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Introduction: Grain products, especially bread, play an essential role in the nutrition of people around the world. However, due to the release of excessive amounts of pollutants into the environment, grain products may also contain some amounts of potentially toxic elements, which may have a negative effect on the human body. Material and methods: The aim of the study is to analyze the content of heavy metals in selected gluten and gluten-free breads available on the Polish market, and to assess the non-cancerous and cancerous exposure of consumers to cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb). This assessment covered the exposure of eight age groups. The content of Cd and Pb was determined by the ET-AAS method. Results: The highest mean concentration of Cd was recorded in wheat-rye bread (0.072 mg/kg), the lowest in gluten-free bread (0.021 mg/kg). The general distribution of Cd in individual types of bread was as follows: wheat-rye > wheat > rye > gluten-free bread. Conclusions: The estimation of exposure to Cd and Pb of the consumers of wheat and wheat-rye bread showed that a significant health risk may occur in the population of children < 11 years of age.

Introduction It is believed that football injuries account for up to 3% of all injuries that requires hospitalization. Often the cause of accidents is brutal and incompatible with the game. Aim The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of sports injuries in football competitors in group of players from Złotoryjski Klub Sportowy. Material and methods The research material was a group of 25 male trainees actively football. The respondents were men aged 16 to 38 years old. Players train average 3 times a week for 90 minutes. In research was used the questionnaire of diagnostic sounding. The answers of the respondents were divided into categories and analyzed statistically. Test results In ZKS Górnik Złotoryja team the most common injuries occured on incorrectly prepared grass pitch, said the vast majority – 75%. In studied group the most common injury was sprain ankle which suffered 16 respondents which gives 41%, other suffered of back pain 13%, 11% suffed of hip-joint, 10% suffered of other injuries such as head injuries. Among other injuries, respondents mentioned: twisted knee-joint, twisted wrist, breaking shoulder, back pain, meniscus damage. Conclusions 1. Players in the vast majority suffered injuries of musculoskeletal system. 2. Due to nature of fooball the most vulnerable to injuries were lower limbs. 3. The most common injuries in surveyed group were sprains and bruises in lower limbs. 4. Among the circumstances in which players suffered injuries pointed on overtrain and direct clash with the opponent. Among technical reasons the most pointed was improperly prepared football pitch.

Actinomycosis is a very rare cause of inflammation of the labial soft tissue in girls. It is characterised by hard inflammatory infiltrates accompanied by fibrosis, abscesses and fistulas. The non-specific course of the disease makes a correct diagnosis difficult. In this paper, we have presented diagnostic and therapeutic difficulties in the inflammation of the labial soft tissue of probable actinomycotic aetiology in a 7-year-old girl. The patient was hospitalised twice, including three surgical procedures due to labial tissue inflammation and abscess. Methicyllin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus was cultured from the abscess content. Systemic antibiotics from six different classes were used; however, no improvement in the local condition was achieved. The abscess was irrigated with gentamicin solution; steroid ointments and physical therapy were used, but with no effect. A suspicion of actinomycotic infection was raised due to the chronic course of the disease and poor response to treatment. Penicillin was administered for a total period of 3 months, resulting in rapid improvement and, ultimately, a complete recovery of the child. Although the actinomycotic aetiology was not confirmed by cultures or histopathological examination, the course of the therapy has allowed to suspect Actinomyces infection.

In 2014, Apple unveiled a completely new programming language for the iOS and OS X platforms. Swift was presented as a modern programming language, such as: safe, easy to learn and easy to use. This article presents the performance comparison between the Swift and Objective-C languages. For the purpose of the research, two applications were developed, one in each language, implementing sorting algorithms and data structures such as arrays, dictionaries and sets.

