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Both the Russian hybrid activities and warfare include the use of genocide to strengthen the Krem­lin’s position and overcome Ukrainians. It can be observed within many spheres, but mainly as the Russian Federation falsely accuses Ukraine of committing genocide against Russians and claims that the West supports it. Russians commit war crimes that fulfil all the requirements to be considered genocide. The Kremlin uses genocide as a part of cognitive warfare, trying to influence not only the way the Ukrainians are thinking but also how they are behaving. In unofficial channels, there is much content showing Russian violence to generate fear and diminish the resilience of Ukrainians. Bearing in mind how much Russia has already lost with respect to the hybrid war in Ukraine, it is more and more likely that the Kremlin will focus in the future on hybrid activities and will try to exploit the potential of the threats that have already materialised. Principally, the hybrid warfare potential of genocide has been explored by Russians to various extend. This work addresses chosen aspects of the use of genocide by the Russian Federation in the conduct of hy­brid activities and warfare in Ukraine from 2022, as well as the motivation behind it.

Państwo, jako instytucja, jest zawsze głównym gwarantem każdego rodzaju bezpieczeń-stwa, ale to społeczeństwo jest podstawowym podmiotem i przedmiotem wszelkich przyj-mowanych rozwiązań instytucjonalnych. Ciągła interakcja między państwem a jego obywate-lami jest warunkiem sine qua non bezpiecznego funkcjonowania każdego systemu demokra-tycznego. Priorytetową rolą tegoż jest ochrona egzystencjalnych podstaw życia ludzi oraz gwarancja realizacji ich potrzeb i aspiracji życiowych oraz rozwoju. Należy do niej także bu-dowanie postaw społecznej aktywności i zaangażowania w tworzenie warunków bezpiecznej egzystencji, zarówno jednostek, jak i całych grup społecznych. Szczególną strukturą, w ra-mach której jednostki uczą się kreatywności i nabywają umiejętności zaspokajania potrzeb i realizowania interesów, nie tylko w wymiarze indywidualnym, ale również wspólnotowym, jest społeczeństwo obywatelskie. Jest to wspólnota osób, które wykorzystują swój osobisty kapitał (intelektualny, ekonomiczny, społeczny) w celu zaspokajania zbiorowych interesów i budowania wspólnego dobra. Wspólnotowość społeczna urzeczywistnia się najwyraźniej w powoływaniu do życia organizacji pozarządowych, czyli zrzeszeń ludzi dobrowolnie działają-cych w imię realizacji interesu publicznego. Praktyczny wymiar działalności organizacji poza-rządowych sprowadza się przede wszystkim do świadczenia usług, których ani państwo, ani rynek nie są w stanie lub nie chcą realizować. Trzeci sektor stanowi zatem istotny element zaspokajania potrzeby bezpieczeństwa, także społecznego. Celem artykułu jest zdiagnozo-wanie stanu polskiego sektora społecznego oraz roli, jaką odgrywają organizacje pozarządowe w tworzeniu bezpieczeństwa społecznego w Polsce, po transformacji systemowej w 1989 roku. W artykule odwołano się w analizach głównie do treści dostępnej literatury przedmiotu. Wykorzystano także dostępne materiały źródłowe oraz istniejące akty prawne. Zanalizowano wyniki badań dotyczących funkcjonowania trzeciego sektora w Polsce, prowadzone przez niezależne instytucje badawcze skupione od wielu lat na problematyce jego działalności.

The purpose of this article is to compare selected configuration management systems on Linux. These systems had to meet the condition of integration with Linux. The two of the most popular systems were chosen which are Puppet and Ansible. The comparison was based on a simple system configuration using these two systems in several aspects: installation, file and folder management, package management, user management, configuration of the Apache server and Firewall. Through this comparison, it was possible to determine which system is more suitable for a novice Linux system administrator.

Seeing of emptiness and mystical experience — the case of Madhyamaka: The problem of Buddhist religiosity is one of the most classic problems of Buddhist studies. A particular version of this issue is the search for mystical experience in Buddhism. This is due to the conviction that mystical experience is the essence of religious experience itself. The discovery of such an alleged experience fuels comparative speculations between Buddhism and the philosophical and religious traditions of the Mediterranean area. Madhyamaka is the Buddhist tradition which many researchers saw as the fulfillment of such mystical aspirations in Buddhism. In this paper I specify the standard parameters of mystical experience (non‑conceptuality, ineffability, paradoxicality, silence, oneness, fullness) and I conclude that they either cannot be applied to Madhyamaka or that the application is only illusory.

