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Objectives Running a business effectively requires ensuring continuity and regularity of the activity. For this purpose, it is important to effectively and rationally manage inventories and maintain them at various levels of optimality. Material and methods In the paper a design of the probabilistic model of reserves is discussed. The objective was an elaboration of the optimal strategy of materials reserves management in the series manufacturing. Results The model has been verified at an attainable scale using the numerical data concerning different assortment of materials in the serial production of furniture. The proposed probabilistic model makes it possible to elaborate the optimal strategy of type R, Z in the management of reserves of based materials of the manufacturing company with large-lot production. The strategy is based on minimal expenses connected with a supply of materials. Conclusions For each company to provide good quality services, it is necessary for individual, cooperating enterprises to function efficiently. The so-called "supply chain" is a specific sequence of activities enabling the satisfaction of market demand for a given product. The supply chain consists of companies and plants that are involved in supplying raw materials, processing them into semi-finished products and, ultimately, creating a finished product. The simplest supply chain consists of a company, suppliers and customers. However, it is good to know that many more companies are involved in most production processes, including transport, logistics, finance and IT.

Abstrakt Housing policy aspiring to have a general social impact, subtracting from the scale of the state, like any other policy in this scope, is conducted in the European Union countries by the public sector. This sector remains a significant point of reference for this policy. The activity of the public sector in the countries of post-war Western Europe varies in intensity over time and is carried out at different spatial levels - also in relation to housing. The public sector has been subject to a tendency towards apparent self-limitation for at least the last four decades. This occurs mainly by reducing the importance of the state and its agencies in socio-economic development. Housing policy is one of the important sectoral policies of the state - including the government and local authorities - engaging public entities, political and social organizations and private entities to achieve the main and long-term goals in the area of housing, which are: creating conditions for purchasing or renting apartments by all citizens; ensuring the availability of the housing stock, i.e. implementing an appropriate scale of housing investments using primarily the market mechanism, and supporting the appropriate quality of the housing stock throughout the entire period of use of the property.

Na przykładzie dwóch wydarzeń historycznych: śpiewającej rewolucji z 1988 r. oraz protestów przeciw sfałszowanym wyborom w Białorusi z lat 2020–2021, artykuł prezentuje sposób wykorzystania zbiorowego śpiewu do celów społeczno-politycznych. Jednym z nich jest budowanie/wzmacnianie tożsamości narodowej, drugim wyrażenie żądania zmian. Mechanizmy wykorzystywane do osiągnięcia pożądanego efektu zawarte są w tradycyjnych funkcjach pieśni.

Przedmiotem rozważań jest postrzeganie wartości zabytków sakralnych z różnych perspektyw nauk społecznych, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem ekonomii, socjologii oraz psychologii i filozofii. Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie możliwych sposobów postrzegania wartości zabytków sakralnych oraz podkreślenie, że o ich wymiarze decydują również aspekty subiektywne. Zamiarem szczegółowym publikacji jest ocena znaczenia wartości zabytków sakralnych dla interesariuszy w korelacji z Analizą Wartościowania Zabytków Waltera Frodela, stosowaną w konserwacji (nauki o sztuce). Opracowanie ma charakter przeglądowy i zostało przygotowane na podstawie przeglądu literatury oraz wyników własnych badań empirycznych (pilotażowych) autorów. Do kwerendy wykorzystano test ANOVA Kruskala-Wallisa oraz test niezależności chi-kwadrat Pearsona. Brak legalnej definicji zabytków sakralnych spowodował, że zaproponowano autorską definicję. Analiza wykazała, że największą wartością dla respondentów jest wartość historyczna zabytków sakralnych, a najniższą wartość techniczna. Mieszkający w mieście częściej wskazywali na konsumpcjonizm jako cechę obniżającą wartość i znaczenie zabytków sakralnych.

Cel/hipoteza: W ostatnich latach zauważalny jest dynamiczny rozwój urządzeń mikromobilnych, przeznaczonych do transportu osób. Tego rodzaju pojazdy określa się mianem urządzeń transportu osobistego (UTO). Jak każdy pojazd drogowy, także i UTO mogą powodować liczne wypadki i kolizje. Naturalną konsekwencją szkodowości związanej z wykorzystaniem UTO jest postawienie pytania o zabezpieczenie interesów poszkodowanych. Mając powyższe na uwadze za cel niniejszego opracowania przyjęto przybliżenie roli ubezpieczeń od odpowiedzialności cywilnej użytkowników urządzeń transportu osobistego w kontekście szkodowości związanej z użytkowaniem tego rodzaju pojazdów oraz krótką charakterystyką dostępnych na rynku produktów ubezpieczeniowych. W pracy postawiono tezę: mimo iż przepisy nie zobowiązują kierujących UTO do posiadania polisy komunikacyjnej OC, szeroki katalog niekorzystnych zdarzeń związanych z użytkowaniem urządzeń transportu odpowiednio wymaga upowszechnienia ochrony ubezpieczeniowej użytkowników tego rodzaju pojazdów. W polu ochrony ubezpieczeniowej powinni się znaleźć: użytkownicy, wypożyczający sprzęt, sprzedawcy, operatorzy a także gospodarstwa domowe. Metodyka: Opracowanie ma charakter teoretyczno-analityczny. Obok przeglądu dostępnej literatury przeanalizowano również dostępną na rynku ofertę dobrowolnych ubezpieczeń adresowanych do użytkowników UTO. Wnioski z badań: Ubezpieczenie dedykowane posiadaczom urządzeń transportu osobistego jest stosunkowo nowym produktem na rynku i jeszcze niewiele towarzystw ubezpieczeniowych posiada je w swojej ofercie. Użytkownicy urządzeń transportu osobistego mogą korzystać z posiadanych ubezpieczeń odpowiedzialności cywilnej w życiu prywatnym, zawieranych głównie przy ubezpieczeniach domów i mieszkań, stanowiącym zabezpieczenie na wypadek wyrządzenia szkody osobom trzecim. Jednym z rozwiązań prowadzących do upowszechnienia ochrony ubezpieczeniowej mogłaby być propozycja ubezpieczeń dostosowanych do rodzaju ryzyka oraz krótkiego charakteru użytkowania sprzętu (np. ubezpieczeń na czas przejazdu).