The article analyses the role the migrant associations play in language education of children with migrant background. The presented research assumes language education of migrants as the process of learning language of host country and other foreign languages as well as mastering the language of the country of origin. It is stated that in Portugal mother tongue tuition is usually offered outside the state school framework and the Ukrainian language education is organised and funded by voluntary and private initiatives, one of which is migrant communities themselves. Different migrant associations and their centres in Portugal have been described. Protecting the rights and interests of immigrants and their descendants, strengthening positive attitude to Ukrainians and Ukrainian state, supporting and developing Ukrainian national identity, spirit, language, culture and heritage of Ukrainians who reside or stay in Portugal were proved to be among the main tasks of their creation. The associations of Ukrainians were said to contribute to non-formal education of Ukrainian children as Saturday schools founded by these organizations provide organized educational activity outside the established formal system. The article is based on the mixed research conducted at Ukrainian Saturday school to find out the possible achievements in the process of Ukrainian language acquisition among Ukrainian students in Portugal. The presented results show that the children have profit from functioning such public associations as they have the opportunity to overcome the feelings of rejection to tuition given outside the standard curriculum and school hours, to be motivated to study native language and develop their knowledge by means of mother tongue, to preserve their identity and language in the society of the host country.

The main aim of this presents paper is to critically explore the view according to which an understanding and grasping of freedom is possible in the absence of free will. In the first part the author puts forward crucial reasons on which the tendency to postulate freedom of man without free will is based. In the second part the links existing between notions of freedom and knowledge are considered. The third part of this paper deals with the difficulties that the theory of freedom without free will faces in confronted with.

The article concerns the fundamental metaphysical problem of human freedom as it is discussed in Leibniz's philosophy. The essence of it can be expressed as follows: in what way the determinism developed by Leibniz goes along with his doctrine of human freedom in action? The article is divided into two parts. The first part contains analysis of Leibniz's theses encapsulating his determinism and those concerning his concept of freedom. The second part points to some major difficulties resulting from Leibniz's view. Leibniz starts with the conviction that there is no contradiction between the two following theses: 1) at least some human actions are performed freely (i.e. the agent might have done otherwise than in fact he did) ; and 2) each action has a reason which is known beforehand and this is the reason why the action is undertaken rather than not. This view was justified by Leibniz by means of (1) introducing divisions and distinctions between modalities, (2) by laying the stress on teleological determinism, and (3) by arguments in favour of the thesis that the world exists contingently. The analysis carried out in the second part demonstrates that Leibniz's view leads to some difficulties. Two of them are of great significance: a) the relationship between freedom and Inter-World Identity of the agent, and b) seemingly unavoidable link between freedom and indeterminism. Both these problems result from the fact that Leibniz's idea of freedom was based on his strong concept of individuality, and from universal analyticity of truth.Other author's publications:

The paper reconstructs Frege's criticism of the ontological argument for the existence of God on the basis of various remarks scattered in his writings. The material is organized in such a way as to: (a) reveal a logical structure of the argument; (b) show and discern various presupposition of a logical, semantical and ontological character; and (c) indicate some essential weaknesses of the ontological argument. It is argued that Frege's critical commentaries on this argument are essentially connected to four solutions, stating that: (1) the difference between a name and a predicate is categorical; (2) the existential judgement possesses a different logical structure than the singular judgement; (3) in the characteristic of concepts marks and properties should be distinguished; (4) the ascription of number contains the statement about a concept. In order to make Frege's argumentation as understandable as possible it is confronted with Kant's criticism of ontological argument. The analysis carried on in the above-described way reveals a number of shortcomings which discredit the ontological argument. For example, the paper shows that the analysis of predication of oneness (Einzigkeit) does not lead to the affirmation of God's existence. Moreover, it shows that in that argument the term God is used in two different semantic roles; that some theses that should constitute the argument's conclusion, are already assumed; and that sense-condition and truth-conditions are not distinguished.Other author's publications:

Statutory grounds for the activity of German archives. Federal and national laws on archives Laws on archives lay down the purposes and tasks of archives. Modern archival legislation began to develop as early as at the time of the French Revolution. According to Elanie Goh, the development of archives and the enactment of archival law was either revolutionary or evolutionary. The federal political system of Germany is also reflected in its law on archives, in the organisation of archives, in record management and in its archival fonds. This results, for example, from the variety of archive traditions and from the past political systems in Germany, which is why the country archival legislation relies on both enactment trends. Up until the 1980s, the issue of archival fonds and archives in the Federal Republic of Germany, a democratic state, was not regulated by laws on archives (Archivgesetze) but by other regulations instead, usually administrative orders. This changed due to personal data protection and confidentiality legislation. The first domestic law on archives was adopted by Baden-Württemberg in 1987, and the federal act (Bundesarchivgesetz) was signed in January 1988. By 1997, all the states received archival legislation, which was either amended or re-enacted over the next two decades. A new federal law on archives was announced in 2017. German laws on archives are concise documents that address the main aspects of archival fonds, record management (also for electronic records) and archive organisation. Being so laconic, the legislation does not require vast modifications during the creation of other laws that influence archives (for example, personal data protection laws).

Established in 1667, the Academic Gymnasium in Szczecin was a continuation of the tradition of the princely Pedagogium. Also, like in the Griffins times, the school and the foundation which financed it were supervised by a schoolboard of four persons, comprising the representatives of the province administration and the Pomeranian Estates. The role of the schoolboard was defined in the Gymnasium Statute. It included controlling the administration of the Foundation’s estate, its revenues, as well as the administration of the school, employing professors, admitting students to the establishment, supervising them, and supervising the didactic process. In the 18th century, in the framework of the Prussian absolute monarchy, the activity of the schoolboard was limited by the numerous interventions of the central authorities in Berlin, which most often took the final decisions concerning the Gymnasium and the Marian Foundation.

Primary hyperparathyroidism (HPTo) nowadays is most often recognized incidentally in the asymptomatic period as a result of biochemical screening or evaluation of low bone mass. Classical manifestations of the disease are present in about 15-20% of patients. We present the case of a 28-year-old male patient who had been treated for two years for osteoclastoma of the proximal tibia, first by intralesional curettage with cement filling followed by bone grafting, and finally with a reconstructive arthroplasty of the knee joint. The patient had been consulted in different medical centers by at least 14 doctors representing 9 different specialties, but the correct diagnosis of HPTo had not been made, although classic manifestations of the disease had been present for 5-6 years. This suggests that a diagnosis of HPTo is difficult nowadays. Therefore, determination of serum calcium concentration and other markers of calcium and phosphate metabolism should be obligatory in patients with bone lesions.

Introduction: In sera of pituitary disease patients and other autoimmune endocrine disease are detectable pituitary autoantibodies. Until now characterization of pituitary antigen is still unknown. The aim of our study was isolation and characterization of pituitary autoantigen by affinity chromatography. For isolation we have used microsomal fraction of human pituitary., Material and Methods: For immunoglobulins isolation have been used sera of pituitary disease, Addison disease and Graves-Basedow disease patients with detectable pituitary autoantibodies. For pituitary antigen isolation have been used microsomal fraction of human pituitary obtained by ultracentrifugation and solubilisation. Immunoglobulins isolation was performed on Sepharose 4B-Protein A. Immunosorbent was performed on CNBr-activated Cl-4B Sepharose. Desorbtion was conducting by 0.2 mol/L glicine and 1 mol/L, 3 mol/L guanidine. The estimation of isolated proteins was performed by immunoblotting., Results: Isolation of immunoglobulins from patients sera was done 12 times receiving from 8.5 up to 13.5 mg of IgG from 1-1.5 ml of sera. In desorbtion we have received from 0.026 up to 0.150 mg of antigen proteins. For molecular weight estimation isolated proteins have been labeled by (125)I and run on SDS/PAGE with autoradiography. Autoradiography shown us two lines with 67 kDa and 55 kDa and low weight protein line., Conclusions: Isolation of pituitary autoantigen by affinity chromatography shown two different antigen proteins with 67 kDa and 55 kDa.

