicians and patients when selecting the appropriate treatment. Material and methods The following review was based on articles obtained from the PubMed and Google Scholar databases. Key search terms included migraine, ditans, gepants, migraine treatment. Conclusions Drugs described in this study clearly show the new pathway of migraine treatment and prevention. They are safer and show more benefits than substances currently used. They can also be used in wider range of patients with conditions marked as contraindications for current schemes. However more research is still needed to fully describe their characteristics.

Introduction and purpose Muscle relaxants have been integral to medical practice for decades, benefiting both anesthesiologists for smooth patient intubation and surgeons requiring deep muscle relaxation. This article focuses on succinylcholine, a prominent muscle relaxant, exploring its historical context, efficacy, and the accumulated data on potential life-threatening side effects. The manuscript analyzes the available knowledge regarding the adverse effects of succinylcholine in clinical practice, presenting literature-identified methods aimed at risk mitigation. Summarizing the current understanding of succinylcholine's risks seeks to enhance its effective use, decrease adverse incidents in patients, and contribute to the overall safety of both patients and healthcare providers. Material and methods The following review of studies was based on articles obtained from the PubMed and Google Scholar databases. Key search terms included suxamethonium, succinylcholine, suxamethonium hyperkalemia, suxamethonium myalgia, suxamethonium anaphylaxis, suxamethonium cholinesterase deficiency, and suxamethonium malignant hyperthermia. Conclusions Suxamethonium's adverse effects range from muscle pain-related discomfort to rare, potentially lethal multi-organ complications, impacting patients' health diversely. Despite its drawbacks, succinylcholine remains crucial in anesthesiology. Ongoing research offers avenues to counteract or mitigate side effects. However, these methods necessitate further research to develop universal, widely available protocols in clinical settings.

The paper presents the images of rural life in Subcarpathian regions of the 19th century Eastern Galicia, recorded in sociocultural, quasi‑chronicle, or memoir prose of Juliusz Turczyński (1833–1913). This gymnasium professor and a well‑known writer connected with Stanisławów achieved his greatest success as the author of novellas and short stories. His socio‑cultural, ethnographic and landscape sketches dedicated toHutsul Land, which record the traditional life ofthe region, disappearing because of modern trends, belong to the most important literary testimonies of life and mentality of the 19th century Carpathian Highlanders. His less popular, but equally interesting dramatized sociological studies, illustrate the situation of Eastern Galician village in the serfdom era that has recently passed. Turczyński’s prose, which is rather conventional and schematic in terms of artistic creation, combines the objective features of a document – the testimony of the mechanisms determining and destroying the life of a simple man – with the elements of didactic morality and parabolic vison of a lively character of the people, prone to fall, but also to convert.

The subject of the current studies were mixtures of copper and titanium oxide thin films,with various elemental compositions, deposited by magnetron sputtering and annealed in the postprocess.The effect of elemental composition and annealing temperature on the morphology of thinfilms was determined using scanning electron microscope images. The crystal structure and chemicalcomposition of copper‒titanium oxide (CuTi)Ox mixtures were investigated by X-ray diffraction.Hydrogen gas sensing experiments were performed for hydrogen with concentrations ranging from 100to 1,000 ppm. The resistance of the prepared (CuTi)Ox mixtures increased during hydrogen exposure,demonstrating the applicability of these oxides in hydrogen sensing. In addition, better sensor responseswere obtained for the mixtures in comparison to single copper oxides or titanium oxides. Mixturesof copper oxides and titanium oxides may be promising materials for hydrogen sensor applications.Keywords: mixtures of copper and titanium oxides, hydrogen gas sensors, mixed copper and titaniumoxides, thin films, magnetron sputtering

The article is a summary of the work carried out by an international team of experts as part of the first intellectual output of the i-CONTENT project: A Toolkit for Educators and VET providers for the design and development of online interactive gamified content, funded by the Erasmus+ Programme, which aims to serve Trainers and VET providers (mainly SMEs) delivering non-formal initial and continuous VET courses who wish to transform the typical classroom led course delivery into an online interactive gamified learning experience (asynchronous and synchronous learning) allowing them to meet current market needs and enabling them to target the global market. Partners from five countries (Poland, Italy, Greece, Cyprus, United Kingdom) conducted research on two target groups – VET trainers and students, in order to determine what online tools are used by trainers to create online courses, which prompts students to enroll in an online course, and what key elements they believe are necessary to keep the course engaged and what makes the course attractive. Based on the results of the research, the authors have developed “A guide for the design phase of the interactive phase of an online course” containing information on designing attractive and effective course content before moving to the development phase, how to set goals, structure, and define learning outcomes.

