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Introduction Obesity is a complex, chronic disease that continues to be a significant global health challenge due to its prevalence and association with numerous comorbidities. Etiology of this disease includes different factors from genetic, environmental, and lifestyle fields, while effective management of obesity is still being studied. Aim of the study The aim of this comprehensive review is to examine arising innovations in the treatment of adult obesity. Deeper insight into the available database would help to provide better understanding of obesity and of its treatment. Materials and Methods To reach satisfying results the research was conducted on the articles referring to obesity treatment from the Pubmed databases. Articles from recent years were preferably utilized to keep the review up to date. Results Nowadays, pharmacotherapy can offer GLP-1 receptor agonists like liraglutide or semaglutide, and new drugs like tirzepatide that show great effectiveness. Additionally, bariatric surgery continues to offer great solution for severe obesity, combining restrictive and malabsorptive mechanisms for significant weight loss and metabolic benefits. The main procedures include gastric bypass with sleeve gastrectomy or duodenal switch. Personalized treatment, referring to different obesity phenotypes, has shown improvement in the therapeutic outcomes. Some new therapies are studied including triple agonists (retatrutide), non-peptide GLP-1 receptor agonists, and drugs reaching other receptors. All of them are promising for the effective obesity treatment in the future. Summary This review underlines the need for multidisciplinary and personal approach in the treatment of obesity and the need to share the knowledge about it to address the growing obesity epidemic effectively. Recognizing obesity as a chronic and complex disease is essential to improve patient’s understanding of their condition as well as to reach effective treatment outcomes.

Introduction and objective: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Early detection is crucial for better outcomes. Traditional diagnostic methods, such as imaging and biopsies, often fail to detect HCC in early stages. Liquid biopsy, based on circulating free DNA (cfDNA) analysis, offers a promising, non-invasive approach, allowing frequent testing, addressing tumor heterogeneity, and reducing costs. Review methods: This article's databases were accessed through the WHO website, PubMed, and Google Scholar. A brief description of the state of knowledge: Early detection of HCC significantly improves survival. Biomarkers from cfDNA, including DNA fragment patterns, methylation markers (e.g., USP44), 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC), and digital PCR analysis, have shown potential in early-stage detection. Advanced cfDNA fragmentomics identifies tumor-specific DNA fragmentation patterns. Techniques like DELFI demonstrate high sensitivity (94%) and specificity (98%). Machine learning enhances cfDNA analysis by integrating multiple markers, improving accuracy in distinguishing cancerous from precancerous states. Combining methylation analysis with machine learning further addresses challenges of tumor heterogeneity. Summary: Studies highlight the high sensitivity and specificity of cfDNA biomarkers for HCC diagnosis, especially in high-risk groups like individuals with cirrhosis. Integrating technologies like 5hmC analysis and machine learning enables early diagnosis and treatment monitoring. These advancements represent a transformative step in cancer diagnostics, offering effective tools to improve patient outcomes.

Introduction and purpose Prostate cancer is the most common malignant tumor in men in Poland. In 2021, the standardized incidence rate was 48.2 cases per 100,000 people. It is diagnosed mainly in men over 60 years of age. The choice of treatment method depends on the stage of the disease, general condition and age of the patient. Treatment mainly includes surgery, radiotherapy and hormone therapy. In the case of surgical procedures, it is possible to perform prostate cancer surgery using the Da Vinci single-port surgical robot. The aim of this literature review is to describe the procedure of radical prostatectomy using the da Vinci single-port robot and to assess the effectiveness of radical prostatectomy using the da Vinci single-port robot compared to open and laparoscopic prostatectomy. Material and methods This review of studies was based on articles obtained from the scientific database PubMed. Key search terms included prostate cancer; robot-assisted radical prostatectomy; robotic surgery; da Vinci Surgical System; da Vinci single-port; laparoscopic prostatectomy; open prostatectomy. Conclusions Currently, the da Vinci single-port surgical system is playing an increasingly important role in radical prostatectomy centers. It is increasingly replacing open radical prostatectomies due to its higher treatment efficacy and fewer complications. However, no significant differences have been demonstrated compared to classical laparoscopic surgery. Further studies are also necessary to assess functional and oncological results.

