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This paper discusses the potential of additive printing, the risks it poses to users’ health (including 3D printer operators) and the effects of chemical substances released during the printing based on the available in vitro and in vivo studies. It was shown that substances emitted during printing with the commonly used acrylonitrile butadiene styrene filament in additive manufacturing might have carcinogenic, hepatotoxic and teratogenic effects, as well as toxic effect on the respiratory system. The latest research on the mechanism of formation of particles and volatile organic compounds during 3D printing, the parameters affecting their potential emission, and trends in reducing these hazards are indicated. The need for the design of more environmentally friendly and less emissive printing materials, as well as strategies for prevention and individual and collective protection measures are emphasized. Users of 3D printers should be familiar with all possible aspects of the threats associated with the printing process. Insufficient data on direct exposure to chemicals and particles released during the use of filaments makes it difficult to build awareness of safe working practices. Of particular concern is the health impact of emitted chemicals and particles from thermally treated materials in one of the most popular technologies for 3D printing, i.e., fused deposition modelling. Exposure of the users to, e.g., plasticizers added to filaments occurs through a variety of routes, by absorption through the skin, by inhalation or ingestion. Available epidemiological data, as well as current experimental works, indicate that such exposure is a high risk of cardiovascular diseases, atherosclerosis in adults, and cardiac problems and metabolic disorders in children. This review, by identifying potential risk factors, may contribute to reducing the health loss of printer users and improving working conditions and safety, especially in enterprises where additive manufacturing technology is used. Med Pr Work Health Saf. 2024;75(2):159–171

Background The COVID-19 pandemic has led to a fundamental change in the lifestyle and the ways of learning and working patterns which in turn might lead to health consequences including musculoskeletal disorders. The aim of this study was to evaluate the conditions of e-learning and remote working and the impact of the learning/working modality on the occurrence of musculoskeletal symptoms among university students and workers in Poland. Material and Methods This study covered 914 students and 451 employees who filled in an anonymous online questionnaire. The questions covered 2 periods: before the COVID-19 pandemic and during the period from October 2020 to June 2021 and were aimed at obtaining information about lifestyle (including physical activity, perceived stress and sleep pattern), ergonomic of computer workstations, the incidence and severity of musculoskeletal symptoms and headaches. Results During the outbreak, the severity of musculoskeletal complaints increased significantly in the teaching staff group (3.2±2.5 vs. 4.1±3.0 VAS pts), in the administrative staff group (3.1±2.5 vs. 4.0±3.1 VAS pts), and in the student group (2.8±2.4 vs. 3.5±2.8 VAS pts). The average level of burden and risk of musculoskeletal complaints was revealed by the assessment using the ROSA method, in all 3 study groups. Conclusions In light of current results, it is very important to educate people on the rational use of new technology devices, including the appropriate design of computer workstations, planning breaks and time for recovery and physical activity. Med Pr. 2023;74(1):63–78

Choć nazwy żeńskie od wieków należą do zasobów leksykalnych polszczyzny, to kategoria feminatywum wciąż wzbudza sporo emocji zarówno wśród użytkowników języka polskiego, jak i w mediach. Artykuł jest analizą opublikowanych na przełomie 2019 i 2020 roku prawicowych tekstów publicystycznych dotyczących nazw żeńskich. Analiza poświęcona jest wskazaniu i omówieniu pojawiających się w tekstach manipulacji językowych oraz użytych przez ich twórców technik erystycznych. Autor zaczyna od nakreślenia statusu nazw żeńskich oraz zarysowania dziejów tej kategorii w polszczyźnie. W dalszej części osadza badania w kontekście współczesnego dyskursu publicystycznego o feminatywach oraz określa metodologię, którą będzie się posługiwał. W części analitycznej, odnosząc się do przykładów z analizowanych tekstów, kolejno wskazuje pojawiające się manipulacje językowe oraz opisuje użyte techniki erystyczne. W podsumowaniu autor sugeruje, że temat feminatywów w prawicowej prasie okazuje się tylko pretekstem do ideologicznych sporów.

Księga Jonasza porusza ważny w środowisku judaistycznym problem prawa również pogan do nadziei zbawienia, jakim cieszą się Żydzi. Protagonistą historii ilustrującej ten ciągle aktualny problem jest prorok imieniem Jonasz, którego Bóg obarczył misją głoszenia Niniwitom konieczności nawrócenia jako warunku ocalenia. Próba Jonasza uchylenia się od tej misji – nie wierzył, by Niniwici wzięli sobie do serca jego apel – się nie powiodła. Ponieważ miasto się nawróciło, a Jonasz miał to za złe Bogu, że historia toczy się nie po jego myśli, Bóg posłużył się krzewem rycynusu, aby przekonać niesfornego proroka, że Jego intencją jest, aby grzesznik – czy Żyd, czy poganin – się nawrócił i żył. Historia Jonasza, właściwie nowela o wydźwięku satyrycznym, piętnuje ciasnotę myślenia współczesnych autorowi rodaków, którzy – być może pod wpływem reformy Ezdrasza-Nehemiasza – wyznawali rygorystyczny separatyzm Judejczyków i pogan. Problem był aktualny i w czasach Chrystusa, skoro w swojej polemice z faryzeuszami przywołał On postać Jonasza. Pierwotny Kościół odczytywał tę księgę już w świetle zmartwychwstania Jezusa, podczas gdy wyznawcy judaizmu nie chcieli jej uznać jako dowodu boskiej i mesjańskiej Jego misji. W świetle wypowiedzi Jezusa Księga Jonasza jest wezwaniem do kierowania się przesłankami wiary zawartymi w historii zbawienia, do osobistego nawrócenia nie tylko od grzechów, ale i od ciasnoty myślenia, wreszcie, że ocalenie/zbawienie może zapewnić dopiero uznanie Go jako Zbawiciela, czego rękojmią jest „znak Jonasza” czyli Misterium Paschalne.

