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The increasingly volatile conditions of doing business and the existence of societies are a clear reason to explore the category of resilience. The article aims to present and structure selected theoretical and methodological problems concerning resilience in agriculture. The results of a bibliometric analysis indicate a research gap referring to the category of financial resilience. The category of ‘resilience’ is based on relatively modern concepts from business management, particularly those close to risk management theory. Identifying and measuring capacities to build and strengthen resilience seems to be very important. Quantitative and qualitative methods may be used to explore the category ‘financial resilience’ in agriculture. There has been a noticeable research gap in agricultural finance to fill in. The indicator system for measuring the resilience of agricultural enterprises/farms has some limitations related to the aggregated nature of some financial categories. It would be advisable to develop a global measure of risk resistance in parallel (e.g., in the form of a synthetic index).

The aim of the study was to assess the degree of advancement of non-cash trade among Polish residents/consumers and to determine the relationship between socio-demographic factors and Poles’ ‘unbankedness’. The assessment of the degree of advancement of the society’s non-cash turnover was made by means of three levels of ‘unbanking’ defined by the author of the study. On the basis of the literature review, a research hypothesis was formulated: there is a statistically significant relationship between socio-demographic characteristics and consumers’ unbankedness. The research hypothesis was verified based on the results of our research using a survey questionnaire conducted in October/November 2019 on a sample of 500 adult Poles (18 years and older). The results of the empirical study generally confirmed the statistically significant influence of sociodemographic characteristics on the level of Polish people’s unbankedness. Age, education level, netincome per capita, and type of work performed ’significantly impact the Polish population’s banking level. Variables such as gender and place of residence were found to be statistically insignificant. The study showed that 10% of the surveyed population were unbanked, while as many as 87.20% represented level 3 (full banking). The problem of transactional exclusion affects young people aged 18-24 and older people over 61. The unbanked group consisted mainly of farmers, unskilled workers, the unemployed and pensioners, while level 3 mainly included office workers, white-collar workers and skilled workers. The least exclusion is found in people of working age 25-44. People in this age bracket accounted for more than 40 per cent of the share within level 3. As educational attainment increases, people move to higher and higher levels in terms of ‘bankedness’. The research showed that the higher the net income per person, the higher the level of bankedness among Poles. The results of the study complement previous analyses and point to proposed actions for institutions promoting non-cash transactions in Polish society.

Fundusze Inwestycyjne to forma wspólnego inwestowania polegająca na zbiorowym lokowaniu środków pieniężnych. W Polsce zgodnie z ustawą o funduszach inwestycyjnych są one zarządzane przez Towarzystwa Funduszy Inwestycyjnych w formie spółek akcyjnych. W większości przypadków TFI należą do największych banków. Można wyróżnić cztery podstawowe grupy funduszy inwestycyjnych: fundusze akcji, fundusze hybrydowe, fundusze papierów dłużnych, fundusze gotówkowe i rynku pieniężnego. Istotnymi uczestnikami rynku finansowego są gospodarstwa domowe, czyli tzw. inwestorzy indywidualni. Gospodarstwa domowe mają szeroki wybór różnych form lokowania swoich oszczędności – depozyty bankowe, akcje, obligacje, nieruchomości, jednostki uczestnictwa w funduszach inwestycyjnych lub utrzymywanie gotówki. W ostatnim czasie nastąpił wyraźny wzrost zainteresowania gospodarstw domowych funduszami inwestycyjnymi będący efektem obniżek stóp procentowych przez Radę Polityki Pieniężnej. Największą popularnością w ostatnim czasie cieszą się fundusze gotówkowe i pieniężne, a także fundusze dłużne. Do głównych zalet inwestowania w fundusze należą: bezpieczeństwo, elastyczność, porównywalność i transparentność. Fundusze nie mają żadnych barier wejścia i wyjścia, są tanie i proste w obsłudze. Mogą stanowić całkiem dobrą alternatywę wobec lokat bankowych.