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Insomnia, defined as difficulty falling or staying asleep, significantly impacts the quality of life and mental health of people worldwide. In recent years, there has been growing interest in using medical marijuana as an alternative treatment method for various conditions, including sleep disorders. The purpose of this review is to examine the available scientific evidence regarding the efficacy and safety of using medical marijuana in the treatment of insomnia. Analyzing data from clinical, observational, and experimental studies, this work aims to present a comprehensive picture of the potential benefits and risks associated with such treatment. This review seeks to provide doctors, patients, and policymakers with up-to-date information that can support the decision-making process regarding the use of medical marijuana as an adjunct therapy in the treatment of insomnia, highlighting both the therapeutic potential and the need for further research in this field.

The aim of this article is to present the possible role of the endocannabinoid system in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. The endocannabinoid system includes the cannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2, as well as endogenous cannabinoids and enzymes regulating the synthesis and biodegradation of endocannabinoids. Endocannabinoids are arachidonic acid derivatives conjugated with ethanolamine or glycerol. The most important of them are arachidonylethanolamide, also known by the name anandamide, and 2-arachidonylglycerol. The most important cannabinoids are tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol. The endocannabinoid system plays an important role in the mechanisms of learning and memory, emotion, behavior, pain perception, and neuroprotection. The activity of the CB1 receptor plays an important role in memory processes. CB1 receptor agonists disrupt memory processes, while CB1 receptor antagonists reverse these deficits or act as memory enhancers. In neurodegenerative diseases, microglia is activated. When activated, microglia significantly increases endocannabinoid synthesis and expression of CB2 receptors. Their expression has a protective effect by increasing the production of neuroprotective factors and reducing the production of pro-inflammatory factors. Endocannabinoids reduce the activity of the stress axis - hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal - and regulate the stress response by influencing the noradrenergic pathways. The endocannabinoid system modulates the phenomena associated with neurodegeneration. This is due to the effects dependent on CB1 receptors' activation, causing normalization of glutamatergic transmission and increasing autophagy, and activation of CB2 receptors, resulting in weakening of inflammatory features, and reduction of oxidative stress - independent of cannabinoid receptors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The sentence which the gloss refers to presents the breakthrough stance of the Supreme Administrative Court, where it is acknowledged that the decision issued by the Minister of Health, concerning the refusal to refund a medicament containing medical marijuana, infringes on the patient’s rights in the sphere of selection of an effective method of treatment in the situation where conventional methods have proved inefficient. In the opinion of the Court, eventual doubts – with reference to both the interpretation of the regulations dealing with healthcare and evaluation of the factual state of the case in question – should be settled in favor of protection of life and human health. Treatment with preparations including medical marijuana writes into the current of in dubio pro vita humana.

Background: Medical marijuana was legalized in Poland in 2017. Cannabinoids contained in marijuana can play a big role in the treatment of pain. The right to pain treatment is especially needed for palliative patients, as it ensures them dying in dignity and peace. With the growing occurrence of medical marijuana in the treatment of patients, future pharmacists should acquire the necessary knowledge on this topic during their studies. Pharmacists have a legal obligation to provide information on prescription medicinal products containing cannabis, including storage and use of the medicinal product dispensed, as well as precautions related to the medicinal product dispensed. Aim of the study: The study looked for answers to questions about the level of pharmacy students’ knowledge concerning medical marijuana and relationship between the year of study and level of knowledge. On the basis of a medical prescription, pharmacists make prescription drugs containing medicinal hemp in pharmacies. Materials and methods: The survey study was conducted from February 25 to April 19. The studied group consisted of 132 pharmacy students from all Pharmaceutical Departments in Poland. The form contained 16 questions. Most of these questions were disjunctive and in several of them the Likert scale was used again. Results: The results of the study indicate that pharmacy students rate their knowledge of medical marijuana very low. Students do not know the indications for medical cannabis use or its side effects. The study sought to find out if there was a need for additional education for students about medical marijuana. No correlation was found between the year of study and the knowledge of pharmacy students. Conslusions: Education about endocannabinoid system in the course of pharmacy studies is negligible, therefore there is an increased need to include this topic in the pharmaceutical study program. Regardless of the year of study, the level of pharmacy students' knowledge about indications, side effects or how to take medical marijuana is low and they need additional education in this field