Copyright of Przegląd Elektrotechniczny is the property of Przeglad Elektrotechniczny and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Aim. This study aimed to adapt the shortened version of the Self-Compassion Scale (SCS-SF) into Polish and to evaluate the psychometric properties and factor structure of this new measure. Method. The study included 596 adults (aged 18-50) from the general population (459 women). Of these 596, 47 individuals completed the SCS-SF one month later to assess its stability. The adaptation procedure followed the procedure of the translation of the original version of the scale. Reliability of the measurement was checked using Cronbach's alpha internal consistency index and the test-retest method. Convergent validity was evaluated using correlations between SCS-SF scores and intensity of mindfulness (understood as a trait), life satisfaction, self-esteem, acceptance of experiences, and levels of anxiety and depression. Stability was assessed by intraclass correlation coefficients between two measurements. Construct validity was examined using confirmatory factor analysis. Results. The results showed that the Polish version of the SCS-SF has good psychometric properties and stability. Confirmation analysis suggests the presence of one main factor - global self-compassion assessment. Conclusions. The SCS-SF measures a global level of self-compassion and should be useful particularly when respondents' time is limited. To obtain measures of sub-scales of self-compassion, we recommend using a full version of the SCS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Celem prezentowanych badań jest próba zastosowania i oceny wybranych narzędzi składni przestrzeni w analizie konfiguracyjnej ciągów pieszych na terenie wielorodzinnego osiedla mieszkaniowego. Zakres przestrzenny badań obejmuje Teofilów B, jedną z trzech części wielorodzinnego osiedla mieszkaniowego Teofilów w Łodzi. Realizacja celu składała się z trzech etapów: konstrukcji teoretycznej reprezentacji ciągów pieszych na obszarze badań oraz obliczenia ich wybranych parametrów konfiguracyjnych, obserwacji rzeczywistego ruchu pieszych na obszarze badań oraz oceny zgodności pomiędzy realnie występującym ruchem pieszych a miarami teoretycznymi. Otrzymane wyniki wskazują na istotną korelację pomiędzy wartościami teoretycznymi a rzeczywistym ruchem pieszych na badanym obszarze. Świadczy to o tym, że model teoretyczny sieci ciągów pieszych oraz zastosowane miary wypracowane na gruncie składni przestrzeni cechują się wysokim dopasowaniem do realnego natężenia ruchu pieszego. Dzięki temu są one wartościowym narzędziem wspomagającym planowanie i organizację układów urbanistycznych, pozwalając nie tylko testować rozwiązania przestrzenne w fazie projektowej, ale także uzasadniać reorganizację istniejących układów.

IntroductionLipid disorders are the most important risk factor of cardiovascular disease (CVD). For clinical practice and assessment of patient`s cardiovascular risk the most relevant is to determine plasma concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C). Blue-collar workers are a group of patients with higher estimated cardiovascular risk than other workers groups.The aim of the studyThe aim of the study was to asses prevalence of lipid disorders in blue-collar workers from Lubelskie region.Material and methodsThe method of this paper was to perform a retrospective analysis of data provided by the National Health Fund. The study population enclosed patients aged 35, 40, 45, 50, 55 included in the Cardiovascular Disease Prevention Program held in Primary Healthcare (PH) setting on the area of Lubelskie region in years 2008-2018. Patients analyzed were blue-collar workers. The chi-square test was used to test the relationship between the two qualitative features and the Pearson linear correlation between the quantitative features. The analyzes were performed using the IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, version 25 program (IBM Corp., Armonk, N.Y., USA). The significance level was assumed to be α = 0,05.ResultsIn 26 226 patients hyperlipidemia was observed in 65,6% and LDL cholesterol levels higher than 115 mg/dl in 52,8% of patients. The mean total cholesterol serum concentration was 203,8 mg/dl, LDL cholesterol - 120,1 mg/dl and median triglycerides concentration – 101,0 mg/dl.ConclusionsHyperlipidemia was a common problem in blue-collar workers in Lubelskie region in years 2008-2018. Intense prophylactic actions are needed to reduce cardiovascular risk of this group of population.

IntoductionAccidents and injuries are a major challenge for modern medicine. According to EUROSTAT data from 2016, accidents were the fifth most frequent cause of death among citizens of the European Union countries. Injuries of the urogenital-tract represent about 10% of all injuries, thanks to epidemiological analysis it is possible to continuously improve the effects of their treatment.AimThe aim of this study is to analyze the epidemiology of urogenital-tract injuries in 2006-2018 in Poland, in the region of Lublin Voivodeship, and to compare them with other papers on a similar subject.Material and methodsThe retrospective analysis was carried out on all patients with S-T diagnosis according to ICD-9 treated in hospitals in the Lublin Voivodeship in 2006-2018. The analysis was based on statistical data collected by the National Institute of Public Health – National Institute of Hygiene. There were 934 patients selected. The collected material was analyzed statistically using the STATISTICA 13.1 program.ResultsOut of 934 patients the vast majority were men (n=782, 83.73%), the remaining part of analyzed population was women (n=152, 16.27%). The average age of the analyzed group was 33 years 5 months, injuries were most common in 15-30 years old group. Mortality of urogenital-tract injuries in the analyzed group was 0.75%. The most frequent injuries were to the external genitals (55.4%) followed by renal (29.66%) and urethra (5.56%) bladder (3.43%). Urinary injuries were very rare.ConlusionsInjuries to the urogenital-tract most often involve young men. They are relatively rare and their mortality rate is low. External genital trauma is the most common injury to the urogenital-tract, while renal injury is the most common within the urinary tract. Occasionally injuries to other organs of the urinary tract occur. The main mechanism of injury is blunt but within the lower urinary tract a significant role is played by iatrogenic injuries.

Mobile applications for the Android platform can be implemented using Java or C#. The article presents a comparison of the time performance of these languages when sending various text, image and video files in a mobile application. The tests were carried out using two mobile applications with identical functionalities. Based on the collected data, the server application calculated statistics, such as, for example, the time required to send 1MB of data depending on the file type and size. Based on the results obtained, it was proved that in the case of data transfer via a wireless network, an application written in Java is characterized by greater time efficiency than an analogous application written in C#.

The paper presents the research methodology and the analysis of the results of the comparison test of two methods of controlling the exoskeleton of the upper limb using signals of muscle activity and manual control devices. The results show the advantage of the joystick method over EMG in terms of usability, task execution time, ease of use and comfort.

Artykuł poświęcono dotychczas nieopracowanej w literaturze przedmiotu kwestii funkcji, jakie portret trumienny spełniał po pochówku. Wizerunek zmarłego zawieszany w przestrzeni sakralnej utrwalał pamięć o nim oraz podkreślał jego „obecność” w czasie liturgii. Podstawą analiz są przede wszystkim inskrypcje identyfikujące zmarłego, towarzyszące wizerunkowi, przeważnie umieszczane na osobnych blachach mocowanych z portretem do trumny. Teksty te często mają formę panegiryku, a zawierają zwroty adresowane głównie do uczestników praktyk religijnych już po pochówku. Inskrypcje odzwierciedlają odmienne wizje zaświatów u katolików i protestantów.