This article presents reflections on the book Oblicza polskiego etatyzmu gospodarczego [Faces of Polish Economic Statism] by Stanisław Czaja and Bogusław Fiedor (Wrocław 2021). The book details the evolution of statism in Poland from the time the country regained its independence to the present. The authors aptly distinguish the statism imposed by the current historical or economic situation from the statism stimulated by factors that can properly be described as ideological or political. Statism in the latter case might be no more than the increasing share of the state in the economy – largely as the result of market regulation that has no economic justification. A statist policy imposed by force of circumstance was implemented after World War I. The book contends that the widespread acceptance of statism in its various forms was associated with the significant influence that the German historical school and Kathedersozialismus [socialism ex cathedra] had on Polish economists, and this is certainly plausible. It can be concluded that by revisiting the term “statism” [French: étatisme], which was widely used before World War II, the authors are euphemising the recent changes in managing Polish economy (similar changes have been taking place in other CEE countries).

Publikacja stanowi wprowadzenie i uzasadnienie kategorii dziecka‑performera – dziecka, które poprzez ustawicznie powtarzane zachowania (możliwe do manifestowania w danej kulturze) kreuje siebie oraz swoje relacje z otoczeniem. Ta kategoria implikuje też rozszerzenie zakresu pojmowania dziecka jako odbiorcy i uczestnika sztuki performatywnej. Poprzez analizę publikacji w dziedzinie teorii i historii performansu oraz teorii i historii wychowania, poprzez badania terenowe autor ugruntowuje tezę, że dziecko‑performer stanowi modelowe ogniwo autopojetycznej pętli feedbacku.

Introduction: One major effect of the Covid 19 lockdown has been the closure of schools and the switch to home learning for most children through online or hybrid models of teaching and learning. However, questions would be asked about the quality of this model, especially in the light of recent policy moves to reduce educational differences across the country. Research Aims: The aims of this article are to draw together recent research into home schooling during the Covid 19 pandemic and provide a theoretical explanation against a policy background with a stated aim of reducing inequalities in education Method: A literature review was carried out of articles that relate to the experiences of home schooling for children and families as well as more general effects of lockdown. Results: Results show clear differences in home schooling experiences in terms of resources and attitudes, and school provision. Concepts of cultural capital and cultural deprivation have been used to show how inequalities continue to persist despite recent policy aimed at reducing inequalities. Conclusions: Home schooling has brought inequalities into sharp focus over how schools deliver home schooling and how children and families are able to take advantage of what has been provided. It indicates that a cultural shift is needed. Education has been devolved to the level of the individual and for real change to take place, a more collective approach is needed. Education has been devolved to the level of the individual and for real change to take place, a more collective approach is needed.

Winter sports athletes training are more predisposed to the development of asthma and exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB) than athletes training in milder ambient conditions. An increased incidence of asthma symptoms has been demonstrated, among others, in competitive cross-country skiers. Winter sports training in an indoor ice rink also contributes to an increase in the occurrence of asthma and EIB symptoms and to the influx of inflammatory cells into the respiratory tract. Hyperventilation with dry, cold air may predispose to development of bronchospasm. The frequency of symptoms varies depending on the discipline trained. The latest research highlights the involvement of neurogenic (excessive stimulation of the vegetative system) and inflammatory component (increased number of eosinophils, T lymphocytes and mast cells) in the development of asthma symptoms in athletes. The air quality at the indoor ice rinks has been significantly deteriorating for a long time due to exhaust emissions (increase in NO2, CO and PM1 particles) from ice cleaning machines. Switching to electric devices has drastically reduced the amount of harmful particles. Despite the changes introduced, athletes training on indoor ice rinks are still a group predisposed to exerciseinduced bronchospasm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Obtaining evidence during criminal proceedings involves a number of activities that should be carried out by a prosecutor so that they are legally permissible. The legislator anticipated special provisions in the field of obtaining evidence outside criminal proceedings. In the course of the operational activities carried out by special bodies (Police) it is possible to control inter alia telephone calls. The introduction of evidence from these recordings is regulated in a special way. In certain situations, the legislator provided additional restrictions on obtaining evidence especially when it is connected with highly protected professional secrets – art. 180 § 2 of the [Polish] penal procedure code. This article outlines the mentioned issues.

