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Sustainability is definitely one of the top priorities of the current highly competitive global society. For almost three decades, the EU has been declaring its commitment to sustainable growth, while progressively recognizing that the concept of shared values, the multi-stakeholder model and corporate social responsibility (CSR) are indispensable. The EU moved, in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, the war in Ukraine and other events, from mere Directives to Regulations, i.e. the genuine reporting about sustainability is becoming a duty for certain businesses, especially in the financial sector. This political and legislative trend is boosted by the engagement of three special EU institutions (ESAs) entrusted with the development, standardization and monitoring of sustainability-related disclosures based on Regulation 2019/2088. Who belongs in this triumvirate? What are their competencies and tasks? And most importantly, how is this triumvirate and its operations perceived? A holistic multi-disciplinary research of legislative sources and performed surveys and studies yields both quantitative and qualitative data. An open-minded critical analysis of such data, along with a comparison, Socratic questioning and forensic glossing brings answers to these three burning questions and offers fresh recommendations regarding EU pro-sustainability endeavours as well as modern European integration.

The paper brings brief description of the financial services customer protection model and its evolution in Poland. The efficiency of this three-fold model, where the responsibilities are distributed to the 3 agencies: Financial Supervision Authority (KNF), Financial Ombudsman (Rzecznik Finansowy), Competition and Customer Protection Office (UOKiK) is discussed. The author discusses the project of merging the institution of the Financial Ombudsman with UOKiK and puts forward the thesis that an idea more relevant to the current needs of protecting financial services customers in Poland would be to maintain the institution of the Financial Ombudsman and transfer some competences of the President of UOKiK to the Financial Ombudsman. Finally the author presents his recommendations for the improvement of the model with a call for the strengthening of the institution of Financial Ombudsman in Poland.

The purpose of the article/hipothesis: To determine the trends of changes in the situation of seniors in the financial services market in 2018–2020. The author assesses the standard of living and economic situation of seniors in Poland. The author indicates what factors and conditions affect the activity of seniors in the financial market as well as their safety as clients of financial institutions. According to the author, seniors bear the greater risk while choosing financial products appropriate to their needs and conditions, in comparison with other consumer groups. On a larger scale, this group of consumers is also affected by the risk of mis-selling and fraud, as well as cyber risk. The above-mentioned types of risk are exacerbated by the decreasing availability of financial services that are specifically dedicated to this group of clients. Research method: Critical analysis of the literature on the subject and results of empirical research and statistical data available. Selected reports of institutions such as the Polish Banks Association, the National Bank of Poland, the Credit Information Bureau as well as reports of advisory and consulting companies were also analyzed. Research results: Indication of the basic conditions influencing the economic situation of seniors in Poland and their position as consumers of products offered by the financial intermediaries. Defining the basic determinants of seniors' safety in the financial services market. So far, Poland has not developed a system of comprehensive protection of seniors, based on intergenerational solidarity in which, alongside government and local government institutions, financial intermediaries would actively participate.

An efficiently operating financial system is considered as an integral part of a well-functioning economy. It is the mechanism by which services are provided that allow the flow of purchasing power. Thus, this system creates the foundations of activity for entities using money, enabling the conclusion of economic transactions in which money performs various functions. The result of the existence of this system is the possibility of co-creation of money by non-financial economic entities (enterprises and households) and the flow of cash between them. In the light of many transformations taking place in the financial system, it is extremely important to ensure its stability. A properly functioning financial system significantly supports the achievement of the main goals of the central bank – maintaining a stable level of prices, and thus creating the basis for achieving long-term economic growth. Educational activities are of great importance in ensuring the stability of the financial system. The aim of the article is to present the role of economic education among young people, thanks to which they can better understand the complexities of the functioning of the financial system, the importance of its stability and prepare to make more conscious decisions as fully-fledged participants of the financial market. Understanding the specificity of the available financial instruments enables the minimalization of the risk associated with their selection / purchase. The accuracy of decisions made in adulthood depends on the knowledge of basic economic issues and the awareness of potential threats.