Artykuł dotyczy portretu trumiennego, czyli malowanego na blasze wizerunku nieboszczyka, który przytwierdzany był do trumny na czas egzekwiów. Autor analizuje ten artystyczny fenomen sztuki i kultury śmierci doby staropolskiej oraz związaną z nim problematykę badawczą. Wyjaśnia zagadnienie jego genezy, metryki oraz funkcji w sarmackiej obyczajowości w okresie nowożytnym.

Copyright of General Medicine & Health Sciences / Medycyna Ogólna i Nauki o Zdrowiu is the property of Witold Chodzki Institute of Rural Medicine and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of General Practitioner / Lekarz POZ is the property of Termedia Publishing House and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction According to the current state of knowledge, breastfeeding is the best method of feeding newborns, infants and young children. World organizations and associations and authorities of the medical world recommend breast milk as the most suitable for the proper development of the child. Natural feeding brings many important health benefits, both for the mother and the child, and promotes the formation of emotional ties. It is also economical and convenient to use. The purpose of the studywas to assess the attitudes of women towards breastfeeding and the state of their knowledge on the subject. Material and methods The study group consisted of 96 mothers of children treated in the Department of Neonate and Infant Pathology at the University Children's Hospital in Lublin. The study used the method of a diagnostic survey using a questionnaire constructed by the authors. The obtained results were analyzed using the STATISTICA 12.5 program. Results 53.9% of respondents gave a positive answer to the question about breastfeeding their own child. As the main reasons for its interruption were given most often too little food (36.6%) and child's illness (26.8%). 79.8% of women replied that the help of health care workers in breastfeeding training is needed, but only 56.2% of respondents believe that the information obtained was sufficient. Only 41.6% of respondents knew that lactation affects fertility and the possibility of becoming pregnant. In the question whether breastfeeding allows a better relationship between the mother and the child, 95.5% gave a positive answer. 98.9% emphasized the positive impact of breastfeeding on the relationship between parents. As many as 60.7% of women intended to give up natural feeding after returning to work. Conclusions A surprisingly high percentage of women resign from natural feeding, despite relatively good knowledge about the benefits resulting from it. Advice from healthcare professionals is an important source of information for women. Breastfeeding after returning to work is an important problem.

Introduction A brain tumor is the most common solid cancer in children and the most common cause of cancer-related death in this age group. Its first symptom presented by child may be some irritation symptoms, primarily in the form of focal seizures. In case of such problem clinician has a wide range of neuroimaging methods available. Case Report A 16-year-old girl was admitted to the Paediatric Department on December 6, 2018 after the first episode of generalized tonic-clonic seizures with retrograde amnesia. In EEG paroxysmal acute and slow theta-delta 3-4 Hz high-voltage discharge in the temporal leads and in CT with contrast no focal changes. The treatment was postponed due to fact that was the first episode of seizures in life, On June 4, 2019 a second epileptic attack occurred. CT of the head without contrast did not reveal focal changes. In EEG focal lesion in the right posterior temporo-occipital-parietal region in the form of low-voltage slow delta 1-2 Hz waves and concomitant seizure changes in the form of very numerous short discharges of acute and slow theta-delta 3-4 Hz waves. In MRI, in the occipital lobe cortex at the height of the wedge and the visual cortex after administration of the gadolinium contrast agent 3 focal lesions with contrast augmentation: 7mm and below 2 changes 15x6mm in diameter and 5mm in diameter were visualized. In the flair and T2 sequence at this height there was edema of up to 25x13mm. Conclusions CT of the head without contrast should be a screening test to exclude mainly traumatic changes and intracranial bleeding. The correct picture of such an examination does not exclude abnormalities within the brain structures. MRI is more accurate in imaging of brain structures and should be the examination of choice if CNS diagnostics is needed.

Introduction Trauma is defined as damage to cells, tissues and organs caused by external factors acting on them. According to WHO data, trauma caused 4.8 millions of deaths in 2016. Urogenital trauma occurs in 10% of all the injuries in the human population. Aim of the study The aim of this study was to characterize the patients treated for injuries in Urology Department in Regional Hospital in Poland and compare the results with the data from literature. Material and methods The study involved patients hospitalized in Regional Specialist Hospital in Puławy, Poland from 2007 to 2018. The survey was based at analysis of medical documentation. The collected data has been subjected to statistical analysis. 66 patients were included in the study group. Their average age was 43.25 years. Results The absolute majority of patients were men – 81.81% (n=54), women – 18.18% (n=12). The average age for males was 42.27 and for the females – 44.25. Most frequent trauma in our study was the renal trauma 36.36% (n=24). 47.06% of this injuries were associated with MVA's. The second most frequent group was a genital trauma - 21 patients (31,81%). 81.81 % of them required surgical treatment. Another group constituted 10.6 % (n=7) were the patients treated for bladder injury. Penis was injured in 6.06% (n=4), 75% of patients required a surgery. Urether has been injured only in 4.55%. Conclusions Kidney is the most frequent organ of genitourinary tract, affected by trauma, particularly during MVA's. Victims are usually treated conservatively. External genitalia injuries, especially male, are also very frequent. Mostly patients need a rapid surgical intervention but appropriate treatment allows the patient to recover completely without any lasting disability

Introduction: Family Medicine is a relatively new specialisation in Poland, that was created to increase availability of comprehensive medical care near the place of residence. Due to the major deficiency of human resources there is a huge need of educating medical personnel. Objectives: This study is an evaluation of knowledge level and attitudes towards family medicine specialisation of The Lublin Medical University Medical Faculty 5th year students, starting their family medicine classes. Results: Among the respondents 1.49% declared willingness to start family medicine specialisation, 40.89% is considering this career path, 39.03% is not considering this career path, 18.59% is definitely not considering this specialisation. Main factors, which are the reasons why students consider undertaking family medicine specialisationwere: flexible working hours (79.82%), wide range of patient’s ailments (78.07%), no on-call time (73.68%). On the other hand, students consider job in PHC as monotonous and hardly prestigious and 94.1% of respondents assessed that cooperation of family physicians with other specialisations is average at best. Only 13% correctly indicated what are the factors the amount of money per patient depends on. Majority of students correctly named family physicians’ responsibilities and medical examinations that family physician can perform under the agreement with National Health Fund. Conclusion: Research gathered in this document indicate on little interest in family medicine specialisation among students and at the same time on lack of certain knowledge about job in PHC. Thus, there is a need to create relevant educational programmes which would turn future doctor’s attention to general practice.