The institutions of reopening and instituting discontinued preparatory proceedings are of the key importance as regards a possibility of returning to criminal proceedings already finished. Principles of criminal proceedings deciding how to conduct them in certain circumstances force completion of the proceedings at a given stage. Sometimes this is due to the appearance of a relative, therefore removable, negative procedural condition, sometimes due to the impossibility of detecting perpetrators of the offence. It is therefore crucial to establish what conditions to return to the discontinued preparatory proceedings are. Is it possible? What is the time frame for a decision to be made? This study provides answers to the problems identified, focusing obviously on the procedural conditions of admissibility of the return to criminal proceedings. The rules have been laid down in the law system according to the time of proceedings completion. The article also presents such elements as bodies authorised to act, conditions of the prosecutor’s operations, a role and a place of the Police in the decision-making system. The mentioned elements are an attempt to locate these particular institutions in the system of revealing some old crimes committed by perpetrators not yet disclosed.

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Artykuł dotyczy możliwości zbudowania nowego systemu orzekania o niepełnosprawności opartego na prawnoczłowieczym modelu niepełnosprawności i Konwencji o prawach osób niepełnosprawnych (KPON). Przeprowadzona krytyka obecnego systemu orzekania jako opartego na modelu medycznym niepełnosprawności, jak również dyskusja z nomenklaturą proponowaną w zbliżającej się reformie orzecznictwa w Polsce, prowadzą do postulatu o wypracowanie orzekania respektującego zasadę godności osób z niepełnosprawnością. Proponowany nowy system orzekania pozytywnego opiera się nie na deficytach jednostki, ale na jej możliwościach i potrzebie wsparcia. W propozycji znalazły się obszary życia osób z niepełnosprawnością, które powinny być brane pod uwagę w procesie orzekania, jak również nowe rozwiązania w obszarze świadczeń i rent.

Copyright of Studies & Work of the Collegium of Management & Finance / Studia i Prace Kolegium Zarzadzania i Finansów is the property of SGH Warsaw School of Economics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Paediatrics & Family Medicine / Pediatria i Medycyna Rodzinna is the property of Medical Communications Sp. z o.o. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Undamaged medical gloves protect medical personnel from contact with physiological fluids of the patient. Thus they protect the assistance provider from hand skin contamination with potentially infectious biological material. The aim of the study was to evaluate the occurrence of pierce, perforations or damage of medical gloves during cannulation of blood vessels. Materials and Methods: In the prospective randomized study 303 pairs of gloves, used during cannulation of blood vessels under simulated resuscitation, were analyzed. Gloves were tested by the water leak test. Results: The water test revealed 44 cases of damage to the gloves used during cannulation of blood vessels. Significant differences were noted in the frequency of damage to both the outer and single pairs of gloves and the inner pair of gloves. Conclusions: The study showed that the use of double gloves provides a higher level of security for a paramedic than the use of a single pair of gloves, however, double gloves reduce the manual dexterity of a paramedic. A large number of damages to gloves are not noticed by medical personnel during surgery. Med Pr 2014;65(2):271–278

Copyright of Art of Healing / Sztuka Leczenia is the property of Jagiellonian University Medical College and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Polityka Spoleczna is the property of Institute of Labour & Social / Instytut Pracy i Spraw Socjalnych and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Polityka Spoleczna is the property of Institute of Labour & Social / Instytut Pracy i Spraw Socjalnych and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

