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The immobilized patient is exposed to different medical complications and adverse effects. It is a daily task for the nursing team to maintain the proper personal hygiene of the immobilized patient. Due to the fact that it is a complicated procedure, it must be conducted according to the accepted order of washing certain parts of the body by using different and secure accessories for the personal hygiene, namely the bowls. A series of published studies show the relationship between the traditional bowls to wash the patients, and the transmission of pathogens to the patient. The hospital environment is said to be the reservoir for numerous pathogens which are responsible for the hospital-acquired infections (HAI) and the multiple-resistant ones. Thanks to a thorough observation, 1103 bowls and 88 hospitals from the USA and Canada have been microbiologically tested. Moreover, 62.2% of the examined bowls were infected by pathogens which caused a lot of nosocomial infections. The new standard proposal for the skin care of the immobilized patient includes the packages of towels to wash, moisturize and protect the skin of such a patient. This idea provides a patient with comfort, cleanliness and protection during the daily personal hygiene and in case of various periodic pollution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multidrug-resistant strains belonging to alert pathogens are a major cause of many serious and difficult to treat infections, which greatly increases the morbidity and mortality among ICU patients. Invasive procedures, high consumption of antibiotics in critically ill patients may explain the risk of the spread of these microorganisms in the ward. The article discusses the most important nosocomial pathogens such as multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, extended-spectrum beta-lactamases or carbapenemases producing Enterobacteriaceae, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, vancomycin- resistant Enterococcus spp. and Clostridium difficile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]