Introduction Infection is the most common cause of children medical consultations. Often the clinical picture of the patient is disproportionate to the results of laboratory tests which may indicate for generalized infection. Case reports Case 1: A 4-year-old patient admitted to the Department due to a fever 39˚C lasting from 2 days and periodic abdominal pain. Good general condition, throat slightly red. In laboratory studies, procalcitonin 44.5 ng/ml, CRP 121.5 mg/dl, WBC 15.32 ths/ul. Empirical treatment with ceftriaxone and vancomycin was included. Blood cultures, Staphylococcus hominis MLSB, MRCNS. Case 2: A patient nearly 5 years old admitted to the Department due to a fever 39.5˚C. In outpatient examinations CRP 41 mg/dl, WBC 39 ths/ul. Physical examination: reddening of throat mucosa, palatine tonsils slightly enlarged, reddish, without rash. In laboratory tests CRP 95 mg/dl, WBC 41.95 ths/ul, PCT 1.19 ng/ml. On the second day of hospitalization, an increase in inflammatory markers was observed (PCT 1.47 ng/ml, CRP 235.7 mg/dl). Vancomycin was added. Case3: 18-month-old boy admitted to the Department due to fever 40.5˚C. Good general condition, throat slightly reddened, occasional cough. In laboratory tests PCT 8.07 ng/ml. Empirical antibiotic therapy with ceftriaxone was implemented. Due to persistence of fever up to 39.5˚C - control tests of PCT 10.03 ng / ml. Vancomycin was implemented. Urine culture negative, in blood culture the present growth of Staphylococcus warneri. Conclusions It is extremely important to be vigilant in case of feverish children. Sometimes, despite a good general condition and no significant abnormalities in a physical examination, we can deal with generalized infection.

The sixth edition of the Polish Soil Classification (SGP6) aims to maintain soil classification in Poland as a modern scientific system that reflects current scientific knowledge, understanding of soil functions and the practical requirements of society. SGP6 continues the tradition of previous editions elaborated upon by the Soil Science Society of Poland in consistent application of quantitatively characterized diagnostic horizons, properties and materials; however, clearly referring to soil genesis. The present need to involve and name the soils created or naturally developed under increasing human impact has led to modernization of the soil definition. Thus, in SGP6, soil is defined as the surface part of the lithosphere or the accumulation of mineral and organic materials permanently connected to the lithosphere (through buildings or permanent constructions), coming from weathering or accumulation processes, originated naturally or anthropogenically, subject to transformation under the influence of soil-forming factors, and able to supply living organisms with water and nutrients. SGP6 distinguishes three hierarchical categories: soil order (nine in total), soil type (basic classification unit; 30 in total) and soil subtype (183 units derived from 62 unique definitions; listed hierarchically, separately in each soil type), supplemented by three non-hierarchical categories: soil variety (additional pedogenic or lithogenic features), soil genus (lithology/parent material) and soil species (soil texture). Non-hierarchical units have universal definitions that allow their application in various orders/types, if all defined requirements are met. The paper explains the principles, classification scheme and rules of SGP6, including the key to soil orders and types, explaining the relationships between diagnostic horizons, materials and properties distinguished in SGP6 and in the recent edition of WRB system as well as discussing the correlation of classification units between SGP6, WRB and Soil Taxonomy.

Introduction In the majority of cases violence and aggression have been and are directed against women, and also the older ones. Nevertheless, the number of reported incidents of abuse and neglect of older people does not match the number of the cases discovered and treated. Objective The aim of the research was to determine the risk factors of violence against people over 65 years of age, with regard to all the forms of the phenomenon (psychological, physical, material and sexual violence and neglect). Material and methods This series of research were conducted from 1 September 2014 to 28 February 2015 in family doctor’s clinics in the Lublin Voivodeship chosen at random. The research participants comprised 1047 people. The methods applied included the analysis of both doctor’s and nurse’s medical documentation. Results The violence risk factors for the victim are as follows: old age, low level of education and dependency on other people. The worse situation of the people living in the country who are more frequently subject to almost all types of violence as compared with the city-dwellers. Violence against older people is a manifestation (very often ignored) of pathologies of family life. Conclusions Old age, low level of education and dependency on other people among elderly are the risk factors of becoming violence victim. There is worse situation of the people living in the country who are more frequently subject to almost all types of violence as compared with the city-dwellers. Violence against older people is a manifestation (very often ignored) of pathologies of family life.

Introduction ‘Osteoporosis is a metabolic bone disease, a condition characterized by low bone mass and microarchitectural deterioration of bone tissue, leading to enhanced bone fragility and a consequent increase in fracture risk’. It is a contemporary, currently recognized definition of osteoporosis formed by the research group of World Health Organization. It is estimated that due to increased life expectancy, the number of fractures may rise three times within 60 years, principally given the lack of appropriate strategies of osteoporosis prevention. Objective The aim of the paper was to evaluate selected health-seeking behaviours as well as the knowledge of osteoporosis prevention rules in perimenopausal women. Material and methods The research method was a self-made survey questionnaire. The population under the survey involved 450 female patients aged 40-65 selected at random. Results Survey results indicate insufficient knowledge and health-seeking behaviours among the respondents. What is also striking is the fact of underestimating the relationship between the use of stimulants (cigarettes, coffee, alcohol) and osteoporosis, not enough physical activity of the subjects as well as the lack of systematic gynecological control concerned with hormonal balance disorders (characteristic for the perimenopausal period). Conclusions Insufficient knowledge of prevention and proper health-seeking behaviours contribute to the increase in the incidence of osteoporosis.

