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Chemical modifications of proteins are crucial for studying their functions, biophysical properties and cellular localization. The most important is the protein fluorescent modification utilized in biochemistry, molecular biology and medicinal diagnostics. Precision of fluorophore attachment in certain part of the protein or amino acid sequence is very important for the labeling and subsequent characterization or protein applications. One of the most important type of probes used for fluorescent protein labeling are biarsenical probes. They are not only to localize proteins in cell but based on their chemical properties they are widely applied for studying protein folding, degradation, control of the activity, protein inactivation with singlet oxygen, oligomerization and protein purification. Here, author presents principles of protein labeling with biarsenical probes with special attention to factors affecting proper protein modification. Review includes the most interesting applications of biarsenical probes in molecular biology, molecular diagnostics and analytical biochemistry.

Calcium ions are among the most universal secondary messengers existing in the living world. In the past thirty years the set of methods allowing the calcium signal visualization have been developed. Those in vivo methods allow us to observe the level of the free calcium ions in cells, tissues and organisms. The following text presents calcium imaging research tools available today as well as the calcium imaging methods and image calibration procedures.

Infections with human enteroviruses are common worldwide and cause a wide range of signs and symptoms. Nowadays in current diagnostics procedures older virological methods, such virus isolation in a cell cultures and seroneutralisation assay, are replaced with molecular biology tests. The aim of the study was development of real-time PCR assay for detection of human adenoviruses. DNA isolated from MK2 cell line infected with nineteen different enterovirus strains was used for development of a qualitative real-time PCR assay using primers targeting a conserved region of the 5'UTR region and a specific TaqMan probe. The analytical sensitivity of real-time PCR assay was tested using serial dilutions of Coxackie A9 cDNA in range between 10 degrees and 10(-8). For comparison typical end-point detected RT-PCR for enterovirus detection with the same cDNA dilutions was made. The sensitivity of novel method was about ten thousand-fold higher than older one. The conclusion is that real-time PCR is very advisable in diagnostics of diseases caused with enteroviruses. The high level of sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and rapidity provided by this assay are favorable for the use in the detection of enteroviral RNA in clinical specimens, especially from neuroinfections.