Celem niniejszego artykułu jest określenie rozumienia i istoty globalnej etyki mediów w ujęciu czołowego na świecie jej inicjatora i popularyzatora – Stephena J.A. Warda. Artykuł ten stanowi zatem próbę odpowiedzi na następujące pytania: Jak jest rozumiana globalna etyka mediów przez Warda? Dlaczego w jego przekonaniu jest ona tak bardzo potrzebna? Jak przedstawia się stan badań na temat globalnej etyki mediów w działalności badawczej Warda? Kto spośród badaczy – oprócz Warda – podejmuje niniejszą tematykę? Aby zrealizować podstawowe założenia metodologiczne, posłużono się metodami analizy treści oraz systematycznego przeglądu literatury. Materiał badawczy służący określeniu teorii globalnej etyki mediów Warda stanowią publikacje naukowe tegoż badacza. The Idea of Global Media Ethics as Approached by Stephen J. A. Ward The aim of this article is to define the understanding of global media ethics in terms of its initiator and the world’s leading populariser – Stephen J.A. Ward. This article is therefore an attempt to answer the following questions: How is global media ethics understood by Stephen J.A. Ward? Why is it so necessary from his scientific perspective? What is the state of research on global media ethics in the research activities of Stephen J.A. Ward? Who among the researchers – apart from Ward – undertakes this topic? In order to implement the basic methodological assumptions, the methods of content analysis and systematic litera-ture review were used. The research material – to define the theory of global media ethics by Stephen J.A. Ward – consists of the scientific publications of Stephen J.A. Ward.

The primary objective of this paper is to identify and characterize the diplomatic communication of Pope Francis in speeches addressed to the diplomatic corps accredited to the Holy See from 2013 to 2021. The formulated research objective can be presented in the form of the following questions: What is diplomatic communication? What are the characteristics of diplomatic communication of the Holy See? What are its objectives? How is it distinguished from other forms of communication? What issues does Pope Francis address in his speeches to ambassadors accredited to the Holy See? What are the characteristics of these speeches? What language and symbolism does Pope Francis use in this diplomatic message? The answers to these questions will be determined by analyzing the media content of Pope Francis’ speeches addressed to the Vatican diplomatic corps from 2013–2021, available on the Holy See’s official website: vatican.va. The article has an overview and research character. Its indirect purpose is to draw attention to the issue of diplomatic communication in the Roman Catholic Church.

Abstract In the past years, scientific reports present statements of a specific trend of an increase in dental caries among the children all over the world. This condition is influenced, among the others, by dietary habits, such as presence or overload of sugars in the diet and improper oral hygiene habits. The increase of tooth decay in children under the age of six, resulting in severe teeth decay, corresponds to frequency of general anesthesia in the treatment of pediatric patients. Dental treatment is one of the most common causes of medication intake in children. Moreover, general anesthesia enables timely and effective comprehensive care, which is a crucial condition, especially in reference to patients with special treatment needs. The aim of the study This work aims to raise awareness that the knowledge of types and doses of medications used by anesthesiologists during general anesthesia and its importance in order to achieve and maintain a high-quality standard for patients undergoing dental procedures under the general anesthesia. Material and methods The authors reviewed the novel publications, relating to the topic of medications (general anesthetics) most commonly used in general anesthesia during dental procedures in children. Results The publication presents important information on general anesthesia and the characteristics of individual groups of drugs, considering the specific and characteristic substances used by anesthesiologists. Conclusion In the opinion of the authors, the presented work is a kind of compendium of knowledge in the field of anesthesiology for the dentists performing procedures under general anesthesia in children, as well as for the dentists preparing to perform such procedures and for the doctors who receive patients with special dental care needs (such as mentally retarded patients), whose treatment is possible only under general anesthesia. Key words: general anesthesia in children, anesthesiology, anesthetics, child dentistry

Celem artykułu jest określenie współczesnych związków lingwistyki, w tym zwłaszcza lingwistyki stosowanej, z medioznawstwem. Autorzy wskazali obszary przenikania się obydwu dyscyplin oraz ich subdyscyplin, ukazując możliwości współpracy lingwistów i medioznawców, w tym współpracy o naturze interdyscyplinarnej. W artykule odniesiono się do takich aspektów działalności naukowej, jak: przedmiot i podmiot badań poznawczej pracy naukowej, aspekt koncepcyjny, aspekt metodologiczny oraz aspekt teleologiczny).

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Podstawowym celem niniejszego artykułu jest określenie tego, na ile estetyka komunikacji jest wyrazem grzeczności. Szczególna uwaga zostanie zwrócona na znaczenie estetyki komunikacji werbalnej oraz niewerbalnej. Tak postawiony cel badawczy można przedstawić w następujących pytaniach szczegółowych: w jakim znaczeniu estetyka komunikacji może być formą grzeczności w komunikacji? W czym przejawia się estetyka komunikacji werbalnej oraz niewerbalnej? Artykuł ma charakter przeglądowy; zastosowano tu przede wszystkim metodę analizy zawartości literatury przedmiotu. Odpowiedzi na wymienione wyżej pytania, uzyskane w wyniku przeprowadzonej analizy, pozwolą zaproponować standardy bycia uprzejmym w komunikacji z uwzględnieniem estetycznych form przekazu. Aesthetics of Communication as an Expression of Politeness The main purpose of this article is to determine the extent to which the aesthetics of commu­nication is an expression of politeness. Particular attention will be paid here to the importance of the aesthetics of verbal and non-verbal communication. This research objective can be presented in the following specific questions: In what sense can the aesthetics of communication be a form of politeness in communication? How does the aesthetics of verbal and nonverbal communication manifest itself? The article is a literature review; therefore, the method of critical analysis of the subject literature was primarily used. The answers to the above-mentioned questions, obtained as a result of the conducted analysis allowed to recom­mend standards of being polite in communication, taking into account the aesthetic forms of communication.

The article presents the spatial distribution of environmental crime predictors, valuation of the impact of these factors on local security conditions and spatiotemporal patterns of crime within space of the Stare Bałuty housing estate in Łódź. The purpose of this study was to recognize the impact of spatial distribution of crime predictors on the pattern of urban crime. The main conclusion from this research is that the city space is diverse both in terms of identified crime predictors and the sites of committed offences. It turned out that the distribution patterns of these two phenomena overlap to a large extent, and that there is a tendency to concentration of crime in the immediate surroundings of the identified crime predictors.