Hegel’s Political Philosophy in Joachim Ritter’s Interpretation This article outlines Joachim Ritter’s attempt to detach Hegel’s political and social philosophy from its Marxist interpretation. The first section examines the differences between the reception of Hegel’s legacy by Ritter and by the Frankfurt School. The latter views Hegel primarily as a forerunner of Marx, while Ritter perceives Hegel as committed theorist and advocate of modern state and civil society. The second section focuses on Ritter’s attitude towards the post-revolutionary society. In particular, it explores Ritter’s interpretation of the concept of modern university and interest in history as a reaction to rapid modernization. The last section turns to Ritter’s criticism of the rejection of the contemporary social and political realities – represented by both right-winged reactionaries and far-left progressivists – and also demonstrates Ritter and his School’s contribution to intellectual legitimization of the post-war German Federal Republic.

W filmach oraz grach cyfrowych dotychczas przeważały dwa stanowiska wobec rozwoju sztucznej inteligencji, portretujące ją jako zagrożenie tudzież obronę przed tym zagrożeniem. Celem artykułu jest ukazanie – na przykładzie gry Event[0] – narodzin nowego paradygmatu w kulturze popularnej, w którym sztuczna inteligencja staje się równorzędnym partnerem wymagającym szacunku ze strony człowieka. Posługując się metodą autoetnografii analitycznej, autor docieka możliwości pogodzenia w kontekście tej gry Heglowskiego, antropocentrycznego humanizmu z prądem posthumanistycznym. Rezultaty badań pozwalają dowieść zarówno postępu technologicznego sztucznej inteligencji w grach cyfrowych, jak i wyłaniania się nowego spojrzenia na relację człowiek-maszyna, pozbawionego protekcjonalności poprzednich dzieł kultury popularnej.

Założeniem niniejszego artykułu jest pokazanie, jak tradycyjny hierarchiczny model nauczania może zostać usprawniony poprzez modyfikację relacji nadrzędności „mistrz/uczeń” i zamianę jej na efektywny model równorzędnej współpracy w ramach fakultatywnych spotkań przekładoznawczego koła naukowego celem realizacji praktycznych projektów, których założeniem wyjściowym jest zaistnienie w otwartej przestrzeni kulturowej (pokaz, festiwal filmowy lub publikacja). Równorzędni uczestnicy zadania przekładoznawczego uczą się nie tylko języka, faktów kulturowych zawartych w danym tekście, ale także praktycznych uwarunkowań przekładu i pracy w grupie, a co za tym idzie uczą się świadomie i odpowiedzialnie. Nie tylko oceniają innych, ale też przez innych są oceniani, a to prowadzi do rozwijania zdolności konstruktywnego myślenia krytycznego w ramach autorefleksji nad przekładem jako elementem edukacji językowej i teoretyczno-praktycznej w polu Translation Studies. Uczestniczy opisywanej sytuacji są ekspertami językowo-kulturowymi (w rozumieniu Vermeera), a także uczestnikami zintegrowanego modelu nauczania języka (CLIL). Przeniesienie w ramach współpracy eksperckiej ciężaru z tzw. power-over na układ power-with + power-to, prowadzi do osiągnięcia pożądanych w procesie uczenia learner autonomy i student empowerment.

Introduction Alcohol use disorder is a very common problem in many societies. It produces vast problems in the area of health of individuals, relations in families, public healthcare costs and danger to other community members. In Poland, 11.9% of Polish residents can be included in the general category of alcohol abusers, in which 2.4% of people meet the diagnostic criteria for alcohol addiction. Thus, even every family doctor meets in his practice patients who drink alcohol excessively and identification of patient suffering from alcohol-related problems is crucial as simple interventions are very effective. Objective To present methods of assessment and screening for alcohol use disorder. Results Screening for alcohol use disorder is complex process. Family doctor should carefully look for such symptoms as bloodshot eyes, reddish, swollen face with dilated facial capillaries and hand and tongue tremor. Patients may report some social problems. Laboratory tests may reveal elevated aspartate gamma glutamyl transferase levels and raised mean cell volume. Apart from clinical assessment, general practitioner should use standardized questionnaires like AUDIT, AUDIT-C, CAGE or MAST to identify patients with alcohol use disorder, Conclusions The problem of excessive alcohol consumption is very common in the primary care. Assessment of alcohol use disorder occurrence in patient is absolutely important and should be multifarious. General practitioner should perform careful physical examination and history taking, as some symptoms and signs may be indicators of problems with drinking alcohol. Obtaining results of simple laboratory tests can be a diagnostic tip as well. Screening also involves use of diagnostic instruments, preferably AUDIT (or AUDIT-C) or MAST, CAGE tools.

Introduction Advanced age of a large part of society is associated with many health as well as social and economic consequences. Among them, disorders of mobility and falls of elderly have important place. The pathophysiology of falls among elderly is complex. It includes visual impairment, vestibular disorders, dementia, sarcopenia and use of many drugs. Screening for falls risk is essential part of everyday primary healthcare provider practice. Critical review of medications, management of chronic diseases may prevent falls. Apart from this, there are some professional functional assessment instruments available. Objective The objective of this work is to present reasons of elderly falls and functional assessment instruments suitable to assess risk of falls. Results Among analyzed instruments Timed Up-and-Go test, Elderly Fall Screening Test, Tinetti Performance Oriented Mobility and Berg Balance Test were chosen to be described, due to the best characteristics according to needs of primary care. Conclusion Falls are important health problem in elderly. Frequently, falls result in serious injury and following disability. Consequences of elderly falls may be even fatal. Thus, healthcare providers should pay attention especially to modifiable risk factors of falls. Among them is polypharmacy and use of selected drug groups. The burden of coordination of patient treatment, critical review of administered drugs and systematic screening for increased falls risk lays on family doctors. The most suitable for primary healthcare setting instrument designed to address this aim, seems to Timed Up-and-Go test. Tools as Elderly Fall Screening Test, Tinetti Performance Oriented Mobility and Berg Balance Test can be used as well.

Introduction Primary healthcare in Poland plays a key role in the whole public healthcare structure in Poland. Professionals employed in this sector meet not only health needs of patients but also psychological and emotional ones. Primary health care also contributes to the social and economic development of the society. The one of strategic goals of primary healthcare in Poland is to provide satisfaction with its services, which is strictly related to patients expectation towards general practitioners. Objective The purpose of this study is to present how expectations of patients towards general practitioners are depicted in professional literature. Results Analysis of presented studies showed that patients of Polish primary healthcare practices mainly expect discussion about the health problem and comprehensible information on how to deal with their illness. On the other hand one large-group study revealed that patients await on the first place effectiveness of treatment, professionalism of the practitioner and the solution of the their problem. Although, explaining and informing was also very frequently chosen answer in the questionnaires. Polish patients of general healthcare services relatively rarely expect emotional support, but seeking some kind of psychological help may be even the main reason for visits of patients over 65 to a primary care physician. This is crucial issue as many patients who met general practitioners with their complaints are from geriatric age group. Conclusions A satisfactory exploration of the patients' expectations in primary health care conditions seems to be pivotal for an good communication with patients and providing adequate healthcare. Lack of understanding of the patient's needs and lack of coping skills with patients who primarily expect to be able to talk to their doctor and receive comprehensive information, explanation of medical problem and emotional support, may be a source of dissatisfaction with the visit of both the doctor and the patient.