The purpose of the article is to answer the question whether posthumanism is the end of the homo sapiens era. The multitude of posthumanisms can be reduced to two main views: cultural posthumanism and techno-humanism. Cultural posthumanism postulates a change in the image of man, while technological posthumanism postulates his enhancement. Posthumanist discourse cannot change human nature, but it does affect his condition. Although human nature is unchangeable, the corporeal-biological aspects of this nature are particularly susceptible to modifications. At the same time, it is difficult to indicate the actual boundaries of where the introduced changes either enhance or impair man.

Punktem wyjścia do zreferowanych w artykule badań stało się odnalezienie wśród rękopisów muzycznych przechowywanych w Bibliotece Uniwersyteckiej w Poznaniu brakujących głosów czterech kompozycji wokalnych Grzegorza Gerwazego Gorczyckiego (Tota pulchra es Maria, Regina caeli laetare I, Sancte Deus Sancte fortis, Laetare ierusalem) oraz trzech jemu przypisywanych (Ave Filia Dei Patris, Haec dies quam fecit Dominus, Maginicet te Domine). Składający się z dziewięciu kart przedmiotowy rękopis Pu 7641 obejmujący fragmenty ksiąg głosowych Canto i Alto, okazał się być fragmentem „ksiąg roranckich”, czyli rękopisu sygnowanego obecnie Kk.I.7 (w Musicalia Vetera WM 6) i przechowywanego od 1982 r. z powrotem w Archiwum Krakowskiej Kapituły Katedralnej (wcześniej w Wojewódzkim Archiwum Państwowym w Krakowie). Odnalezione obecnie w BAUM karty prawdopodobnie już w latach osiemdziesiątych XIX w. znajdowały się poza macierzystym wawelskim rękopisem: Józef Surzyński w Monumenta Muscices Sacrae in Polonia (poszyt II, 1887) wspominał, iż w niektórych przekazach kompozycji Gorczyckiego brakuje Altu. Manuskrypt Pu 7641, zapewne wraz z innymi muzykaliami po kapeli roranckiej wypożyczonymi przez Adolfa Chybińskiego na początku XX w., przebył drogę z Krakowa do Lwowa i z powrotem, a następnie do Poznania: tu został przypadkowo oddzielony od reszty zespołu wawelskiego i dlatego nie został zwrócony wraz z nim do archiwum krakowskiej kapituły w roku 1983. Odnalezienie źródłowego przekazu brakujących głosów pozwala spojrzeć na część twórczości wokalnej Gorczyckiego z nowej perspektywy: zarówno w odniesieniu go utworów funkcjonujących w postaci zrekonstruowanej, jak i do tych, które wydano w postaci niekompletnej. Prowokuje do stawiania pytań o stosunek kopii Pękalskiego do oryginału oraz o to, czy faktycznie styl kontrapunktyczny Gorczyckiego był tak „palestrinowskim” jak chciał go widzieć Surzyński. Niniejszy tekst stanowi jedynie skromną prolegomenę do tego rodzaju rozważań.