The paper brings brief description of the financial services customer protection model and its evolution in Poland. The efficiency of this three-fold model, where the responsibilities are distributed to the 3 agencies: Financial Supervision Authority (KNF), Financial Ombudsman (Rzecznik Finansowy), Competition and Customer Protection Office (UOKiK) is discussed. The author discusses the project of merging the institution of the Financial Ombudsman with UOKiK and puts forward the thesis that an idea more relevant to the current needs of protecting financial services customers in Poland would be to maintain the institution of the Financial Ombudsman and transfer some competences of the President of UOKiK to the Financial Ombudsman. Finally the author presents his recommendations for the improvement of the model with a call for the strengthening of the institution of Financial Ombudsman in Poland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the article/hipothesis: To determine the trends of changes in the situation of seniors in the financial services market in 2018-2020. The author assesses the standard of living and economic situation of seniors in Poland. The author indicates what factors and conditions affect the activity of seniors in the financial market as well as their safety as clients of financial institutions. According to the author, seniors bear the greater risk while choosing financial products appropriate to their needs and conditions, in comparison with other consumer groups. On a larger scale, this group of consumers is also affected by the risk of mis-selling and fraud, as well as cyber risk. The above-mentioned types of risk are exacerbated by the decreasing availability of financial services that are specifically dedicated to this group of clients. Research method: Critical analysis of the literature on the subject and results of empirical research and statistical data available. Selected reports of institutions such as the Polish Banks Association, the National Bank of Poland, the Credit Information Bureau as well as reports of advisory and consulting companies were also analyzed. Research results: Indication of the basic conditions influencing the economic situation of seniors in Poland and their position as consumers of products offered by the financial intermediaries. Defining the basic determinants of seniors' safety in the financial services market. So far, Poland has not developed a system of comprehensive protection of seniors, based on intergenerational solidarity in which, alongside government and local government institutions, financial intermediaries would actively participate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose. Agribusiness offers huge employment potential considering its wide labour absorptive capacity and the youth have a role to play. The study aimed at assessing the relationship between access to financial services and youth involvement in agricultural value chains. Methodology / approach. The study was conducted in Kakamega County, Kenya. Stratified and simple random sampling was adopted to select 240 respondents. Interviews were conducted using a stratified questionnaire. The collected data were analyzed to generate frequencies, percentages and correlation. Results. The results revealed that youth involvement across the agricultural value chain is low. Further, there was a strong correlation between access to finance and youth involvement in agricultural value chains. Inadequate access to financial services is a key constrain to agricultural productivity in Kakamega county as it affects all aspects of the value chain except consumption. Originality / scientific novelty. The study considers the entire agricultural value chain from production to consumption and assesses the relationship between financial resource access and youth involvement at each segment of the value chain. This is significant since the Kenyan population is youthful. Practical value / implications. The study reveals that there is a strong relationship between access to financial service and youth involvement in the agricultural value chain towards securing their livelihoods. This knowledge is useful to County and national government policymakers and Donor agencies to formulate policies that will enhance youth access to financial resources and consequently their involvement in the Agricultural Value Chain to grow their incomes and improvement of their wellbeing. This will be achieved by knowing what segments of the value chain offer best opportunities for them to thrive in business to guide development of intervention strategies.

The paper is devoted to the issues of the study of the nature of financial intermediaries in terms of their role in financial markets and their types existing in different regions of the world. The place of financial intermediaries among other participants of the financial market is considered, it is described what positive effect they allow to achieve to other entities who use their services. The types of services they provide are outlined, as well as the new types of services of financial intermediaries beginning to be in demand. The American, European and Ukrainian models of classification of financial intermediaries are analyzed and logical connections between the variety of types and types of financial intermediaries, which are represented in the financial market of a certain region and the level of its development, are found. It is found out how classifications can be changed as a result of the development of certain types of financial intermediaries on the example of changing classifications in American economics. The key differences in the American and European classifications are highlighted and their reasons are substantiated. The paper analyzes the financial intermediaries, which are insufficiently developed in Ukraine in comparison with the American and European markets. The other classifications are also provided that may be useful in the process of analyzing the activities of financial intermediaries. The results of this study can be used as a basis for further study of the nature of financial intermediaries in the development of state policies to regulate the financial market of Ukraine and in the development of bills that determine the legal status of financial intermediaries in Ukraine.

Copyright of Polish Statistician / Wiadomości Statystyczne is the property of State Treasury - Statistics Poland and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The current state of development of technology allows communication through more and more new channels. The internet and mobile phones have become the main way to communicate. Banks and other financial institutions use these new forms of communication to maintain a constant relation with their clients. Most of these new forms not only support the activity of banks, but also facilitate use of the bank’s products and services by the client. One of the most popular forms of communication with clients is by phone. At the same time, the developments in the concept of corporate social responsibility are observed and determine ethical rules for business. The rules examined in this paper relate to consumer issues, and the paper discusses some ethical aspects, such as relations with clients, fair and transparent marketing policy, market education, reliable information about the products and services and their impact on the health and safety of the customers. The aim of this study is to examine whether phone banking is perceived by clients as an ethical method of communication. The paper analyzes the ethical aspects of phone banking and also presents empirical findings on the basis of research conducted among the clients.