The main purpose of this paper is to determine the most frequently used propaganda forms of expression in the film Triumph of the Will by Leni Riefenstahl. This research target may be presented in the form of the following questions: Which propaganda forms of expression have been used in the film? Which symbols have been used to convey the message in Leni Riefenstahl’s film? The answers to these questions will be interpreted in the context of Stewart M. Hoover’s theory “from medium to meaning.” Its author paid attention to the essential question: To what extent do media convey meaning? To what extent do they give meaning to a phenomenon? Analogically, a question may be asked, with reference to Riefenstahl’s film: to what extent her film might have given meaning to the Nazi propaganda? What was the role of cinema in Adolf Hitler’s policy and in popularising his views? The article is a review paper. Its indirect goal is to draw attention to the transfer of meaning in audiovisual communication.

The article refers to various studies on the creation of safe spaces as well as works on the influence of land-use on the distribution of crime in urban space. The goal of the study is to identify places and facilities which constitute a potential threat to safety and impact the spatial distribution of crime. An analysis of relationships between various types of crime predictors and the spatial distribution of crimes at the address-level has also been made. The most important conclusion drawn from the study is that the distribution of crime predictors strongly impacts the presence of crime in their direct vicinity and this influence on crime gradually lessens as the distance increases. The influence of such crime predictors as honeypots and public facilities on attracting crime as well as movement predictors and conflicts of land use on repelling crime was determined.

The author assumed that a fair understanding of communication is such a reception which is close to the content, intent and mode assigned to it by the sender. That reception depends on the extent of the knowledge of a recipient, and their axiological attitude and view of the world. The analysed examples indicate various aspects of fairness of understanding and trigger questions regarding the method of studying the phenomenon.

Polskę w kolejnych dekadach czeka proces gwałtownych przemian demograficznych polegający na wzroście udziału seniorów w populacji. W celu utrzymania wzrostu gospodarczego w nowej sytuacji demograficznej zwraca się uwagę na tzw. srebrną gospodarkę, której znaczenie można rozpatrywać zarówno w wymiarze społecznym, jak i ekonomicznym. Ekonomiczne znaczenie koncepcji „srebrnej gospodarki” polega, między innymi, na wskazaniu korzyści wynikających z wykorzystania potencjału popytowego, jaki reprezentuje starsza populacja. Srebrna gospodarka obejmuje szereg segmentów, w tym ubezpieczenia odnoszące się głównie do form ryzyka właściwych starszemu wiekowi. Do tej szerokiej grupy zaliczyć można również prywatne (komercyjne) ubezpieczenia zdrowotne. Celem niniejszego opracowania jest przybliżenie roli prywatnych ubezpieczeń zdrowotnych w kontekście zjawiska budowania srebrnej gospodarki w Polsce. W artykule postawiono hipotezę: seniorzy w Polsce mogą stać się istotnymi inwestorami na rynku ubezpieczeń zdrowotnych. Analiza sytuacji finansowej seniorów, obciążenie budżetów wysokimi wydatkami na zdrowie, szczególnie na wyroby farmaceutyczne, pozwalają na przyjęcie założenia, że odpowiednio skonstruowana oferta może spotkać się z zainteresowaniem tej grupy społecznej.

Jednym z podstawowych narzędzi polityki spojności UE są fundusze europejskie. Środki z nich wydatkowane są między innymi na działania wzmacniające konkurencyjność gospodarek i zwiększające atrakcyjność inwestycyjną regionow, rozumianą jako zdolność skłonienia inwestorow do wyboru regionu oferującego określone korzyści lokalizacyjne, wspomagające osiąganie zamierzonych celow. Fundusze UE mają szczegolne znaczenie dla wzmocnienia czynnikow sprzyjających lub osłabienia barier podnoszenia atrakcyjności inwestycyjnej regionow. W niniejszym artykule podjęta została proba oceny relacji zachodzących między wysokością wsparcia w ramach funduszy europejskich a atrakcyjnością inwestycyjną polskich powiatow. Badania przeprowadzone zostały na poziomie powiatow (NUTS 4), co pozwala na bardzo precyzyjną ocenę terytorialnego zrożnicowania atrakcyjności inwestycyjnej kraju. Głowny cel przedstawionych badań stanowiła ocena wpływu funduszy europejskich na atrakcyjność inwestycyjną powiatow z uwzględnieniem zależności przestrzennych. Cel dodatkowy to określenie poziomu atrakcyjności inwestycyjnej powiatow na podstawie wybranych miernikow cząstkowych oraz konstrukcja syntetycznej miary atrakcyjności inwestycyjnej. Analiza zależności przestrzennych w kształtowaniu się badanych miernikow atrakcyjności pozwoliła na określenie ich wzorca przestrzennego oraz identyfikację ośrodkow wpływających pozytywnie lub negatywnie na jednostki sąsiednie. Przeprowadzone badania dowodzą występowania znacznych rożnic w poziomie atrakcyjności inwestycyjnej powiatow (do najbardziej atrakcyjnych należą powiaty: m. st. Warszawa, m. Sopot, m. Krakow, m. Katowice, m. Świnoujście). Wyniki modeli przestrzennych wskazują, że istotny, dodatni wpływ na atrakcyjność inwestycyjną danego powiatu wywiera nie tylko poziom wykorzystania funduszy europejskich w powiecie macierzystym, ale rownież absorpcja tych funduszy w powiatach sąsiednich.

Motywacja: W krajowej i zagranicznej literaturze przedmiotu brakuje obszernych i zwartych opracowań poświęconych zielonym obligacjom skarbowym. Zasadne jest zatem stworzenie publikacji, w której w sposób holistyczny podjęto by tę problematykę. Niniejszy artykuł jest próbą wypełnienia przedstawionych braków poznawczych. Cel: Celem artykułu jest prezentacja kompleksowej charakterystyki globalnego rynku zielonych obligacji skarbowych, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem polskich emisji. Materiały i metody: Wykorzystano następujące analizy: literatury przedmiotu, raportów branżowych, opisową, porównawczą, indukcyjną oraz studium przypadku. Wyniki: Zielone obligacje rządowe stały się segmentem zarówno polskiego, jak i zagranicznego rynku kapitałowego w wyniku przeprowadzonych od 2016 roku emisji, a Polska została pionierem zielonych obligacji skarbowych. Proces badawczy pozwolił na kompleksową analizę globalnego rynku zielonych obligacji skarbowych (dwanaście emisji). Mimo tego, że ekologiczny dług skarbowy jest w początkowej fazie istnienia, można zauważyć pewne tendencje rozwojowe. Czynniki determinujące ekspansję tego segmentu to: mobilizacja kapitału, dywersyfikacja bazy inwestorskiej oraz poprawa wizerunku państwa. Można zatem domniemywać, że wartość tego rynku będzie systematycznie wzrastać.