Introduction Nowadays, systematic increase in the share of older people in the community around the world is described. In elderly some characteristic health problems are observed. One of them is frailty syndrome. Objective The objective of this work is to present symptoms of frailty syndrome and ways of its diagnosis. Results There is an emerging evidence that such health problems as heart failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and renal failure may contribute to frailty syndrome development. Most widely used definition of frailty, delineates it as a state of increased vulnerability from age-associated decline in reserve and function resulting in reduced ability to cope with everyday or acute stressors. According to consensus of medical societies, all persons aged 70 years and older should be involved in the group in which screening for frailty is performed by healthcare providers Conclusions With severe life-threatening consequences, frailty is considered as a condition that should be included in the elderly screening program. There are many instruments used for frailty screening. In primary healthcare clinical setting the most practical are brief and accurate tools, assessing multidirectional issue of frailty. These criteria are to the highest extend fulfilled by the Tilburg Frailty Index, the Groningen Frailty Indicator and the Gérontopôle Frailty Screening Tool.

Introduction It is estimated that in 2015 in Poland 1 878 988 patients suffered from depression. Depressive disorder is associated with significant decrease of life quality. Untreated depression can be fatal, as it is a recognized risk factor for a suicide attempt. Thus, identification of patients with symptoms of depressive disorder in primary healthcare is very important, as rapid implementation of treatment can prevent unfavorable depression effects. Objective The aim of this study is to present ways of identification patients with depressive disorder and screening tools suitable for primary healthcare setting. Results Careful physical examination and history taking are highly important in depresion case finding. Patients may present with many uncharacteristic somatic complaints. Moreover, there are some group of patients that are at higher risk of depressive disorder. The most important one includes patients with other mental disorders; previous history of depression and familial predisposition to depression. There are many depression screening tools. The most popular are Patient Health Questionnaire, Beck Depression Inventory and Geriatric Depression Scale. Conclusions Many individuals, finally diagnosed with depressive disorder, meet their family doctor for uncharacteristic complaints. This is highly important for primary care physicians to be acquainted with most common somatic manifestations of depression. In primary care setting PHQ-2, PHQ-9 can be successfully used. BDI-PC also appears as measure suitable for family physicians. Geriatric population should be assessed with use of shorter version of GDS, but PHQ-2, and PHQ-9 are also recommended for this age group.

Introduction Self-medication is a phenomenon that has been accompanying people for centuries. Nowadays, it is gaining strength due to increasing health awareness and greater availability of medicines. Self-medication significantly relieves the public health care system and can be considered as a positive phenomenon of public health. However, it involves threats such as polypharmacy, drug interactions or delayed diagnosis of serious diseases, especially dangerous for the elderly. Objective The aim of this study was to assess the occurrence of self-healing among patients of one of Lublin's hospitals and their determinants. Material and methods The research was carried out between May and August 2014 among 140 aged over 65 years patients of Hospital of Jan of God in Lublin and members of their families. The study used methods s diagnostic survey and a questionnaire constructed by the authors. The obtained results were subjected to statistical analysis using the STATISTICA 13.0 program. Significance of intergroup differences was verified using the Pearson Chi-square test. Results 79.29% of respondents admitted that they buy over-the-counter drugs. The ailments that were the cause of self-medication were the common cold (32.14%), pain (29.29%), weakness of the body (19.29%), gastrointestinal complaints (12.14%) and inflammation of the upper respiratory tract ( 9.29%). Conclusions Self-medication among seniors is a very common phenomenon. Nearly half of the seniors surveyed change their medical recommendations, most often shortening the time of using drugs only to relieve symptoms or taking medications selectively. Therefore, there is a need for intensive education of patients regarding self-medication with the use of over-the-counter drugs.

Introduction Insomnia is one of the most common sleep disorders affecting a very large percentage of the general population. This can be visualized by reporting insomnia by up to 50% of patients attending a family doctor. In the elderly population the prevalence of sleep disorders most often in the form of insomnia is even higher. Physical and mental health problems and behavioral determinants may affect insomnia. Moreover, sleep pattern in healthy older individuals substantially changes with age. Objective The aim of this study is to present various factors influencing insomnia in the elderly and depict clinical picture of this medical problem. Results Article depicted common medical reasons of insomnia. Conclusions Sleep problems in elderly have a very diverse background. Aging of individuals results in changed sleep architecture and total sleep duration. According to this facts, some older patients may have not realistic expectations regarding sleep length, not real sleep problems. Physical illnesses are plausible reasons of even severe insomnia, including chronic musculoskeletal pain, cardiovascular diseases like heart failure or ishaemic heart disease, rhinitis and nasal congestion, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or gastroesophageal reflux disease. Nocturia is also reported as frequent reason of awakenings in elderly. Menopausal hot flashes also make sleep intermittent. One of the common reasons of insomnia as well as daily symptoms is obstructive sleep apnea, often undiagnosed, as it remains interpreted as only snoring. Mental health problems as depression, anxiety and dementia have a considerable impact on sleep quality.

Introduction The Polish population is systematically aging. Health behaviors have a significant impact on the health and quality of life of seniors. Objective of the work The aim of this study was to assess the level of health behaviors among people over 65 living in the Lublin province. Material and methods The study was conducted from February 2014 to May 2014, among 80 people over 65, members of Senior Clubs, Universities of the Third Age and patients of the Institute of Rural Medicine in Lublin, living in the Lublin city and rural areas of the Lublin province. The research was conducted using a diagnostic survey - the Inventory of Health Behavior of IZZ Juczyński and a questionnaire constructed by the authors. The obtained results were subjected to statistical analysis using the STATISTICA 13.0 program. Significance of intergroup differences was verified using the Pearson Chi-square test. Results The index of health behaviors for all respondents was on average 83.65, including 87.10 for women and 78.19 for men. Most of the respondents assessed their health condition as good or average, they also undertook physical activity, usually walking. Nearly three quarters of patients complained of circulatory system diseases. Conclusions The examined elderly people were characterized by a high level of health behaviors. Women and younger people show more intense health behaviors than men and people from the older age group. Women and people with higher education levels, in the past, statistically more often observed the principles of rational nutrition and lead a healthy lifestyle. Among men, proper eating habits are rated worst, and in the more advanced age category - the positive psychical approach. Most of the respondents take physical activity, commonly walks and bike riding.