Background: Alzheimer disease is associated with degeneration of brain by deposition of beta-A4 amyloid protein. Above protein is a product of amyloid protein precursor proteolysis. This protein is coded by chromosom 21 together with histocompatibility antigens on surface of thyroid follicle. Until now the study suggest coexistence of autoimmune thyroid disease and Alzheimer disease. The aim of the study was evaluation of thyroid autoantibodies in Alzheimer disease., Material and Methods: Study were performed in 34 Alzheimer disease patients. Sera of control subjects were obtained from 20 patients with vascular dementia. Incidence of thyroid autoantibodies was assessed by polyacrylamide electrophoresis gel and western-blotting. Thyroid microsomes were obtained from human thyroid tissues by ultracentrifugation and solubilization in 1% desoxycholic acid., Results: In 21 sera from 34 we detected autoantibodies against thyroid microsomal antigens reacting with 91 kDa antigen. 16 sera were reacting with 97 kDa, 13 sera with 55 kDa, and 7 sera with 67 kDa proteins., Conclusions: In sera of Alzheimer disease patients autoantibodies against thyroid microsomal antigens can be frequently detected. The most frequent are antibodies against 91 kDa. It is important to note that Alzheimer disease patients should be screen for thyroid hormones.

Introduction: Addison disease (primary insufficience of adrenal cortex) characterized by clinical signs and symptoms associated with deficiency of adrenal hormones. The most frequent etiopathogenesis of Addison disease is related with autoimmunization. In sera of Addison patients are detectable autoantibodies against another endocrine glands. The aim of the study was evaluation of pituitary autoantibodies in Addison disease patients using immunoblotting methods., Material and Methods: Studies were performed in 19 Addison disease patients, 16 women (age range: 28-63 yrs, median: 43.5 +/- 8.9) and 3 men (age range: 18-45 yrs, median: 30.6 +/- 9.8). All patients presented signs and symptoms typical of primary insufficiency of adrenal cortex. Sera of control subjects were obtained from 10 healthy blood donors, 7 women, 3 men (age range 21-45 yrs, median: 30.6 +/- 7.1). Incidence of pituitary autoantibodies was assessed by polyacrylamide electrophoresis gel and western-blotting. Pituitary microsomes were obtained from human pituitary tissues by ultracentrifugation and solubilisation in 1% desoxycholic acid., Results: In 14 sera from 19 we detected autoantibodies against pituitary microsomal antigen 67 kDa, 12 sera were recting with 60 kDa and 10 sera with 55 kDa. It is important to note that 10 sera were reacting with 67 and 55 kDa, and 9 sera with 55, 60 and 67 kDa., Conclusions: In sera of Addison disease patients autoantibodies against pituitary microsomal antigens can be frequently detected. The most frequent are antibodies against 55, 60 and 67 kDa antigens.

Introduction: It is known that in the sera of patients with Graves, Addison and other autoimmune endocrine diseases we can detect autoantibodies against pituitary antigens. The aim of the study was evaluation of pituitary autoantibodies in Graves' disease patients using immunoblotting methods., Material and Methods: Studies were performed in 32 Graves' disease patients, 25 women (age range: 31-67 yrs, median: 49.9 +/- 9.4) and 7 men (age range: 41-58 yrs, median: 51.0 +/- 7.1). All patients presented signs and symptoms typical of thyrotoxicosis. The diagnosis was confirmed by laboratory tests (TSH, fT(3), fT(4), TSH-R antibodies). Sera of control subjects were obtained from 10 healthy blood donors, 7 women, 3 men (age range 21-45 yrs, median: 30.6 +/- 7.1). Incidence of pituitary autoantibodies was assessed by polyacrylamide electrophoresis gel and western-blotting. Pituitary microsomes were obtained from human pituitary tissues by ultracentrifugation and solubilisation in 1% desoxycholic acid., Results: In 23 sera from 32 we detected autoantibodies against pituitary microsomal antigens. 16 sera were reacting with 55 kDa antigen, 10 sera with 67 kDa, 6 sera with 60 kDa, 5 sera with 52 kDa and 4 sera with 105 kDa. It is important to note that 6 sera were reacting with 57 and 55 kDa, and 5 sera with 55, 60 and 67 kDa., Conclusions: In sera of Graves' disease patients autoantibodies against pituitary microsomal antigens can be frequently detected. The most frequent are antibodies against 55, 60 and 67 kDa antigens.