W ujęciu antropologicznym głównymi funkcjami muzyki są funkcje: komunikacyjna, emocjonalna, integracyjna i estetyczna. Obok nich występują też inne: uświadamiająca, rewitalizująca, kreacyjna, aktywizująca i motywująca, kontestująca i potępiająca oraz zaświadczająca. W muzyce ruchu nueva cancion z Ameryki Łacińskiej lat 60. i 70. XX w. szczególnie istotna jest funkcja zaświadczająca, charakterystyczna również dla muzyki ludowej i będąca podstawą wyrażania zaangażowania społecznego. Podobnie dzieje się w przypadku muzyki powstałej w amerykańskim ruchu folk revival. Celem artykułu jest wykazanie, że wykorzystanie tej właśnie funkcji jest elementem łączącym muzykę ludową z różnymi rodzajami muzyki zaangażowanej.

Przedstawiono rozwiązanie, w którym woda zasolona poddawana jest wstępnemu uzdatnianiu metodą nanofiltracji (NF) a następnie zatężaniu metodą wyparną lub w zintegrowanym układzie elektrodializa – odwrócona osmoza i dalszemu odparowaniu z krystalizacją chlorku sodu. Na przykładzie solanki z KWK Budryk wykazano, że uzysk soli, dzięki samemu zastosowaniu nanofiltracji, można zwiększyć z obecnej wartości 72,01% do 87,35%, a po dalszym usprawnieniu, polegającym na oczyszczaniu chemicznym, do 91,11% a nawet 99,1%. Wstępne uzdatnianie solanki metodą nanofiltracji, prowadzone w sposób opracowany przez Autorów w warunkach dużego przesycenia siarczanem wapnia z częściową recyrkulacją retentatu i kontrolowaną krystalizacją gipsu, daje możliwość zastosowania mało energochłonnych rozwiązań zatężania solanki. Na przykładzie solanki Budryk wykazano, że zużycie energii w procesie jej utylizacji można zmniejszyć z obecnych 888,7 kWh/t soli do 433,7-451,2 kWh/t soli, w przypadku zatężania solanki mało energochłonną metodą wyparną lub do 396,8 kWh/t soli w przypadku zatężania solanki w zintegrowanym układzie: elektrodializa – odwrócona osmoza. Proponowane rozwiązanie ma zostać przebadane w instalacji pilotowej w ramach projektu NANOS, finansowanego w programie TANGO2.

Introduction and objective: Both the illness itself and hospitalisation due to COVID-19 are potentially traumatic experiences, especially when the course of the disease is severe. Resilience has been identified as a crucial factor in the process of successfully coping with traumatic events and may protect against the development of symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder. The aim of this study was to determine the role of resilience in the prevention of post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms in patients requiring hospitalisation due to COVID-19. Materials and methods: A total of 138 patients (59 women, 79 men; mean age: 52.34 years; standard deviation, SD = 12.46) hospitalised at the University Hospital in Krakow were included in the study, which was conducted 7-8 months after their COVID-19 diagnosis. The PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5) and the Resilience Measurement Scale (SPP-25) were administered, and stepwise multiple regression analysis was used in the predictive models. Results: A total of 31 participants (22.5%) met the criteria for probable post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms. The study participants were characterised by a moderate level of resilience (5th sten), with women exhibiting lower levels than men. Higher levels of resilience were associated with lower severity of PTSD symptoms. A significant predictor of post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms was "Tolerance for failure and treating life as a challenge". Conclusions: Resilience has an impact on the severity of symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder. Specifically, the dimension of "Tolerance" within resilience appears to be an important protective factor against post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms after hospitalisation for COVID-19. Patients hospitalised with severe course of COVID-19 exhibit a moderate level of resilience, with men demonstrating higher resilience levels than women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The severity of depression symptoms in COVID-19 patients differs among populations investigated and changes over time. Increasing evidence supports the hypothesis about the involvement of inflammation in the development of depression. Methods: A systematic review and a meta-analysis of the cross-sectional and cohort studies published between 2019 and 2023 were conducted according to the PRISMA criteria. The outcomes of interest were the proportions of mild, moderate, and severe depression symptoms during and after hospitalisation, and associations between depression and inflammation in COVID-19 patients. Results: Thirty articles were included in the systematic review. In the quantitative metaanalysis, the overall proportions of moderate-to-severe and mild-to-severe depression were estimated at 0.21 (95% CI: 0.13-0.31) and 0.35 (95% CI: 0.23-0.48), respectively. The fixed effects model of the meta-analysis of inflammatory markers showed a difference between COVID-19 patients with and without depression, with higher concentrations of both C-reactive protein and neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio detected among people suffering mood disturbances. However, in random effects models, findings for C-reactive protein lost significance, and for neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio were on the boundary of significance (p = 0.053). Conclusions: According to the study results, the proportion of depression decreases over time after a COVID-19 diagnosis. The relationship between depression and inflammation is still uncertain and requires further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Author analyses a selected text in terms of axiological markedness, including ideological markedness. The text conspicuously declares the sender’s Christian viewpoint. Next, the Author of this paper discusses the results of a questionnaire administered among students of journalism. The respondents answer questions whose aim is to indicate their method of text understanding, check students’ perception of the ideology ascribed to the author of the text under scrutiny, reveal the impressions the text makes as well as to uncover the ideological stand of the respondents. The majority of the respondents think that the author of the text wants to impose his opinion. The ideological stand declared by the students is mostly conservative and liberal, with religious fundamentalism being most often rejected.