W artykule przedstawiono podstawowe elementy francuskiego systemu kształcenia ustawicznego, uznawanego za jeden z najbardziej rozwiniętych w Europie, koncentrując się na centrach kształcenia ustawicznego inżynierów w Grandes Ecoles. Omówiono w kontekście historycznym organizację tych centrów, a następnie ich działalność, obejmującą: strategię i zarządzanie, opracowywanie projektów i realizację form kształcenia ustawicznego, zapewnienie jakości tego kształcenia, marketing oraz współpracę z przemysłem. Zaprezentowano sieć współpracy Grandes Ecoles w dziedzinie kształcenia ustawicznego - CEIFCO, skupiając uwagę na niektórych danych charakteryzujących organizację i działalność centrów kształcenia ustawicznego uczelni członkowskich sieci. Podstawowym wnioskiem pracy jest postulat, że polskie wyższe uczelnie techniczne, tak jak francuskie Grandes Ecoles, powinny odgrywać główną rolę w kształceniu ustawicznym inżynierów.

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Copyright of Polityka Spoleczna is the property of Institute of Labour & Social / Instytut Pracy i Spraw Socjalnych and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Polityka Spoleczna is the property of Institute of Labour & Social / Instytut Pracy i Spraw Socjalnych and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Doświadczenie przeprowadzono w latach 2004–2006 w Zakładzie Dydaktyczno- -Doświadczalnym w Tomaszkowie k. Olsztyna. Celem badań była ocena wpływu różnych sposobów pielęgnacji i nawożenia azotem oraz stosowania fungicydów na zdrowotność pszenżyta ozimego odmiany Woltario. Sposób pielęgnacji wpłynął na nasilenie chorób liści i kłosów pszenżyta ozimego. Choroby najsilniej opanowały rośliny na obiekcie bronowanym i traktowanym herbicydem, a najsłabiej, gdy stosowano jedynie herbicyd. Nie stwierdzono jednoznacznego wpływu zabiegów pielęgnacyjnych na nasilenie chorób podsuszkowych. Liście roślin nawożonych doglebowo w trzech terminach były atakowane najsilniej, a najsłabiej – bez nawożenia azotem. Dolistne stosowanie części azotu istotnie poprawiało zdrowotność liści, w porównaniu z nawożeniem stosowanym wyłącznie doglebowo. Chemiczna ochrona roślin fungicydami bardzo skutecznie ograniczała występowanie chorób liści i podstawy źdźbła.

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Copyright of Polityka Spoleczna is the property of Institute of Labour & Social / Instytut Pracy i Spraw Socjalnych and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Polityka Spoleczna is the property of Institute of Labour & Social / Instytut Pracy i Spraw Socjalnych and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A study was carried out in 1998–2000 in a strict static field experiment at the Educational and Experimental Station in Tomaszkowo. The aim of the experiment was to determine the effect of lealand management and different soil cultivation variants on the sanitary state and yield of some crops. The first experimental factor was lealand management with the use of a mechanical or mechanical and chemical method (with Roundup 360 SL). The second factor was the method of soil preparation for sowing: single tilling + ploughing, single rotary tilling + ploughing, triple rotary tilling, triple tilling. In 1998, Dankowskie Złote cultivar of winter rye, in 1999 Anielka cv. of potato and in 2000 Bogo cv. of winter triticale were cultivated. The mechanical and chemical lealand management favoured the development of stem rust of cereal and grass on rye and the development of foot-rot on winter triticale. Mechanical lealand management was conductive to the development of potato late blight. The lealand management method did not have any effect on the yield of the crops. The method of soil cultivation at the time of the lealand management had an effect on the intensity of crop infection by some pathogens. Triple tilling and triple rotary tilling favoured the development of stem rust of cereal and grass on rye and the development of foot-rot of cereals (foot-rot, cereal rhizoctoniose). Ploughing the soil reduced the occurrence of these diseases. Triple tilling explicitly favoured the development of potato late blight. The soil cultivation method did not have any effect on the rye yield. The highest potato yields were obtained after triple tilling and single tilling + ploughing. The highest yield of triticale was obtained after single tilling + ploughing and the lowest after triple tilling. There was no correlation between infection intensity and crop yield.