Introduction: One of the potential genes which can increase the risk of cancer is GSTP1 gene. It encodes enzyme called glutathione S-transferase pi class, which is involved in the detoxification of a variety of potential carcinogenic compounds. Polymorphism in this gene can cause the amino acid substitution. This substitution, close to the substrate binding site, changes the enzymatic activity for particular substrates and subsequently increases the risk of carcinogenesis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the function of GSTP1 polymorphism in thyroid cancer and possible association between GSTP1 polymorphism and age at diagnosis., Material and Methods: 103 patients with differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) and 53 individuals from control group were examined using PCR-RFLP., Results: Statistically insignificant association of studied polymorphisms with thyroid cancer was observed. Comparison of allele frequency between cases and control groups revealed the presence of risk alleles. For the first polymorphism Ile OR = 1.257; 95% CI [0.792-1.997] (p = 0.332), and for the second one Val OR = 1.283; 95% CI [0.6260-2.631] (p = 0.495). The presence of Val/Val (c.313A>G) led to a significant earlier age of onset as compared with other genotypes (p < 0.05). Mean age at diagnosis for Val/Val genotype was 41.1 +/- 15.2, and for Ile/Val + Ile/Ile reached 48.9 +/- 13.2. There was no association between age and genotype for c.341C>T polymorphism., Conclusions: Statistically insignificant association of GSTP1 gene polymorphism with thyroid cancer was observed in studied group of patients. The Val/Val genotype for c.313A>G polymorphism led to earlier age of tumour diagnosis as compared with other genotypes.

Unlabelled: C-Reactive Protein (CRP) levels are used to indicate the presence of an inflammatory process that may be caused by bacterial infection or pathological processes. The objective of this study was to compare the levels of CRP and hsCRP (high sensitivity CRP) in smoking and non smoking patients with Graves' Ophthalmopathy (GO). Study included 59 hyperthyroid patients (age > 18 years, 50 females, 9 males, mean +/- SD: age 34 +/- 16) with varying degrees of severity of GO (classification according to NOSPECS) with hyperthyroidism prepared to radioiodine therapy. Smoking status was determined by Fagerström test and Brinkman's index., Conclusions: 1. Smoking additionally stimulates inflammatory processes in the patients with Graves' Ophthalmopathy, 2. Smoking patients with

Unlabelled: In 80 patients, 73 cases of pituitary tumours and 7 cases of hypopituitarism, we performed pituitary autoantibodies assays in serum samples because in our previous studies we had found a high prevalence of pituitary autoantibodies in several autoimmune endocrine disorders. To detect the presence of pituitary autoantibodies we applied 2 methods, radioimmunoassay (RIA) and immunoblotting. The RIA was performed by solid phase technique in human pituitary microsome-coated polyethylene tubes. Following incubation with diluted sera of the patients labelled 125I-protein A was added to the tubes to detect the retained antibodies. In the sera of 33 patients we detected the presence of antibodies; in the other 47 patients no antibodies were found. The majority of the patients with positive antibody results were previously treated by pituitary irradiation. To evaluate the molecular weights of pituitary autoantigens the microsomal proteins were separated on SDS PAGE, then electrophoretically transferred to nitrocellulose membranes and reacted with diluted sera of 30 antibody-positive patients. The nitrocellulose strips were incubated with labelled 125I-protein A and autoradiographed. Using immunoblotting, 13 out of these 30 patients we found autoantibodies reacting with pituitary microsomal antigens of different molecular weights, most frequently reacting with a 68 kDa autoantigen., Conclusions: The prevalence of pituitary autoantibodies in patients with pituitary diseases is 41% lower than in autoimmune endocrine diseases. Pituitary autoantibodies usually appear in patients after pituitary irradiation or after neurosurgery followed by irradiation, but occur rarely in untreated patients with pituitary adenomas.