The paper presents the idea of cross­‑cultural philosophy, which have inspired the organizers of the cyclic global conferences held at the University of Hawai’i at Mānoa, USA, since 1939. First, the author discusses some definitions of the comparative method applied in contemporary philosophy and promoted, among others, through the project of the “East­‑West Philosophers’ Conference”. Then, she reports the major themes and panel topics raised during the eleventh conference organized in Honolulu, May 25–31, 201

Problemem poruszonym w artykule jest zjawisko greenwashing, które jest coraz częściej stosowane przez biznes, aby wprowadzić konsumentów w błędne przekonanie o wizerunku firmy lub produktu, jako przyjaznego środowisku naturalnemu. Celem artykułu jest analiza strategii greenwashing stosowanych przez sklepy dyskontowe w ofercie produktów spożywczych i na ich opakowaniach przez producentów. Przeanalizowano kilkadziesiąt produktów żywnościowych organicznych oraz "udających" organiczne w dwóch popularnych sieciach dyskontowych w Polsce. Analiza wyników potwierdza, że w wybranych sieciach stosuje się nieodpowiedzialnie społecznie praktyki sprzyjające stosowaniu strategii greenwashing.

The paper discusses the issue of psychophysical agency in the context of Indian philosophy, focusing on the oldest preserved texts of the classical tradition of Sāṃkhya-Yoga. The author raises three major questions: What is action in terms of Sāṃkhyakārikā (ca. fifth century CE) and Yogasūtra (ca. third century CE)? Whose action is it, or what makes one an agent? What is a right and morally good action? The first part of the paper reconsiders a general idea of action — including actions that are deliberately done and those that ‘merely’ happen — identified by Patañjali and Ῑśvarakṛṣṇa as a permanent change or transformation (pariṇāma) determined by the universal principle of causation (satkārya). Then, a threefold categorization of actions according to their causes is presented, i.e. internal agency (ādhyātmika), external agency (ādhibhautika) and ‘divine’ agency (ādhidaivika). The second part of the paper undertakes the problem of the agent’s autonomy and the doer’s psychophysical integrity. The main issues that are exposed in this context include the relationship between an agent and the agent’s capacity for perception and cognition, as well as the crucial Sāṃkhya-Yoga distinction between ‘a doer’ and ‘the self ’. The agent’s self-awareness and his or her moral self-esteem are also briefly examined. Moreover, the efficiency of action in present and future is discussed (i.e. karman, karmāśaya, saṃskāra, vāsanā), along with the criteria of a right act accomplished through meditative insight (samādhi) and moral discipline (yama).

The Buddhist philosophical school of Madhyamaka is famous for its statement that things do not have their own inherent nature, essence or self‑nature (svabhāva). As a result, it is said that there is no objective foundation of the identity of things. Thus, the identity of things is not grounded in things themselves but is solely imputed and externally imposed on them. Things are what they are only for us, whereas for themselves, or from their ‘own side’ they are empty (śūnya). That is why Madhyamaka philosophy is often compared to the philosophical conceptions inspired by a linguistic reflection (from Ludwig Wittgenstein to Jacques Derrida) which defines the problem of identity in terms of cognitive subjectivism and constructivism. Starting the analysis from the Abhidharma Buddhist tradition I will show that this reading of Madhyamaka view is too narrow. I will demonstrate that it is a result of an assumption, shared by Parmenides and Plato and wrongly ascribed to this Buddhist school, that the identity of being must be grounded in the self‑existing, self‑defined and (relatively) permanent ontological foundation. This tacit assumption, if rejected, makes any identity a completely subjective and relative construct. The point I am going to argue for, however, is that the Madhyamaka school sticks to an alternative understanding of objectivity; the foundation of all things is nothing but pure relation that precedes, in the ontological sense, all co‑related elements (i.e. things). Therefore, the question comes up: how being‑in‑relationship or ‘relationality’ may be the foundation of identity and what kind of identity it endows. I will try to answer these questions.

Values are the main factor of people’s aspirations and motivations. They are also favourable to creation of man’s self-identity, which is understood as a competence to acting and solving problems. These are the main reasons for values’ leading role in the social life. There is no consensus between authors how to define a value term. Each of them has his/her own idea for describing a value problem. Despite of these discrepancies, the authors of this article take an endeavour to search values preferred by students of the Faculty of Social Sciences of the Jan Kochanowski University’s Branch in Piotrków Trybunalski. This article contains only preliminary conclusions according to our empirical research. The fundamental elaboration is already being prepared. The general results of our research show that values preferred by our respondents are similar to the rest of population. The family is the most important value in our students’ lives. Parents and grandparents have the biggest influence on shaping their values hierarchy. But most of all, our respondents are convinced that being able to relay on oneself, own thoughts and ideas is the most important value in today’s life.