A study was carried out in 1997–2000 in a strict static field experiment at the Educational and Experimental Station in Tomaszkowo. The aim of the experiment was to determine the effect of soil density, fertilization with lime and manure and soil cultivation method on the sanitary state of the experimental crops. In 1997 Elena cultivar of winter wheat, in 1998 Nadwislanski cv. of field bean, in 1999 Rodos cv. of spring barley and in 2000 Borowiak cv. of oat were cultivated. Foot-rot diseases (eyespot, foot-rot of culm base and fusarium foot-rot) occurred with greater intensity on the cereals cultivated on packed rather than on non-packed soil. Soil packing also favoured the development of septoria leaf spot, glume blotch on wheat, chocolate spot and leaf blotch, whereas it reduced the intensity of powdery mildew, brown rust and oat leaf spot. The application of lime significantly decreased the intensity of cereal foot-rot diseases, leaf blotch and powdery mildew. In addition, fertilisation with manure reduced the occurrence of cereal foot-rot diseases. However, it stimulated the development of septoria leaf spot, glume blotch and leaf blotch. In the case of the assimilation system, a correlation existed between factor I and II in relation to lime application. Lime application to packed soil reduced the development of pathogens, whereas lime applied to non-packed soil facilitated disease development. The method of soil preparation for sowing in the majority of cases had a significant effect on the sanitary state of crops. Plough skimming + deep ploughing and, to a lesser extent also subsoiling + medium ploughing, reduced the occurrence of all winter wheat diseases as well as foot-rot diseases of spring barley and oats. On the other hand, plough skimming + cultivator based cultivation-sowing equipment and, to a lesser extent also rotary-harrow type equipment, had a stimulating effect on the development of diseases, especially foot-rot.

The aim of the field experiment carried out in 2001–2003 at the Experimental Station in Tomaszkowo was to assess the sanitary state of winter triticale cv. Bogo protected with herbicides and herbicides in combination with urea. Urea was applied with different methods. In the phase of milk maturity, the Hinfner and Papp 5-degree scale was used to assess the intensity of leaf and ear diseases. The results were given as injury index. Septoria leaf blotch and glume blotch both caused by Septoria nodorum were the most dangerous triticale diseases. Additionally, yellow rust (Puccinia striiformis) and fusarium ear blight (Fusarium spp.) occurred in the first experimental year with the weather permitting strong triticale infection. The smallest intensity of infections were observed in unfertilized winter triticale and without the herbicides. On urea fertilized plots, Granstar 75 WG and Aminopielik D 450 SL had a positive effect, whereas Chwastox Extra 300 SL and Mustang 306 SE had an explicitly negative effect on sanitary state of winter triticale. All herbicide combinations had an undesirable effect on the sanitary state of triticale. Nitrogen fertilization method as the experimental factor (urea applied to soil or both to soil and on leaves) did not have an effect on the development of winter triticale diseases.

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Copyright of Polityka Spoleczna is the property of Institute of Labour & Social / Instytut Pracy i Spraw Socjalnych and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Polityka Spoleczna is the property of Institute of Labour & Social / Instytut Pracy i Spraw Socjalnych and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Paediatrics & Family Medicine / Pediatria i Medycyna Rodzinna is the property of Medical Communications Sp. z o.o. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Polityka Spoleczna is the property of Institute of Labour & Social / Instytut Pracy i Spraw Socjalnych and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Polityka Spoleczna is the property of Institute of Labour & Social / Instytut Pracy i Spraw Socjalnych and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Food allergy is a significant medical and social problem. Despite numerous scientific publications, complete epidemiological data are lacking. In order to provide good quality data from European countries, the EuroPrevall project - a multicentre international cohort study - was established. The study concerned epidemiology, diagnostic methods, allergy phenotypes, and socio-economic issues. The results of the research have been published in a number of original publications, and the aim of this work is to summarize the scientific reports contained therein and to compare the characteristics of food allergy in Poland against other European countries. Reports on allergies to selected following food groups were summarized: cow's milk, hen's egg, peanuts, hazelnuts, kiwi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Art of Healing / Sztuka Leczenia is the property of Jagiellonian University Medical College and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Annals of Theology / Roczniki Teologiczne is the property of Towarzystwo Naukowe KUL & Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawla II and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)