Introduction: Artificial intelligence is one of the most modern information systems that bases its operation on analogous functioning to the human mind. Particular hopes are placed in the treatment of diseases considered incurable. One such disease is pancreatic cancer, which has an extremely poor prognosis. Thanks to the use of machine learning and deep learning, artificial intelligence analyzes the available images taken during computed tomography and compares them with the introduced changes characteristic of pancreatic cancer. The advantage of the machines is the ability to analyze data, scans and images in a fraction of a second. Material and methods: The authors reviewed the peer-reviewed international literature describing the application of artificial intelligence in oncology. Databases such as PubMed, SCOPUS and Web of were searched with the keywords "artificial intelligence", "oncology" and "pancreatic cancer". The review included articles from 2004-2023. Discussion: Pancreatic cancer is an important topic of research due to unsatisfactory treatment results and the lack of screening tests allowing for quick detection of people at risk. Artificial intelligence is becoming a promising solution for asymptomatic patients, who can be classified into risk groups much faster than traditional methods. Unlike humans, intelligent machines can work faster and continuously, delivering content and results much faster. Conclusions: Artificial intelligence is a promising tool in the diagnosis of pancreatic cancer. Research results indicate that it is the most widely used in the field of oncological radiology, thanks to which imaging of early stages of cancer is becoming easier to detect. There is a need to verify machine methods and avoid bias when privatizing smart machines. The good of the patient should always come first, especially in a disease with an unfavorable prognosis, such as pancreatic cancer.

W artykule podjęto temat diagnozy różnicowej pomiędzy opóźnieniem w rozwoju mowy, niemającym konsekwencji w przyszłości, a sytuacją, gdy jest ono symptomem zaburzenia towarzyszącego człowiekowi przez całe życie, czyli alalii. Autorka postuluje podjęcie diagnozy dziecka niezależnie od jego wieku, traktowanie każdego dziecka z opóźnionym rozwojem mowy jako zagrożonego alalią oraz przystąpienie do odpowiedniego postępowania rewalidacyjnego na wczesnym etapie rozwoju.

The purpose of the article/hypothesis. Paper highlights certain crucial aspects of misleading and deceitful advertisings of banking and financial products and services, its effects, and the necessity to ban and/or restrict some of professionals’ misbehaviours. Many research evidence shown how an endless amount of information and specific advertisements can influence consumers’ financial decision-making. This concern was intensified by the impact of COVID-19 on the financial situation of many households. Methodology. Author has conducted extensive research using national and international literature, public reports, legal cases, administrative proceedings, national and international legislations. There are presented some national examples, good principles and suggestions of what should be done to better protect the customers on the banking and financial market. Results of the research. The study revealed that the misleading, abusive conducts and numerous sales strategies of professionals operating on the markets at issue may regard almost any individual. Unethical advertising practices may intensify because of ever-increasing technology and new advertising techniques. As described, both the type and the timing of the advertising can also greatly influence consumers’ choice. The policy makers shall be determined, decisive and fast in order to assure that financial products and services are safe and law-compliant, to raise standards in advertising sector, to prevent defaults, irresponsible borrowing, loss of privacy, discrimination, failures and predatory practices. The measures shall prevent the frauds and the marketing and sales strategies of a set of unrealizable promises or products unsuited to the needs of customers on the financial advertising market.

The purpose of the article/hypothesis. The present contribution is focused on the lending market, its credit products, and actors, with particular regard to the non-bank small-dollar lenders and the underserved borrowers. The purpose is to analyze some of the specific small-dollar loans and related legislative initiatives from the American and European financial markets which may constitute remedies to the problem of predatory lending. Methodology. The analysis was based on the legal and administrative acts and documents as well as on the doctrine related to the topic examined. Results of the research. The study revealed that the misleading, abusive conducts and numerous sales strategies of professionals operating on the banking market may regard almost any individual. These unethical practices have intensified during the pandemic, becoming particularly dangerous.

Background: Wilms' tumor is the most common childhood renal neoplasm. Among the worst prognosis forms are the bilateral form. The symptom complex is non-specific for malignancy; the first symptoms may include hypertension. Hematuria occurs in 30% of patients. The incidence of distant metastases at the time of diagnosis in children with Wilms' tumor is estimated to be about 20%.The purpose of this article is to present a review of the literature on the standardization of diagnosis, the latest treatment standards and to assess the prognosis of Wilms' Tumor. Matherial and methods: Using PubMed, SCOPUS and Web of Science databases, the authors reviewed the peer-reviewed international literature from 1980-2023 using the keywords: "Wilms tumor," "renal tumor," "nephroblastoma." Discussion: Bilateral tumors have the worst prognosis - according to the National Wilms Tumor Study Group, long-term survival is achieved in only 12% to 56% of patients. The prognosis of Wilms' tumor is also dependent on the occurrence of recurrences - local as well as localized outside the renal tissue. A factor directly affecting long-term survival is recurrence, mainly observed within 24 months after the end of therapy. The limitations of conventional therapies, including surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy, in preventing recurrence in WT patients and their potential to cause long-term side effects. Conclusions: Bilateral Wilms tumor is associated with more aggressive therapy than unilateral disease.In single kidney disease, therapeutic management is aimed at radical removal of all tumor foci, whereas in bilateral tumor, the goal of any management should additionally be to try to preserve the best possible renal function. Screening in children is important in cancer. General physicians should refer patients for additional imaging studies when there are any diagnostic doubts, as cancer is characterized by a long, asymptomatic development.

