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NOD-like receptors (NLRs) are cytosolic proteins which involve in inflammatory processes and trigger programmed cell death. They are activated by pathogenic and non-infectious agents. In human, this family of receptors consist of 23 different identified proteins. Some receptors are forming multicenter complexes with procaspases and adaptive molecules ASC. Recently, attention has been paid to the important role of NOD receptors not only in infections, cancers, autoimmune and neurodegenerative diseases (multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease) but also in the pathogenesis of metabolic diseases, such as, obesity, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) steatohepatitis (NASH), type 2 diabetes (T2DM), atherosclerosis, hypertension. In this review, we describe characteristic of the NLRs family and their participation in the pathogenesis of metabolic diseases.