Introduction: The phenomenon of occupational stress can very often be found during the education process among nursing students. A very large number of hours of practical training, contact with the real treatment environment, constitute the same threats as in the case of people already in the profession. Stress, which can have a chronic dimension, poses a risk of dissatisfaction with the decision made and medical mistakes made by students. Satisfaction with the decision made about the profession is a multidimensional factor, including psychosocial values related to work. Objective: The aim of the study is to assess the level of stress among nursing students during the practical education process and to analyze the level of satisfaction with the professional choice made. Material and method: The study covered 200 people who are nursing students graduating from the three-year education period. The selection of respondents was random. The study group consisted of 100% women aged 23-45, living in urban areas (48%) and rural (52%). Research method: The research method used in the work was a diagnostic survey. The research tool used is a self-help questionnaire. Results: The nursing education by the respondents was caused by the need to help others (46%), was a matter of chance (25%), a continuation of family traditions (3%), and the possibility of constant contact with people (8%). Over half of the respondents (56%) are satisfied with the decision made. The respondents feel needed during work with the patient (65%), mentally exhausted (43%), physically exhausted (34%), tired (20%), valued (20%), satisfied with life (18%), burned out (10%) %), frustrated (8%). Only 7% of respondents can talk about their feelings, the remaining respondents are afraid of the teacher's poor opinion (87%) and the therapeutic team (90%). 40% of respondents would definitely go to work abroad. Conclusions: The most common causes of occupational stress are the responsibility for human life and the death of the patient. The respondents rarely seek support among teachers of the profession.

Introduction: The nurse according to the Supreme Chamber of Nurses and Midwives is a person able to recognize the health condition of an individual or group and can create a care plan and realize it. The nurse should be primarily autonomous in making decisions about nursing care and organizing nursing care. Each competent nurse can make a proper assessment of a given situation, makes decisions efficiently and is able to quickly select the right methods of conduct. The awareness that science is always the foundation of practice is extremely important. This is how the profession of a nurse was shaped over the years. These scientific achievements greatly influence the increase of the professional nurse's prestige. Objective: The aim of the work is to gain knowledge about the perception of nursing, as a scientific discipline and nurses, by students of the nursing field. Material and methods: The study covered 100 people who are students of nursing, finishing the three-year education period. The selection of respondents was random. The study group consisted of 100% women aged 20-35, living in urban areas (51%) and rural (49%). The research method used in the work is a diagnostic survey. The research tool used is a self-help questionnaire. Results: Nursing understood 16% of respondents as a profession, 3% considered them as a scientific discipline, 1% as a learning system. The vast majority of respondents (92%) stated that nursing is both theoretical and practical science. The nurses' forms of activity, which contribute to the development of nursing, 73% of them reported upgrading professional qualifications, 7% writing scientific papers, 2% participation in scientific research, 1% participation in the preparation of apprentices to the profession and 1% activity in organizations unions. The most important features that should be possessed by a good nurse include: diligence and accuracy of performed procedures (25%), possessing rich knowledge in the field of medical sciences (55%), care (40%), cordiality and kindness (39%), patience and forbearance (38%), communicativeness (38%) and a humane attitude towards the patient (19%). Conclusions: Nursing students perceive nursing as a scientific discipline, occupation, education system and subsystem in the care system. According to the respondents, nursing has a chance to become a separate field of science in the future, if it continues its scientific development. According to the respondents, the nurse should be: friendly, responsible for the work to be done, and have extensive knowledge in the field of medical sciences.

The demographic future of the country is becoming a major challenge for healthcare, not only from the standpoint of the public payer, but also regarding the healthcare system’s organisation and efficiency. In the face of constantly changing population structure that entails higher demand for costly medical procedures addressing the needs of the elderly, the only way to make the system efficient and to ensure the accessibility of medical services is to increase the amount of available funding. One of the priorities laid down in the Ministry of Health’s healthcare strategy is to gradually increase public allocations for healthcare, now one of the lowest in the European Union. The healthcare system in Poland could also benefit financially from commercial health insurance. In the article, the role of private health insurance in the Polish healthcare system is discussed in the context of demographic change forecasts.

Introduction: Pain remedying is a fundamental patient law. Modern medicine is acknowledging the mechanism and the warp of pain, commanding more efficient therapeutic means allowing to control the pain. Multidirectional pain therapy uses variable techniques and medicines which enables to maximize the analgesic effect during the reduction of side effects of each method. Objective: Evaluation of applying standards of analgesic treatment in hospital practice. Material and methods: There were 100 people with severe pain who underwent surgical and orthopedic treatment, as well as, the ones with chronic pain, staying in neurological ward who took part in the examination. Choice of examined patients was random and embraced hospitals patients in the Podkarpackie voivodeship with “Szpital bez Bólu” (eng.: Hospital without pain) certificate. Examined group comprised of : 57% of women and 44% of men, living in rural (56%) and urban (44%) area. Research methods used in the examinations, were diagnostic opinion poll, records analysis and pain measurements. Results: 42 % of patients can feel the pain intermittently, 37% is not able to estimate how often do pain ailments occur, however, 21% of people suffer from chronic pain ailments. Patients have estimated their pain as follows: severe (26%), difficult to determine (20%), shooting (16%), burning (15%), radiating (10%), dull (8%), stinging (3%) and the one which appears when touched (2%). Having estimated the pain intensity, 53% of respondents claimed that they feel medium pain intensity and 33% claimed to have felt great pain. Nurses in the post-op (54%) and anesthesiologist (26%) are the one, to inform patient about possibilities and eventual methods of post-operative pain management. Conclusions: Pain limits physical functioning of patient. Five-stage scales included in the examination, were VAS and VRS which are sufficient in prophylaxis and pain alleviation but not entirely readable and understandable for all patients. Education of patient influences on the awareness and abilities of evaluating the pain.