Introduction Disability is becoming progressively more common. It is defined as a limitation in the ability to carry out basic functional activities. A functional ability is determined by many convergent factors. The main cause is physical disability, resulting from many highly various diseases. Further, functional capacity of elderly depends on social and financial support, and the environment. Objectives The aim of this study is to present issue of functional capacity of elderly people and its assessment tools. Results Examination of geriatric patient should be complex. If functional capacity is mentioned, physician is expected to assess patient`s chronic diseases, emotional state and social situation. Then, use of validated tools should be performed. These are ADL, IADL, Barthel Index and FIM. Conclusions When taking care of older people, the assessment of functional status is pivotal. Performing such assessment give many possibilities to physician that help improve patient`s quality of life and everyday safety.Use of validated tools facilitates obtaining some objective data about patient general health status and comparison with the results of tests obtained after the lapse of time, thus detecting new problems becomes easier. The most commonly applicated instruments are ADL, IADL, Barthel Index. Even though, these tools are effective in assessment of elderly functional capacity, a full comprehensive geriatric assessment should be performed after implementing them.

The potential and position of Poland in comparison with other EU countries in the field of solidbiomass production and the possibilities that flow with the use of this raw material for energy purposesare presented. To assess changes in the biomass market in EU countries, tabular, graphical and descriptivemethods were used. Due to its geographical location and climatic conditions, Poland is developing the RESsector using its own resources, which gives it one of the leading positions in the EU. This has a significantimpact on the difficulties that Poland is facing to achieve the EU’s 15% renewable energy share in finalgross energy consumption.

Introduction Global and local societies experience problem of changes in demographic structure. The demographic transformation will be associated with increasing number of health, social and economic problems. One of them is dementia, commonly diagnosed among people over 65 years of age. Screening for dementia allows earlier diagnosis and treatment of disease, providing better long-time effects. General practitioner is one of the healthcare professionals most commonly seen by patients with their everyday health problems. Thus, doctors from this branch of medicine are mostly entitled to perform screening for many diseases including dementia. There are many dementia screening tools available. Objective The objective of this work is to present dementia screening tool suitable to use in general practice environment. Results The most widely used is Mini Mental State Examination test. It is used both for initial assessment and for tracking the dynamics of changes over time. Other test as Montreal Cognitive Assessments test or Clock Drawing Test, Short Test of Mental Status are screening tools for detecting mild cognitive impairment. In general practices some other tools as GPCOG, Mini-Cog and MIS can be used. They are recommended due to simplicity of performance and short time required to perform examination. Conclusions Many tests are recently developed to perform screening for dementia. In general practice environment only tests with high reliability and short time of performance can be implemented. MMSE is the most widely used questionnaire in clinical setting. Apart from this tool, it is suggested to use GPCOG, Mini-Cog, MIS as time of their application is highly adjusted to conditions of general practice and have high sensitivity and specificity.

A three-year field experiment was set up in the experimental facility of the University of Natural Sciences and Humanities in Siedlce (52°12'N, 22°28'E) in the autumn of 2011. It was carried out in a split-plot design, in three replicates, with plots of 3 m2 as experimental units. The purpose of the research was to examine whether soil conditioners (UGmax, Eko-Użyźniacz, Humus Active Papka) available on the market and used in farming substantially increase the yield of dry matter, together with total protein and soluble carbohydrate content, in selected grass species (Dactylis glomerata L., Lolium perenne L.). Out of all treatments, UGmax with mineral fertilisation increased the yield of dry matter, total protein, and soluble carbohydrates to the highest level. The soil conditioners applied in the experiment positively affected the content of nutrients, which could have contributed to an increase in forage intake by animals. These results confirm the advantages of their use in organic farming, creating the possibility of a partial reduction of mineral fertilisers use.

Introduction The number of patients suffering from diabetes mellitus is growing globally. It is expected to observe 253.4 million sufferers in geriatric population in 2045. In this time, also 131.5 million of people is going to have dementia and other cognitive problems. In people aged over 65 these two diseases are concomitant quite often. What are the connections in the area of etiology and treatment? Aim The purpose of this study is to present links between dementia and diabetes are depicted in professional literature. Results Diabetes and dementia are associated on many levels. These conditions have common risk factors. Diabetes may contribute to cognitive impairment in many ways, promoting development of atherosclerosis, brain vessel damage and vascular dementia. Alzheimer disease may be promoted by hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia. On contrary also hypoglycaemia, often met in elderly diabetic patients has negative impact on cognitive function. Dementia seriously affects treatment of diabetes. The main problems are not satisfying adherence and diabetes self-management. Conclusions Prevention of diabetes and dementia risk factors can be performed simultaneously as the are common for both diseases. Enhancing physical activity, reducing saturated fats consumption, levels of cholesterol and body mass are considered to be beneficial in the context of described conditions. Furthermore, treatment of diabetes is strongly affected by cognitive dysfunction. Management of dementive diabetics requires individualization and using long-acting drugs. It is crucial to reduce risk of life-threatening hypoglycaemias and to create wide team to take care of these patients.

Introduction Breast cancer, with an estimated 1.67 million new cases diagnosed in 2012 (25% of all cancers), is the second most common neoplasm worldwide. It is also the most frequent proliferative process among women. Objective Evaluation of the level of students’ knowledge concerning risk factors and prophylaxis of breast cancer. Material and methods The study was conducted among randomly selected students of high schools from Lubelskie region between April and June 2017. Participation in the study was voluntary and anonymous. The study group consisted of 137 students. The study used the method of a diagnostic survey using a questionnaire constructed by the authors. The obtained results were statistically analyzed using the STATISTICA 13 program. The significance of intergroup differences was verified with Pearson chi-square test. Results The vast majority of students indicated the following main risk factors of breast cancer: family history, genetic predispositions, smoking and advanced age. In the respondents opinion, palpable tumor, changes in the size or shape of the breast and enlargement of axillar lymph nodes were the main symptoms of breast cancer. The Internet was indicated as the main source of breast cancer knowledge. Conclusions Interviewed students showed relatively low level of knowledge concerning problem of breast cancer risk factors. Young people use Internet as a main source of information about breast cancer and its prophylaxis. According to the results, it is necessary to mobilize health professionals, to promote rules for the prevention of breast cancer among young women. There is a need of new, wide, persuasive social campaigns from the area of breast cancer prevention.