Aim: The aim of the study was to examine patients on dermatology retinoid treatment attitudes related to skin protection against UV radiation and to check the hypothesis whether patients using retinoids are more aware of the need for photoprotection. Material and methods: Internet-based survey about attitudes associated with sun exposure and photoprotection was carried out between March and May 2023. 176 questionnaires were subject to statistical analysis. Results: The study showed that 73% of the responders used an SPF cream every day. Only 3,8 % didn’t use a UV protection cream. 38% used it on all the exposed body parts. 21% used it only on their face and necks and 10% used it only on their face. As many as 78% of respondents used a cream with protection SPF 50 or more. 40% of patients reapply SPF. Most of the patients use additional tools such as sunglasses, hats and caps. But only 16% use specialized UPF clothing. Conclusion: Patients during their retinoid treatment show increased knowledge and attitude towards photoprotection. They are aware of the risks due to sensitization of their therapy and are trying to mitigate the negative effects of the UV radiation.

Introduction: With the development of new technologies and easier access to the Internet, the number of mobile devices is growing. According to statistics, in 2023, 5.18 billion people worldwide used the Internet, which was 64.6% of the world's population. The use of the Internet, including social media, has many health effects, such as Internet addiction. The COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated this problem. Home quarantine and increasing social distance have clearly increased the level of emotional stress among humanity. Aim of the work: The aim of the work is to analyze the use of social media after the COVID-19 pandemic in Poland and the health consequences of this fact. Materials and methods: A proprietary online questionnaire was prepared, containing 19 questions. The survey was conducted in the Swietokrzyskie and Mazowieckie provinces from April 2023 to June 2023. 330 results were collected. The anonymity of participants taking part in the survey was preserved. Research results: The respondents included 219 women, accounting for 66.36%, and 111 men, 33.64% of the group. More than half of the respondents, 52.73%, believe that the COVID-19 pandemic has increased the amount of time spent on social media. The largest number of citizens, 153 (46.36%), spent between 2 and 4 hours a day on social media, while the smallest number, only 21 (6.36%), spent more than 6 hours a day. Only 13.64% of respondents log out of social media. 71.82% of respondents deny the statement that using social media in stressful moments can bring solace. Conclusions: This study proves the adverse impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the frequency of social media use, causing its prolongation. Research also shows the growing problem of Internet addiction and its many health consequences. The problem mainly affects young people. It is important to conduct educational campaigns on the effects of Internet and social media addiction.

Introduction and purpose: Aesthetic medicine is a branch of medicine that focuses on improving the appearance through non-invasive or minimally invasive procedures. Over the years, many methods used to improving beauty and prevent aging were developed. People want not only to improve their physical appearance, but also their well-being and self-esteem. The aim of the study was to assess the motivation to use aesthetic medicine and satisfaction with the performed procedures. State of knowledge: Getting rid of wrinkles, sagging skin or unwanted fat deposits people feel more comfortable and satisfied with their bodies. Additionally, societal and cultural influences play a role in the popularity of aesthetic medicine. These interventions can also help with congenital deformities or experienced trauma. Motivation for using aesthetic medicine procedures can vary from person to person. It includes desire for youthful appearance, societal influences and beauty standards or career advancement. What is more, patient satisfaction is an important factor for successful therapy. Summary: In conclusion, the motivations for using aesthetic medicine procedures are multifaceted and vary from person to person. People seek these procedures for reasons such as enhancing self-confidence, desiring a more youthful appearance or improving emotional well-being. Aesthetic medicine can provide the opportunity to enhance self-image, boost confidence and improve overall quality of life.