We live in the era of personalisation. Personalised advertisements attack us all around, we are proposed customised trainings and dietary plans. It is no different in medicine. Personalized medicine offers a special approach to the specific needs and symptoms of each patient. How is the future of medical cannabis drawn in the light of this concept? After all, the use of so-called "medical marijuana", although controversial, is the actual part of modern medicine. Approach to the principle: "one size fits all" does not work with therapeutic cannabis therapy. Cannabis is a complex herbal medicine, so far over five hundred compounds present in them have been identified and isolated - not only cannabinoids, but also terpenes, flavonoids and many other compounds. They are able to affect each other, causing so-called “entourage effect” (enhancing, synergetic effect). These interactions are responsible for specific action of different cannabis varieties. Choosing the right product is a huge challenge. There are hundred of different strains of cannabis. The global cannabis industry is full of different types and forms of products. Finding the right one for a patient struggling with specific condition can be a challenge. Gratefully, innovations allow higher levels of personalization while addressing challenges faced by a medical cannabis patient. Platforms using extensive data sets and artificial intelligence are being developed worldwide, which allow the development of personalized therapies based on cannabinoids, including for patients with cancer. However, there is a risk of abuse in this field. Especially since in Poland there is no proper law regarding genetic testing and biobanking... The other thing is that Cannabis flos, like other herbal medicinal products, can cause drug-drug interactions. As the medical cannabis market continues to evolve, we should all strive to ensure that the drug is adapted to the safety and therapeutic profile of the largest number of patients in need.

Introduction and purpose: In ancient times, cannabis was used for production of food, edible oil, fibers and medicines. In present, industrial cultivars are the source of raw material for clothing and animal feed. Cannabis can be also a source of psychoactive compounds such as Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). Cannabinoids present in Cannabis sp. can cause the beneficial effects in human organism after consumption. This review is aimed to describe the biological properties of cannabis and consider the legalization of marijuana products. Brief description of literature: The endocannabinoid system consists of cannabinoid receptors (CB1 and CB2) and endogenous cannabinoids. CB1 receptors are mostly localized in central nervous system. These receptors are found primarily on central and peripheral neurons in the presynapse. These locations facilitate their inhibition of neurotransmitter release, which is one of the major functions of the endocannabinoid system. CB2 receptors are mostly localized in immune system cells. The interaction of plant cannabinoids with specific receptors can cause several effects in organism. The tissue distribution of CB1 and CB2 is responsible for the well-known psychotropic and peripheral effects of THC. Cannabinoids can be also helpful in treatment in several diseases, such as multiple sclerosis, Tourette syndrome, eating disorders, chronic pain or epilepsy. Conclusions: Despite well-documented health effect of marijuana using, cultivation of cannabis is highly restricted by the law. The main obstacles limiting the use of marijuana in medicine are the psychotropic side effects. In this case, the compromise is difficult to achieve. In future, researchers must cooperate to develop orally administered, highly bioavailable, non-psychoactive phytocannabinoid products.

The endogenous cannabinoid system and its role in the physiology and pathophysiology of the digestive system is presented. The potential use of agonists and antagonists of cannabinoid receptors in such disorders as nausea and vomiting, peptic ulcer disease, gastroesophageal reflux disease, irritable bowel syndrome, inflammation, and paralytic ileus are discussed. Differences in the pharmacological action of these substances in animals and humans as well as the observed side effects are also considered. Pharmacological modulation of the endogenous cannabinoid system could provide a new therapeutic target for the treatment of a number of gastrointestinal diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Introduction: Medical marijuana is used in many diseases. There are not many studies on society's knowledge about use of medical cannabis. This study aimed to check the level of knowledge about aspects of medical cannabis among students of medical and medical emergency degree courses. Authors emphasize the need of knowledge about law regulations, composition, properties or contraindications of medical cannabis among students of medical universities, as they are fundamental resource of information for patients and any other person who is not included in medical world., Patients and Methods: Material and methods: An original questionnaire containing 29 questions was created. There were 311 randomly selected students from medicine (N=52), nursing (N=117), midwifery (N=66), paramedicine (N=54) and dietetics (N=22). Results of the study were evaluated with help of statistical test ANOVA and student t-test. The Bioethical Committee at the Medical University of Warsaw took note of the information about the study and issued a statement with reference number AKBE/35/2020., Results: Results: The correctness of answers among students was on the average level of 24.06%. In the survey, the highest percentage of correct answers was characteristic for medicalstudents, achieving about 35.0% effectiveness, then medical emergency students answered correctly in 26.9%, nursing - 23.7%, obstetrics - 21.5%, dietetics - 13.2%. Among all groups, the answer was "I don't know": medical students - 44.0% of all answers, emergency medical services - 53.2%, nursing - 56.2% obstetrics - 62.4%, dietetics - 73.9%. The value of correct answers was assessed as statically valid in the ANOVA test; at the significance level p = 0.05 (F-ratio: 11.32004; p = 0.0001). In the t-student test, it was proved that the ANOVA test result relates to the variance of responses between all study groups except dietetics., Conclusion: Conclusions: The level of knowledge of medical students is insufficient to inform patients about possibility of using medical marijuana in their diseases. The low level of knowledge is conditioned by little time at the university devoted to medical marijuana. Education of students about medical marijuana should be increased.