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Copyright of Polish Nursing / Pielegniarstwo Polskie is the property of Poznan University of Medical Sciences Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Polish Nursing / Pielegniarstwo Polskie is the property of Poznan University of Medical Sciences Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Polish Nursing / Pielegniarstwo Polskie is the property of Poznan University of Medical Sciences Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Polish Nursing / Pielegniarstwo Polskie is the property of Poznan University of Medical Sciences Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Polish Nursing / Pielegniarstwo Polskie is the property of Poznan University of Medical Sciences Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Perineural cyst (Tarlov cyst) is a lesion in a form of fluid-filled sacks, usually located within the nerve root sheath at the posterior root of a spinal nerve, whose wall is formed by: endoneurium, peripheral nerve fibers and ganglion cells and areolar tissue. Depending on the studied population, the frequency of lesion occurence was estimated at 1.5- 13.2%, with its significant majority occuring in women. Cyst development may be the result of ischemia, hemorrhage, inflammation or trauma. Cysts are usually asymptomatic theefore they are likely to bo detected accidentally. However, in approximately 1/4 of the cases, the cyst puts so much pressure on the nerve and the neighbouring nerve roots that it becomes symptomatic (causes pain). The presence of clinical symptoms may be an indication for conservative treatment (i.e. analgesics, rehablitation, cyst puncture) or surgery (usually laminectomy)., (© 2018 MEDPRESS.)

Influenza has been known since antiquity and still large numbers of people are affected with it, which results in numerous deaths around the world. Prophylactic vaccinations are a cost-effective comparing to costs of treatment of influenza and its complications. The aim of the study was determination of knowledge of first year students on methods of prophylaxis and treatment of influenza and its complications. It was found that the knowledge on influenza prophylaxis was widespread among students and the main sources of information were general practitioners as well as family and friends. The decision on declining vaccination was based mainly on the confidence of good state of health. Students who have been vaccinated against influenza know benefits of this form of prophylaxis but not always are familiar with contraindications. The majority of vaccinated group would recommend this form of prophylaxis to others.

It is commonly known that protection of human health depends to greatest extent on knowledge and actions good or hazardous for it. Childhood and youth are periods of life when education is more likely to have the best results. The aim of my paper was evaluation of the level of teenagers' knowledge of prohealth behaviours. The survey, in accordance with the standardised interview method, was carried out among the group of 100 secondary school students in the Lublin region. As a result it was proved that the level of the students' knowledge of certain prohealth behaviours varies. Negligence in health education is confirmed by a considerable percentage of wrong answers to questions concerning physical activity, selected issues from hygiene and stress. Health awareness among teenagers is moulded mainly by mass media and peers. The majority of the respondents admit incomplete knowledge of the subject. Since the role of the family in health education is rather limited, and the school includes this issue in its teaching programme to small extent, it would be desirable to place "health education" among other school subjects.

The epidemics of HIV infection spreads wider and wider. It is estimated that in 2002 about 5 million new cases were registered in the world. In the paper there were analysed information concerning cases of HIV infection and AIDS cases reported in Poland in the years 1985-2002. The epidemic situation of HIV infection and AIDS was compared with the data on the epidemics of the disease in other European countries given in the reports of the World Health Organisation. The number of newly diagnosed cases of HIV infection equaled 7880 in the studied period in Poland. Until the end of the year 2001 there were diagnosed 1153 cases of AIDS and 570 patients died of it. In comparison with other European countries the prevalence of HIV carrier state is low in the Polish population. The main group of HIV infection risk in our country are i.v. drug abusers, and among newly detected carriers the majority are men aged 20-29. Dynamic increase of HIV infected patients in the countries being neighbours of Poland that is Russia, Belarus and Ukraine as well as the rise in importance of the of heterosexual intercourses as a means of spreading of the virus may become a threat to health of the Polish population.

The aim of the paper is presentation of the issue of increase in number of the elderly in Lublin province and in Poland in the next 30 years. There were analysed demographic prognoses concerning age structure of the population of Lublin province and Poland until the year 2030, elaborated by the Main Statistical Office (GUS). There were taken under account age groups over 65 years of age, men and women. It was concluded that the percentage of the elderly in the studied populations will increase considerably, which is especially evident in females--in 2030 almost every fourth women in Poland will be aged 65 or more. The increase in number of the elderly citizens will change structure of employment and will force adequate modifications in social and health policy in Poland in order to meet the requirements of this age group and allow its due status in the society.