Background: Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common leukemia seen among pediatric patients. Exposure to agents such as pesticides, tobacco smoke, solvents, and air pollution associated with traffic, factories, and incinerators is consistently associated with an increased risk of developing childhood leukemia. The purpose of this article is to attempt to assess the knowledge of parents of oncology patients about possible risk factors for the development of ALL acute lymphoblastic leukemia and the need for educational campaigns to increase cancer awareness in the community. Material and methods: For the study, the authors created a structured questionnaire that included 15 questions. The printed questionnaire was then distributed to parents staying with their children in the pediatric oncology and hematology department and the hematology-oncology outpatient clinic at 2 clinical hospitals in Poland. The survey was conducted from February to May 2023. Results: The study group was formed by 256 people. 13% of respondents believe that breastfeeding increases a child's risk of leukemia. One in three questioned pointed to vaccinations as a possible trigger for cancer. The majority of respondents consider care facilities such as the nursery as exposure to the development of leukemia. The vast majority of respondents are dissatisfied with their knowledge of proliferative diseases. Conclusions: The overall level of parents' knowledge of leukemia risk factors is inadequate. A large percentage of respondents indicate vaccination as a risk factor for the development of ALL There is a need for educational campaigns on childhood cancer. There is a need to verify the sources of medical knowledge used by patients, especially on the Internet.

Introduction Solar radiation plays an important role in many biological processes of the body. It is necessary for the production of cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) in the human body, which plays an essential role in maintaining bone and immune system function. Excessive and inappropriate exposure, however, can lead to serious health effects, especially when it comes to the skin. Knowledge about sun protection and the effects of solar radiation among young adults plays a key role in promoting a healthy lifestyle and cancer prevention. Objective The study aimed to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and behaviour of adolescents and young adults about solar radiation and sun protection. Materials and methods This study was conducted among 194 people from Poland, aged 15 to 30, consisting of adolescents and young adults. A specially developed original questionnaire was used to collect the data on knowledge about solar radiation, sun protection, and the use of creams with SPF filter. Results The study group included 117 (60.3%) women and 77 (39,7%) men. The average age of the respondents was 22,8 ±3,83 years. Most respondents are aware of the need to use sunscreen, but the frequency of use depends mainly on the season ( 34.3% always use sunscreen, and 40.4% use it mainly in the summer). There is a group of people (16.3%) who declare that they never use sun protect cream. According to the results, only a small group of respondents (7.2%) gave correct answers to all the questions and some people (6.2%) did not answer any of the questions. Conclusions The study shows the need for further efforts to increase the young people’s knowledge and awareness of sun protection and to promote healthy habits in the use of SPF sunscreen.

Introduction: Insomnia is becoming increasingly prevalent in society. According to research, cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBTI) is the most effective and safest treatment for insomnia, now also available in digital form (dCBTI). It is recommended as the gold standard for insomnia treatment by the European Standards of Insomnia Treatment and the Polish Society for Sleep Research. Aim of study: This study aimed to assess the knowledge in society regarding effective methods for treating insomnia. Materials and methods: The study was conducted using a proprietary online questionnaire. The survey consisted of 12 multiple-choice questions and 1 single-choice question. The study took place in the Łódź Voivodeship from May to June 2023. A total of 114 participants took part in the study. The participants were adults, informed consent was obtained from all individuals participating in the study. Results: 78,9% of the participants experienced sleep problems. 54,4% of the participants identified CBTI as the most effective method for treating insomnia, but only 16,7% knew to what extent it was effective. 28.1% had knowledge of the approximate duration of CBTI. Only 28.1% of the respondents were aware of the existence of applications based on CBTI principles (dCBTI). 14% of the respondents correctly answered the question regarding the method of sleep restriction in CBTI. Conclusions: 1. Difficulties falling asleep, middle-of-the-night awakenings, and poor sleep quality are widespread problems in society. 2. Chronic insomnia leads to numerous health and psychological consequences. 3. Knowledge about factors that perpetuate insomnia, such as daytime napping or extending time spent in bed, is low. 4. Awareness-raising actions about CBTI and dCBTI are necessary for both patients and healthcare professionals.