Introduction The number of patients suffering from diabetes mellitus is growing globally. Diabetes is a disease requiring cooperation from the patient. Numerous cases of behavior not satisfying doctor are interpreted as lack of subordination and willingness to adapt to medical recommendations. Problems with adherence to treatment may be a result of decrease in cognitive functions, and associated cerebral diabetes complications as stroke, structural brain changes, depression and diabetic distress. Aim The purpose of this study is to present cerebral complications and their consequences depicted in professional literature. Results Diabetes has many severe cerebral complications. Patients may experience both ischaemic and haemorrhagic stroke and ensuing disability. Moreover, diabetes is described to be a serious factor contributing development of brain structural changes. There was decrease in of gray and white matter reported to be associated with decline in cognitive functions. Diabetes is also described as cause of depression and diabetic distress. These two affective problems are very serious reasons influencing everyday activity of patients. Glycaemic control in such individuals is significantly poorer than in people not suffering from these complications. Conclusions The cerebral complications of diabetes are frequent, especially in population of elderly people. They have substantial influence on cooperation with patient, treatment adherence and its outcomes. Every situation of doctor`s dissatisfaction with the results of diabetic education, compliance and self-care activities performed by the patient should lead to investigation if he have any diabetes cerebral complications.

Psychocardiology is a science that combines an insight of biomedicine, psychology and sociology sciences. The goal of this discipline is to study the relationship between psychological profile, personality, social functioning and cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Low socio-economic status, deficiency of social support, stress in work environment and in family life, depression, anxiety as well as hostility are partly responsible for risk of developing CVD and a poor prognosis of CVD. In everyday practice of physician clinical interview should be used to identify these psychosocial risk factors. After identification of psychosocial problems multimodal behavioural interventions are recommended to implement in treatment process. They should involve health education, physical activity, psychological and pharmacological therapy and learning of techniques of coping with illness and unfavorable social circumstances. Psychosocial risk factors of cardiovascular diseases are not widely recognized as a cardiovascular risk factor in their own right. However, they contribute to deterioration of treatment adherence and annihilate attempts of lifestyle improving. The pronounced psychosocial aspects of cardiovascular diseases pathogenesis make health promotion in patients and whole population difficult. Thus, considered factors are ponderous public health problem.

System śledzenia ruchu ręki oraz palców jest powszechnie stosowany w immersyjnych aplikacjach rzeczywistości wirtualnej umożliwiając użytkownikowi symulacji interaktywne uczestnictwo poprzez manipulację wirtualnymi przedmiotami. W artykule zaprezentowano ww. system w postaci rękawicy wyposażonej w czujniki typu MEMS w celu rejestracji orientacji oraz marker wizyjnego systemu ruchu (przemieszczeń) w przestrzeni trójwymiarowej. Rękawica rzeczywistości wirtualnej została zintegrowana z oprogramowaniem Unity 3D do pracy w czasie rzeczywistym oraz przetestowana.

Introduction: In recent times, there is an intense debate on the the merits of the use of vaccination and post-vaccination complications among Poles. Vaccination against influenza is recommended in Poland. Many of the opponents use arguments which are not scientifically substantiated but widely widespread. Statistics show that the percentage of Poles who decide on vaccination, continues to decline. Aim: The aim of this work is to evaluate level of knowledge about influenza vaccinations among parents of children treated in University Children’s Hospital of Lublin. Material and methods: There were 90 participants who filled surveys prepared by the authors of the study. Data analysis was performed using STATISTICA 12.5. Results: The observed percentage of parents who do vaccinate their children was low - only 17.8% The main reasons for the resignation are: fear of adverse side effects (53.3%) and financial reasons (15.6%). Nearly half of parents believe that a healthy diet and daily doses of vitamin C to prevent flu and points to the effectiveness of antibiotics in the treatment of influenza. 14.4% believe that the influenza is the same as cold Over 30% say that regular vaccination weakens our immune system. Most frequently chosen sources of knowledge, from which parents derive knowledge about influenza vaccination, are: Internet (64.4%), doctor (42.2%) and TV (32.2%). Conclusions: Most participants in the study presents a relatively low level of knowledge about influenza vaccination, and most of them are aware of the seriousness of this disease. Lack of knowledge about the basic facts about vaccination, may be the cause of the low percentage of vaccinated children. A large part of the parents renounces vaccination due to financial problems.

The article describes difficulties and problem in working in a noble family archives encountered by archivists employed in the archives of the Radzwiłł family in Nieśwież during the first half of the 18th century. Advantages and disadvantages of work of Nieśwież’s archivists employed by Michał Kazimierz Radziwiłł alias „Rybeńko” (1702–1762), voivode of Vilnius and Grand Hetman of Lithuania, are described mostly by their correspondence. A summary of these problems was a six-point supplication from October 23, 1743 by the director of archives and library in Nieśwież Józef Weszel, aimed at his employer; the supplication is published as an annex tothis article.

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Copyright of General Medicine & Health Sciences / Medycyna Ogólna i Nauki o Zdrowiu is the property of Witold Chodzki Institute of Rural Medicine and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Social media are a source of an enormous amount of data that can support investment decisions, with the development of digital technology in the field of data processing making the analysis of the content published on sites such as Twitter, Facebook and YouTube an indispensable part of the investment process for many financial market participants. The aim of this study is to identify the applications of social media in financial market investing, as well as undertaking to determine the position of social media among the available sources for obtaining market information. The empirical data used in the analysis was obtained through a survey carried out using the CAWI method. The results of the survey indicate that social media are an important source of information, especially for respondents with experience in financial market investments, although they are inferior to financial portals in this respect. The varied use of the social media platforms analysed was also recognised. The main advantage of using Twitter was identified as the ability to monitor current trends and follow the profiles of investment experts, for Facebook it was the ability to join investment-themed groups, while YouTube was valued for its access to educational content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]