The lack of a comprehensive approach to the accounting reflection of repayable financial aid makes it impossible to establish an information base for the evaluation of its attraction and use. Therefore, to ensure completeness of operations related to the involvement of financial assistance is only possible through the use of scientifically based methods of accounting and scientific researches in the field of accounting should be directed at ensuring stable financial condition of the enterprise, improving management decision-making to attract and use financial aid and prevent violations of the payment discipline. Based analysis approach to mapping returnable financial assistance has shown that the accounting staff has no single method for such transactions. In order to eliminate this disadvantage we offer to display repayable financial assistance as a part of the loan capital through the use of 609 "Swivel financial assistance" account to the opening of the analytical account of 609.1 "Swivel financial assistance in the national currency", and 609.2 "Swivel financial assistance in foreign currency" and the account of 505 "Long-term financial assistance in the national currency" and 506 "Long-term financial assistance in foreign currency".

The growing participation of elderly people in the structure of the population is posing new challenges for companies offering products to them. Financial services are an example of such products. Insurance and bank services offered to elderly people through traditional and modern delivery channels are a subject of the present text. Based on the literature review two research hypotheses were formulated: H1: socio-demographic characteristics of people over 50 years old affect their preferences as for using insurance services through traditional and modern distribution channels and H2: socio-demographic characteristics of people over 50 years old influence the availability of financial services perceived by them. The verification of the constructed hypotheses was carried out on the basis of research conducted among 1498 people aged 50+ from the northern Poland. Moreover, recommendations are included in the article for the economic practice serving better adaptation of the market offer to expectations of customers of financial services.

Copyright of Studies in Law & Economics / Studia Prawno-Ekonomiczne is the property of Lodz Scientific Society / Lodzkie Towarzystwo Naukowe and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Studies in Law & Economics / Studia Prawno-Ekonomiczne is the property of Lodz Scientific Society / Lodzkie Towarzystwo Naukowe and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Horizons of Politics / Horyzonty Polityki is the property of Jesuit University Ignatianum in Krakow and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Research Papers of the Wroclaw University of Economics / Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wroclawiu is the property of Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny we Wroclawiu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Research Papers of the Wroclaw University of Economics / Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wroclawiu is the property of Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny we Wroclawiu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Management Issues / Problemy Zarządzania is the property of Problemy Zarzadzania and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Research Papers of the Wroclaw University of Economics / Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wroclawiu is the property of Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny we Wroclawiu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Given the growing importance of customer loyalty towards the brand or the company in the context of fierce competitive struggle and insufficient knowledge about mechanisms for creating this loyalty in this article an examination of the impact of selected demographic characteristics of individual banking clients on customer relationships has been undertaken. Among the demographic characteristic age, income and education level has been used. The durability of the relationship was measured with the use of six variables: the level of satisfaction with the service provided by the bank, the length of using the bank, the number of banks, where customers are meeting their needs, recommendations given by customers to other people, share of wallet and customers' intention to repurchase. The analyses of variables characterising loyal customers taking into account demographic characteristics was based on the nationwide survey conducted among 720 individual bank customers. The analysis conducted help to point out that firstly, the younger the respondents the shorter they use banking services and benefit from fewer banks, are more likely to recommend the bank to other people as well as make further purchases in the same bank. Secondly, the attitude of loyal customers is significantly affected by the level of education. The higher it is the higher degree of satisfaction with service quality. Better educated people more often use more then one bank, they also more often recommend the company to others. Moreover, people with higher education levels have bigger share of wallet and are more interested in re-using the services of their main bank. Thirdly, in groups segmented by the level of financial situation one can see that the worse assessment of this situation the longer they use the services of their bank, are less inclined to provide positive information and less likely to return to the bank (except for those of a very bad financial situation). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses research on the financial behavior of Poles, including the financial exclusion. Results published immediately before the crisis, during the crisis, and in 2010, when some indications pointed to a consumer belief in the end of the financial market downturn, were compared. The article also summarizes the results of various studies conducted at that time, and takes into account the willingness and attitude to saving, ways to invest for various purposes, particularly for retirement, and the use of non-cash payment instruments. The data on changes in retail sales of particular groups of consumer goods are used to justify the selected conclusions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]