The aim of the paper was to evaluate carietic lesions of first permanent molars on the basis of panoramic radiograms. The material comprised 128 panoramic X-rays taken in patients aged 10 to 16, before the onset of orthodontic treatment and in the course of treatment (at 7 months to 5 years; mean 2.45). Teeth with carietic lesions, fillings, endodontically treated teeth, periapical lesions as well as extractions were evaluated. Relatively few first molars radiologically did not show any signs of pathology or state after treatment. It is noteworthy that the percentage of healthy and yet untreated teeth decreased from 26.76% in the first examination to 19.34% in the second radiogram. Only in 4 patients all first molars showed no signs of pathology on both radiograms. It was stated that high frequency of dental caries of first molars was a considerable problem of developmental age. Diagnosis of such lesions due to radiographic examinations leads to prompt treatment and prevention of consequences of early extractions, such as malocclusion and developmental disorders of maxillo-facial skeleton.

Limitation of tobacco use in Poland is one of the goals of state health policy. The effectiveness of anti-nicotine policy is influenced not only by law, but the way it is how introduced and obeyed, too. The aim of the paper is to present of opinions of future health service workers on effectiveness of anti-nicotine law that has been passed in Poland. Two-hundred and ninety-seven students of the Medical University of Lublin participated in the study--145 of the Medical Faculty and 152 of the Nursing Faculty. Standardized interview method using interview questionnaire was applied. Among the analysed students 24% were smokers, 16%--former smokers and 60%--non-smokers. As much as 87% believed that information on harmful effects of tobacco smoking included on cigarette packets had no influence on tobacco smoking habit. At the same time 44% postulates complete prohibition of advertising tobacco products, 32%--considerable limitation, while according to 24% such advertisements do not encourage to take up smoking. According to 32% of the respondents anti-nicotine campaign in media are unconvincing, and in the opinion of 24% there are too few spots on the existing campaigns. The ban of selling tobacco to juveniles is judged effective only by 2% of the students. The improvement in its effectiveness may be due to checking the age of buyers of cigarettes according to 57%, and due to introduction of license for selling cigarettes--30%. Medical faculties students believe that the anti-tobacco policy is ineffective, mainly because the laws are not obeyed, and there are too few actions promoting lifestyle without a cigarette.

Knowledge related to harmful influence of cigarette smoking on health is common in our society. However, it is the role of health care personnel to promote lifestyle without smoking. Successes of campaigns against smoking depend on the way the health care personnel is trained. The goal of the study is to evaluate the preparation of future doctors and nurses for tasks related to prevention against smoking in the society as well as help people addicted to it. Material includes 27 anonymous questionnaires filled in by students of Medical and Nursing Faculty Medical Academy in Lublin concerning their knowledge of methods used in campaigns against smoking. The results were worked out using descriptive statistics. The study group consisted of 229 women and 68 men. 91.6% questioned students think that both doctors and nurses should give an example of non smoking. 59.6% thinks that knowledge on the ways of prevention against smoking is necessary for health care personnel while 37% claims that it is essential in future job. However, 40% admits that their knowledge on how to help people get rid of the habit is insufficient and 52% does not now the methods of prevention. Despite this fact, medical education is the factor which affects the decision about non smoking. Examined students claim that it is essential to teach them how to prevent against smoking. Therefore it is advisable to update curriculum in Medical Schools with suitable subjects.

The aim of the paper is presentation of the issue of increase in number of older population and the influence of this phenomenon on functioning of health service in Poland. The material comprised statistical data concerning age structure of the Polish population and demographic prognoses for the next decades, elaborated by the Main Statistical Office (GUS). The percentage of children and adolescents will decrease according to prognosis from 28% in 2000 to about 21% in 2030. The population of adults at the age from 20 to 44 years, will diminish by about 3 million and its percentage will decrease to about 29%. Population at the age of 45-65 will reach this level. The highest rise in number and percentage will concern the population over 65 years of age. The extension of the length of life in Poland will be maintained. The life expectancy for women will be 84.3 years, and 78.0 years for men in 2050. Due to this fact in 2030 every fourth women in our society will reach 65 years of age. On the basis of these prognoses it is indispensable to plan restructuring of hospitals in order to increase the number of geriatric, nursing and day-care wards. The increase in number of the elderly citizens will impose changes in structure of employment in order to secure appropriate medical and nursing staff adequately trained for treatment and care of this age group.