Introduction: Neoplastic diseases have been classified as civilization diseases and are a big problem for modern medicine. According to the data from the International Agency for Research of Cancer, about 10 million people suffer from cancer and a number of deaths due to this disease has exceeded 6 million; until 2020 those numbers may double. In Poland, cancer survivors of five years concern 22% of men and 35% of women suffering from tumours, while in northern and western Europe there is a cure rate of 40% for men and 50% for women. The main reason for the adverse situation in Poland is a low percentage of early diagnosis of cancer. On the one hand this results from insufficient preparation of both family doctors and physicians of other specialties, but on the other, from insufficient dissemination of early diagnosis methods. Objective: The objective of the study is to analyze the health condition and to assess the risk of a neoplastic disease among residents of villages. Material and methods: The research involved 1000 residents of villages in Podkarpackie Voivodeship. The age of the researched ranges from 18 to 30 years, with mean age 26.96±0.84 (range [18;30], median 25.95%CI [18,9;29,01]). The researched group is represented in 43,8% by women in 56,2% by men. In order to obtain the research material, a standardized questionnaire has been applied including interview and physical examination, enabling assessment of symptoms reported during the interview and analysis of symptoms indicating a disease, including cancer. Results: According to the data analysis, during last few months the respondents have suffered from such ailments as cough (8.22% W, 7.12% M), dyspnea (3.2% W, 1.78% M), abdominal pain (13.7% W, 4.27% M), pain (5.48% W, 2.14% M) and weakness (14.61% W, 4.98% M). During observations, one female respondent was diagnosed with symptoms of melanoma (0.46%), which has been confirmed in later dermatological test. Conclusions: No changes in oral cavity suggesting neoplastic disease have been noticed. Every sixth respondent has enlarged lymph nodes, most frequently submandibular or neck’s lymph nodes, and in the majority of cases it’s accompanied by pain.

Introduction: Sudden Infant Death Syndrome is defined in literature similarly as a sudden and unexpected death of an infant occurring during sleep and, at the same time, causes of which cannot be explained based on anamnesis, circumstances of death or comprehensive post-mortem examinations. Sudden Infant Death Syndrome is considered to be the most frequent cause of death among infants in the developed countries. Incidence of SIDS in the whole world ranges from about 0.1 to 6.0/1,000 live births. As much as 90% concerns deaths in the first year of life of a child, whereas 70% stands for deaths for which the cause remains unknown. In SIDS, about 90% of cases concern children under 1 year old and, in particular, at the age of between 2 and 4 months. The aim: The aim of the study was to present the most significant aspects of SIDS as well as description and analysis of risk factors for occurrence of sudden infant death syndrome based on statistical data. Materials and methods: For the purpose of the study, the secondary data analysis and desk research technique have been applied. The analysis is based on statistical data from the time period 2009-2014 released by the Central Statistical Office of Poland. Results: In 2009-2014, the highest number of deaths of infants and new-borns was reported in 2009 with the number being as high as 2,327. In the following years, the number of deaths of new-borns and infants systematically decreased. In 2010 it was 2,057 and in 2011 – 1,836, in 2012 – 1,791, in 2013 – 1,684, and in 2014 – 1,583. The highest number of deaths of boys was reported in 2009 – 1,298, while the number of deaths of girls in that year, although it was the highest in the analysed period, was lower – 1,029. Conclusions: cases of death were more frequent among boys rather than girls. The highest number of deaths was reported among infants under the age of one month and the number decreased with an increasing infants’ age. More cases of death were reported in the city area rather than in a village.

Introduction: Pain is one of the most burdensome symptoms of cancer disease. Assessing cancer pain, according to world tradition, relates to pain induced in cancer process or arised as a result of therapy. While having a cancer, pain is felt by 50% of diseased and felt even by 75% when advanced stadium of cancer. Cancer pain was considered as main somatic determinant of life quality, contributing to lowering of physical, professional and social activity, due to long and continous period. Objective: Aim of the examination is assessment of quality of life, during pain therapy caused by cancer disease. Material and methods: 100 of patient, took part in the examination with diagnosed cancer disease, 64% of women and 36% of men, aged 28-79 years old and average age was 52 years, residing urban (73%) and rural (27%) area. Testing methods used in the examination, were: diagnostic questionnaire , documentation analysis and pain measurement. Tools used in the research, were: Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), Numerical Rating Scale (NRS), QLQ-C30 questionnaire as well as self survey questionnaire. Results: In sensory dimension, 32% of respondents specified their pain as severe, 26% as intense, 20% as mild, however 17% described their pain as moderate. In emotional dimension, 19% of interviewees, described their pain as exhaustive and tiring. When assessing pain intensity with VAS scale, it was indicated that, majority of respondents (55%) had felt moderate pain, 23% mild pain, 3% intense pain, 2% agonizing pain, though, 17% of respondents had not felt pain. For 43% of respondents, pain influence their life quality in average degree, for 26% of interviewees, pain influence their quality of life to a great extent, however 31% claim that pain affect their quality of life to a small degree. Because of disease, financial difficulties occured among 77% of respondents, as well as, social and family contacts reduction, occured amid 57% of interviewees. Conclusions: Life quality of people with cancer is getting worse as cancer pain occurs. Pain therapy, has positive impact on life quality of those suffering with cancer. Occurence of cancer pain, has significant impact on life in social sphere, as well as, functioning and playing social role.

Introduction: Epidemiological data indicate growth of cancer appearance in young people and young adults population. According to Central Statistical Office of Poland, among teenagers between 15 and 19 years old, the number of malignant tumors reached 396 in 2008, and was “two times higher than among children aged 10-14”. Cancer diseases were the cause of death of approximately 7% of people aged 0-19 in last decade and the mortality rate has been decreasing for the past 30 years. Though, in Poland the mortality rate is still higher than in other European countries. Action aim: The goal is to evaluate the risk of cancer occurrence in population of young people. Material and method: Research has been carried out among 100 random people, aged 16-20, residing Jarosław county. The examined group had comprised of 44% of women and 56% of men. In order to obtain the research material, a standardized questionnaire has been applied including interview, enabling assessment and analysis of occurrence of cancer risk factors. Results: Brain tumor (3%), cancer of pancreas (3%), lung cancer (3%), melanoma (3%), breast cancer (2%) were most frequent types of cancer in examined women families. As for examined men families, the most frequent types of cancer were brain cancer (3%) and lung cancer (2%). When it comes to smokers, 13% of men and 9% of women confess to smoking everyday. Moreover, 2% of men and 1% of women admit drinking every single day. Additionally, 21% of men and 11% of women have contact with plant health products. Only 9% of women had admitted going to solarium in general: more than twice a week 2% of women; once a year only 7%. Conclusions: Risk of cancer occurrence, concerns both sexes. Place of residence do not influence cancer factors. Youth, to a large extent, are the most vulnerable to ultraviolet radiation. All interviewees lead healthy lifestyle. The examined youth do not do periodic health examinations.