The paper starts with some textual distinctions concerning the concept of God in the metaphysical framework of two classical schools of Hindu philosophy, Sāṃkhya and Yoga. Then the author focuses on the functional and pedagogical aspects of prayer as well as practical justification of “religious meditation” in both philosophical schools. A special attention is put on the practice called īśvarapraṇidhāna, recommended in Yoga school, which is interpreted by the author as a form of non-theistic devotion. The meaning of the central object of this concentration, that is puruṣa-viśeṣa, is reconsidered in detail. The subject matter is discussed in the wider context of yogic self-discipline that enables a practitioner to overcome ignorance ( avidyā) and the narrowness of egotic perspective ( asmitā), recognized in the Hindu darśanas as the root-cause of all suffering or never-fulfilled-satisfaction ( duḥkha). The non-the¬istic devotion and spiritual pragmatism assumed by the adherents of Sāṃkhya-Yoga redefines the concept of “God” ( īśvara) as primarily an object of meditative practice and a special tool convenient for spiritual pedagogy.

A comparative perspective in the study of religion has recently been taken up more and more often. It goes along with a growing awareness of cultural and religious plurality as well as of the importance of religion in terms of its role in the social, political, and economic processes of the contemporary world. This also gave an impulse to organize the two-day international seminar on “Comparative Methodology in Religious Studies” held in Kraków on 23–24 May 2013, at the Pedagogical University of Cracow, Department of Philosophy and Sociology, in co-operation with the Editors of Argument: Biannual Philosophical Journal. During the seminar a variety of methods applied in the comparative study of religion were discussed. The participants considered which of them seemed to be most beneficial or useful for a better inderstanding of the subject matter, and for capturing the uniqueness and divergence between Abrahamic, Indian (Dharmic), and other religious traditions. Some criteria for a proper comparison in the field of religion were defined and justified during this discussion. The presenters took into account both the sociological context of the analysis and philosophical consideration of the most fundamental questions within comparative methodology.

The key goal of work was to study of basic information possibilities of the Japanese Candles method and to present its usefulness to make decisions on agricultural markets. The method is a result of the evolution of methods of technical analysis, which lasted for centuries. The usefulness of this method to make decisions is high, but significantly affect have the ability to interpret the observed signals and taking into account the specificities of agricultural markets.Celem opracowania bylo zbadanie podstawowych mozliwosci informacyjnych metody swiec japonskich oraz przedstawienie jej przydatnosci do podejmowania decyzji na rynkach rolnych. Zaprezentowano zwiezla ewolucje metod analizy technicznej oraz scharakteryzowano podstawowe narzedzia metody swiec japonskich, takie jak objecie bessy i hossy, pojedyncze swiece i ich formacje dajace sygnal do wycofania z rynku, doji , luki oraz formacje kontynuacji trendu.

The author of this paper discusses three major points: (1) a significant feature of linguistic analysis in the classical Indian philosophical tradition; (2) the role of the religious practice (īśvara-pranidhāna) in the search for true self-identity in Sāṁkhya and Yoga schools (darśana-s) with special reference to their gnoseological purposes; and (3) some possible readings of “ahaṁkāra” and “asmitā” displayed in the context of Sāṁkhya-Yoga phenomenology and metaphysics. The collision of language and metaphysics refers to the risk of paralogism caused be the common linguistic procedures making the subject define its identity within the semantic order (that is verbal conventions and grammatical rules) which do not reflect the actual metaphysical situation of the self, though it determines one’s self-understanding in the empirical sense. Whereas Sāṁkhya-Yoga aims at recognizing, reorganizing and, finally, going beyond these procedures regarded as the obstacles on the path towards selfknowledge and liberation from metaphysical ignorance.

The key goal of work is to estimate the economical effectiveness of the enterprises in the divisions in manufacturing in Poland. The compound measure constructed of economical indicators have been used. This methodical way has been useful so as to put in order examined objects by economical and financial situation. Divisions of manufacturing have been allocated to four groups of economical effectiveness and the differentiation of economical effectiveness has been estimated.

Problemem badawczym opracowania była jakość życia mieszkańców obszarów wiejskich. Jako, że obszary te, szczególnie po okresie intensywnych zmian systemowych, które trwają do dnia dzisiejszego, przeszły wiele bardzo głębokich przeobrażeń obejmujących zarówno sferę gospodarczą jak i społeczną, obserwuje się liczne następstwa w odniesieniu do poziomu jak i jakości życia mieszkańców wsi. Są to obszary stale monitorowane i objęte wsparciem Państwa i Unii Europejskiej dlatego istotne jest poznanie efektów dotychczasowych działań na rzecz poprawy warunków i jakości życia ich mieszkańców. Analizą objęto ludność wiejską z trzech celowo wybranych województw, które reprezentowały różny poziom życia. W badaniach empirycznych posłużono się metodą CATI, wybór respondentów był celowo-losowy. Podstawowymi kryteriami doboru ankietowanych był wiek, wykształcenie, miejsce zamieszkania. Przeprowadzona analiza poczucia jakości życia mieszkańców obszarów wiejskich w połączeniu z poziomem życia umożliwiła ustalenie występowania zróżnicowania jakości życia. Określono sfery życia, z których mieszkańcy wsi są najmniej zadowoleni. Ustalono, że poziom zadowolenia z jakości życia jest różny w zakresie terytorialnym.