Introduction: Risk of neoplastic diseases in the whole world’s population has been increasing regularly. Thanks to the GLOBACAN data base operating under the auspices of the International Union Against Cancer it has been reported that up to 2002 10,900,000 of new cases of cancer were diagnosed and 6,700 deaths were reported. According to the World Health Organization, in 2020 we may expect about 10 million deaths, including 7-8 millions in the developing countries, while this number in the developed countries will not change and will be 2-3 million. The world’s most frequently occurring tumour is lung cancer. It accounts for 12.4% of all tumours diagnosed. According to the epidemiological research, the basic factors responsible for cancer development among people are those environmental factors that result from humans’ behaviour. Objective: The objective is to analyze the occurrence of risk factors of a neoplastic disease among patients with a diagnosed oncological disease. Material and methods: The research involved 500 patients of the oncology department. Women accounted for more than a half of all patients, namely 58%, while men 42%. In order to obtain the research material, a standardized questionnaire has been applied, including interview and physical examination, enabling assessment and analysis of occurrence of cancer risk factors. Results: The most frequently diagnosed tumour among women is breast cancer (20%), while among men the most frequently occurring is prostate cancer (10%). 20% of women and 10% of men lived near high-voltage line. 11% of women were active smokers while 6% passive smokers. When it comes to men, 18% were active smokers, while 5% passive smokers. Conclusions: The most frequent cancer among women is breast cancer, while among men prostate cancer. Smoking does not have a significant influence on cancer development in women, however, it has a significant influence on cancer development in men. Overweight and obesity have a significant influence on cancer development in women, while they have insignificant influence on cancer development in men.

Objective: Solar radiation is the most frequent environmental factor influencing the skin, where responsibility for harmful properties are of the ultraviolet radiation. Excessive exposure to ultraviolet radiation significantly increases the risk of occurrence pigmented or non-pigmented skin cancers – melanoma or squamous-cell cancer. Cancerous effect is observed through artificial tanning. International agency for Research on Cancer in 2009 classified the radiation emitted by solar lams as carcinogen factor for skin cancer, equally with other carcinogens, such as arsenic compounds, coal tar and soot The aim of the work is to analyze risk behavior of the youth using natural radiation and tanning beds with diagnosed nevi. Material and methods: The research was carried among 500 people residing on the territory of Podkarpackie Voivodship. The age of test subject ranged between 18 to 25 years, the test group consisted of 93% women and 7% men. To acquire the research material for the work, physical examination was conducted to assess the occurrence of skin lesions, dermatoscopy to assess nevi and skin changes, standardized questionnaire form including questions to spontaneous and supported answers. Results: Physical examination proved the occurrence of nevi with 68% of test subjects, where after dermatoscopy 25% of changes indicated worrying cancerous features and further dermatological examinations were recommended (page 1-7). All subjects (100%) with pigment changes have sunbathed or used tanning bed at least once in a lifetime, and over a half (68%) were sunburned through UV radiation. Conclusions: Majority of interviewees believe that natural tanning was the cause of more frequent sunburns than solarium tanning. Majority of the youth is systematically using solarium tanning without the consent of the public. People who tan naturally and concurrently appropriately select and apply sunscreen to their skin tone, are less sunburned.

Opracowanie zawiera omówienie prawnej regulacji przestępstwa handlu ludźmi w Federacji Rosyjskiej. Zwrócono w nim uwagę na fakt niedługiego okresu obowiązywania przepisu dotyczącego tego czynu w rosyjskim kodeksie karnym z 1996 r., jak również na gwarancje ochrony człowieka przed nim występujące w rosyjskiej konstytucji z 1993 r. Zagadnienie zostało omówione według ustawowych znamion przestępstwa. Wiele uwagi poświęcono analizie rozbudowanej strony przedmiotowej, występującej w typie podstawowym, kwalifikowanym i szczególnie kwalifikowanym. W rozważaniach podkreślono widoczną kazuistykę przyjętego rozwiązania i zagrożenie przestępstwa surowymi sankcjami. Wskazano na niektóre odrębności w stosunku do polskiej regulacji.

Assuming text styles and genres as described in Awdiejew and Habrajska (2006), in this paper I try to determine which stylistic (genre) features can be proposed for internet commentaries, basing on those placed in Onet.pl. The study shows that the analyzed texts have mostly typological indicators of colloquial style, but they also possess typological indicators of journalistic genres. We can thus propose the existence of mixed style.

The goal of the paper is collecting hitherto existing ways of understanding the concept of the language of feelings by linguists and suggesting a way of describing the language of feelings. This question was the subject interest of such researchers as Wierzbicka, Grabias, Nowakowska-Kempna, Awdiejew, Habrajska, Pajdzińska, and Data. Taking into account the levels of a language, included in communication grammar, the author considers naming of feelings and expressing them. The naming is contained in the ideation level, the expressing – in the interaction level. Examining utterances with reference to the language of feelings one can notice that it is not easy to show a borderline between the mentioned levels. The difficulties are mainly connected with two questions. The first one consists in using the names of feelingsfor expressing them, in which the feelings are expressed by naming them. The second question is the emotive marking of the names of feelings or emotive naming of reactions which can manifest the feeling. The analysis the utterances including naming and expressing feelings proves that the phenomenon in question occurs in various scopes and manifest in diverse means of language.

In most European countries general health insurance systems are supplemented by voluntary health insurance purchased on a commercial basis. The expansion of the private health insurance market is potentially beneficial for the functioning of the health protection system and for the patients themselves. At the same time, however, particularly voluntary health insurance has certain weaknesses that may make it less effective than it could be. One of the major problems is moral hazard understood as a risk of excessive, unjustified use of medical services that bears serious economic consequences. The article focuses on moral hazard related to health insurance. In the first part of the article, the nature of the problem is discussed, as well as conclusions for European countries arising from the available studies. The second part provides insights into private health insurance in Poland.

Regional development occupies an important place in the policy of the European Union. One of its priorities is to equalize the differences in the level of development of regions assessed more broadly than just the economic dimension. Broad understanding of regional development takes into account its social dimension. To assess the socio‑economic development at the national level, a synthetic indicator called the Human Development Index (HDI) is commonly used. However, HDI values do not describe the inequalities that exist between regions within countries. The main aim of this study is to assess the level of social development in regional (NUTS 3) perspective in Poland using the Local Human Development Index (LHDI) and to attempt to identify the determinants of social development at the local level. The way of constructing LHDI was proposed by the UNDP Project Office in Poland and was only slightly modified for the purposes of this study. The analysis of social development at the local level is important because it can serve as a tool for understanding the causes of existing and future social problems. Another important goal of the research is the analysis of the spatial relationship of social development, which allows to determine whether the strong regions, being local economic centres positively influence the development of the neighbouring regions.

This study aims to answer the question contained in its title: Can the Road and Belt project be an alternative to the current global flow routes? The logical axis of the article is the role of the logistics system in the competitiveness of countries and the effectiveness of projects such as BRI. The article is a literature review. The article contains an introduction that discusses the history of the BRI initiative and its main conditions. The first chapter presents the concept of the country's logistics system and its impact on the country's economic competitiveness. The second chapter discusses the development of China's logistics system, which is the initial phase initiating the BRI project. Chapter three discusses China's investments in BRI member countries, with particular emphasis on transport and logistics projects. The article ends with final conclusions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents the scope of the legislation governing the crime of planning, preparing, starting, or waging an aggressive war (Article 353) and public incitement to start it (Article 354) contained in the 1996 Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. These crimes are discussed according to the statutory characteristics of the acts. As part of the study of this issue, a thesis was formulated, which is a conjecture that criminal liability for the crimes in question is regulated in the 1996 Russian Criminal Code in a casuistic and strict manner, but one that takes international solutions into account. The research methods used in the study were a dogmatic analysis of the 1996 Criminal Code of the Russian Federation and a literature analysis of pertaining to the crimes in question. During the analysis of the two crimes referred to in the title, interpretation problems and shortcomings of the existing solutions (understanding of basic concepts, casuistry of the legislation, and severity of the sanctions) were pointed out. The considerations confirmed the adopted thesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Celem artykułu jest prezentacja istoty i celów budżetu partycypacyjnego oraz próba wskazania jego roli na przykładzie miasta stołecznego Warszawy. Badaniu poddano wysokość kwot budżetu partycypacyjnego, ich udział w budżecie ogółem poszczególnych dzielnic oraz w przeliczeniu na 1 mieszkańca. Jako mierniki aktywności społeczności lokalnej w zakresie współdecydowania o przeznaczeniu środków budżetowych wykorzystano liczbę zgłaszanych projektów i udział osób biorących udział w głosowaniu na projekty przeznaczone do realizacji w ramach badanego budżetu w odniesieniu do ogółu mieszkańców. Wyniki analiz pozwoliły też na wskazanie problemów związanych z wdrażaniem budżetu partycypacyjnego w Warszawie.

The article presents the use of collective singing for socio-political purposes on the example of two historical events: the 1988 Singing Revolution, and the 2020–2021 protests against the rigged elections in Belarus. One of these purposes is building/strengthening national identity, the other – expressing demands for change. The mechanisms used to achieve the desired effect are contained in the traditional song functions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The above article presents considerations regarding notion of a work in copyright law, however – to limit the scope of the discussion – solely from the perspective of the EU law: in particular, against the background of the CJEU’s jurisprudence and planned amendments in copyright law, particularly on the basis of the Commision’s project on digital single market. The article includes, firstly, the discrepancies in interpretation of work within the legal systems of the EU Member States and the EU legal framework itself, secondly, it also researches for an answer to the question on the legal basis of harmonisation the work concept in copyright law. Thirdly, the author attempts to answer question what is the direction of future legislation of the EU legislator in regard to the work concept in copyright law.

4th Symposium on History of Bureaucracy

Mleko kobiece zapewnia niemowlęciu prawidłowy wzrost oraz rozwój psychofizyczny. Dla niemowląt urodzonych o czasie pokarm kobiety posiada optymalny skład co do jakości, ilości i proporcji składników. Karmienie piersią niesie ze sobą szereg korzyści zarówno dla matki, jak i dziecka, co podsumowano w niniejszym opracowaniu. W Polsce około 76% matek decyduje się na karmienie piersią przez pierwsze 4 miesiące życia dziecka, zaś tylko 56% matek wciąż karmi piersią po ukończeniu przez dziecko tego wieku. Według danych GUS z 2004 roku w ciągu pierwszych 48 godzin życia piersią było karmionych blisko 90% dzieci i liczba ta jest podobna dla wszystkich roczników w grupie 0-14 lat. Z ogólnej liczby badanych dzieci 88,1% było nadal karmionych piersią po wypisie ze szpitala. Niemal 89% dzieci w tej grupie karmiono wyłącznie piersią (tj. bez dopajania i dokarmiania). Zalecane jest karmienie dziecka tylko piersią do ukończenia przez nie 6. miesiąca życia. Po 6. miesiącu należy stopniowo wprowadzać pokarmy uzupełniające, aż do 1. roku życia. Dalsza kontynuacja karmienia piersią zależy od indywidualnych możliwości i potrzeb matki i dziecka. Nie ustalono górnego limitu dotyczącego czasu trwania karmienia piersią. Pokarmy uzupełniające powinny być wprowadzane nie wcześniej niż w 17. i nie później niż w 26. tygodniu życia dziecka. Jeśli nie jest możliwe karmienie bezpośrednie, dziecko należy karmić pokarmem odciąganym. U niemowląt karmionych piersią należy stosować suplementację doustną witaminy K w dawce 25 μg od 8. doby do 3. miesiąca życia oraz witaminy D w dawce 400 jednostek od pierwszych dni.

The term of galenosphere designates the space of silence. Galenosphere, together with logosphere (the sphere of words), iconosphere (the sphere of pictures) and sonosphere(the sphere of sounds) creates mediosphere of the person. The pedagogical and teological interpretation of galenosphere was presented in the paper. The topic is still not described sufficiently, causing a lot of problems not only in theory, but also in practice. The conditions of contemporary lifestyle are unfavorable for practicing silence. Moreover, its marginalization is progressing. The same problem concerns also logosphere.The need for silence was presented by biblical examples. They show that silence – as creative and very important part of human mediosphere – takes part in personal growth of human being. The development of logosphere, iconosphere and sonosphere are impossible without sonosphere.