W pracy określono wpływ etefonu na komponenty plonu linii izogenicznych pszenicy zwyczajnej: ‘Bezostnaja’ Rht-B1a (wysokie – kontrola), ‘Bezostnaja’ Rht-B1b, ‘Bezostnaja’ Rht-B1d i ‘Bezostnaja’ Rht-B1e. Linie te badano w latach 2000/2001–2002/2003 w Gospodarstwie Doświadczalnym w Czesławicach. Uzyskane wyniki badań poddano analizie wariancji. Na pod-stawie trzyletnich badań stwierdzono, że zastosowanie etefonu powodowało redukcję wysokości roślin w badanych liniach izogenicznych. Największą redukcję wysokości roślin obserwowano w liniach ‘Bezostnaja’ Rht-B1a i ‘Bezostnaja’ Rht-B1d, co przyczyniło się istotnie do zmniejszenia wylegania w tych liniach. W krótkosłomych liniach pszenicy zastosowanie regulatorów wzrostu zawierających etefon nie wpływało niekorzystnie na liczbę ziarniaków w kłosie. Zastosowanie preparatów zawierających ten związek w liniach ‘Bezostnaja’ Rht-B1b i ‘Bezostnaja’ Rht-B1d powodowało najczęściej wzrost wartości tej cechy. Wykazano ponadto niewielki wpływ etefonu na masę 1000 ziarniaków oraz plon ziarna z poletka analizowanych linii izogenicznych.

W pracy badano linie rekombinacyjne odmiany Mercia z genami niewrażliwości na fotoperiod (Ppd-A1) oraz formy kontrolne wrażliwe na długość dnia (ppd-A1). Doświadczenie przeprowadzono w Gospodarstwie Doświadczalnym w Czesławicach. Analizowano liczbę dni od 1 maja do pełni kłoszenia, wysokość roślin, liczbę kłosków w kłosie, liczbę ziarniaków w kłosie, ciężar ziarniaków z kłosa, masę 1000 ziarniaków, płodność kłoska, plon ziarna z poletka oraz oceniono porażenie przez choroby. Na podstawie przeprowadzonych badań stwierdzono, że geny Ppd-A1 istotnie wpływały na przyspieszenie terminu kłoszenia roślin. W trzyletnich badaniach wykazano, że rośliny linii rekombinacyjnych, zawierających geny Ppd-A1 były niższe w porów-naniu z roślinami linii kontrolnych (ppd-A1). Wartości analizowanych cech ilościowych, a także porażenie przez choroby w liniach rekombinacyjnych oraz w formach kontrolnych były zbliżone.

The leading theme of the first volume of the Argument: Biannual Philosophical Journal is Subjectivity and Self-knowledge. Five contributors focused on this theme consider various aspects of the self, referring either to western authors (Włodzimierz Heflik, Roger Melin) or eastern thinkers (Marzenna Jakubczak), or undertaking a comparative perspective and discussing arguments given both by western and Indian philosophers (Arindam Chakrabarti, Sven Sellmer).

For several days in late May 1905 Warsaw workers and craftsmen, mostly of Jewish origin, smashed up brothels, private dwellings of members of the underworld and well-known criminal dens. The events quickly became known as the „pogrom of the pimps". Observers at the time as well as historians opted for very different interpretations of the incidents. Mass attacks on brothels and criminals were seen as a moral crusade of the Warsaw proletariat, a revolutionary campaign organised by one of the left-leaning organisations (e.g. Bund), a counterrevolutionary campaign inspired by Russia or a Russian provocation to bring about a pogrom of the Jews. The author of the article presents the Warsaw disturbances of 1905 from a perspective that has been marginalised so far -- that of tension between the underworld and members of the workers' movement. The conflict between the two groups became even more bitter on the eve of the revolution, when members of the underworld, acting for foremen and the police, would terrorize the workers who went on strike. Revolutionary ideas and slogans of left-wing organisations mobilised workers to organise themselves and form groups that would protect people living in the Jewish district against criminals. On 23 May a private dispute between a worker and a member of the underworld became the flashpoint that ignited the riots. The „pogrom of the pimps" marked an escalation of the existing conflict between the underworld and the workers, but was not an isolated incident. Attacks on criminals and brothels run by members of the underworld continued on a smaller scale throughout the Russian Empire for two more years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism is the property of Termedia Publishing House and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)