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The first cases of COVID-19 were reported in Wuhan city, Hubei province, China. Patients reported symptoms such as dry cough, dyspnea, fever. Bilateral infiltrates in the lung parenchyma could be seen in imaging studies. Two years after the diagnosis of the first case of COVID-19, we are confident that symptoms manifest in every organ, including the eyes. Ocular manifestations may result from the COVID- 19 infection itself as well as from associated treatment, including mechanical ventilation or drug therapy. Ocular manifestations may be the first signs of COVID-19, so this knowledge is essential for making a prompt and correct diagnosis. It is important to be aware of the risks associated with the possibility of infection during the ophthalmic examination of these patients., Aim: The aim of the analysis was to perform a literature review systematizing the knowledge on ocular manifestations in the course of the COVID-19 infection with particular emphasis on the relation between the occurrence of ocular symptoms and the age of patients as well as the severity of the COVID-19 course. The review also included studies that evaluated the detection of the SARS-CoV-2 virus in tears or conjunctival sac swabs of patients with COVID-19., Materials and Methods: Articles for the literature review were collected from the PubMed database. The expression "COVID-19 ocular manifestations" was used as the selection criteria. Finally, fifteen papers published in 2020 and fifteen papers published in 2021 were included in the review. Nineteen of these were original papers, two were meta-analyses, and nine were classified as review papers., Results: The most commonly reported ocular manifestations include dry eye or foreign body sensation, conjunctival hyperaemia, tearing, itching, and eye pain. Conjunctivitis was the most commonly diagnosed ophthalmic disease among COVID-19 patients. The SARS-CoV-2 infection is also associated with a risk of a significant decrease in visual acuity due to retinal vascular occlusion, ischemic optic neuropathy, inflammation of the choroid, retina and the optic nerve. The incidence of the most common ocular surface-related symptoms was higher in children than in adults. In several studies it has been shown that patients with more severe COVID-19 infection are more likely to have ocular symptoms., Conclusions: Physicians, especially ophthalmologists, should be aware of the link between SARS-CoV-2 infection and the possibility of ocular symptoms and should recommend testing for COVID-19 if SARS-CoV-2 infection is suspected to reduce the possibility of infection spread., (© 2022 MEDPRESS.)

Toxocariasis is a common zoonosis caused by infection with Toxocara canis or cati larvae. Ocular toxocariasis is one of the forms of infestation found in 1/1,000 - 1/10,000 children. Children with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (INS) are at high risk of infections, also parasitic infestations, which can, in turn, cause relapses of the disease., A Case Report: We present a case of a 6-year-old boy with steroiddependent nephrotic syndrome. The disease started at age of 2, the boy had 9 relapses of INS, and was treated with oral prednisone, levamisole, and cyclophosphamide. During hospitalization with Xth relapse of INS, he was screened for causes of recurrences and IgG antibodies against Toxocara were found. Fundoscopy revealed white, slightly elevated, and discoloured inflammatory lesions in right retina without inflammation in the vitreous. Ocular toxocariasis was diagnosed. The boy was treated for 7 days with albendazole in the dose of 15 mg/kg/24 h with simultaneous increase of the dose of prednisone to 1mg/kg/24 h. In control fundoscopic examinations there was no progression of ocular lesions., Conclusions: In children on immunosuppressive treatment with possible exposure to animals or raw meet it is advisable to take serological tests for Toxocara infestation also in the absence of clinical symptoms of parasitic infection.

Purpose: To assess the late complications after the I-125 brachytherapy of uveal melanoma. Material and methods: 129 patients (71 women – 55%, and 58 men – 45%) treated at the Department of Ophthalmology and Ocular Oncology of the University Hospital in Krakow between January 2005 and December 2009 were evaluated. I-125 isotope applicators were used for tumor irradiation. The mean follow-up was 42.5 months. Results: The following complications were observed: radiation cataract, secondary glaucoma, radiation retinopathy, radiation maculopathy, necrosis of sclera, retinal and vitreous hemorrhages and retinal detachment. Post-radiation cataract was the most common late complication (90.5–94.7%). Conclusions: Despite the undoubted effectiveness in the treatment of uveal melanomas, I-125 brachytherapy poses a high risk of complications. Tumor location in the proximity of critical visual structures negatively affected ultimate visual function. The tumor size and the dose of irradiation significantly affected the incidence of radiation-induced complications.

Systemic lupus erythematosus belongs to the group of autoimmune diseases, in which the accumulation of antigen-antibody complexes may lead to multiple organ failure. Ocular manifestation of the disease is also possible. Ocular changes are attributable to either the disease itself or to the complications associated with administered therapies. The aim of this research was to present the utility of ophthalmic and diagnostic devices in interpreting ocular changes in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Ultrasound biomicroscopy and spectral domain optical coherence tomography provide the insight into the anterior segment morphology with special emphasis on the cornea and iridocorneal angle in patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Confocal microscopy presents particular corneal layers in vivo what enables detecting the location of inflammatory and chloroquine deposits. Ocular Response Analyzer estimates changes in corneal hysteresis and resistance parameters in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. The optical coherence tomography of the macula and multifocal electroretinography enable detecting subclinical forms of maculopathy. Evaluation of arterial flow parameters and characteristics in ocular circulation measured during fluorescein angiography and colour Doppler imaging quantifies functional and morphological changes in ocular circulation. The appropriate use of diagnostic devices along with accurate interpretation of findings may be crucial for early detection of ocular changes in many diseases with ocular involvement, including systemic lupus erythematosus.

Rheumatic diseases are frequently associated with eye disorders presenting with a wide range of signs and symptoms. Dry eye syndrome, keratitis, uveitis, scleritis and retinal vasculitis are often diagnosed in patients with rheumatic diseases. It is important not to overlook even subtle signs of ocular involvement as it may result in serious complications. Moreover in some cases ocular manifestation may help in proper diagnosis of systemic condition or indicate necessity of intensified treatment of underlying condition. Appropriate treatment of rheumatic diseases require careful follow up and involvement of various specialists including ophthalmologists as well as patient education.

Background: The aim of the study was to present the results of welders' occupational exposure to "blue light" and UV radiation carried out at industrial workstations during TIG and MMA welding., Materials and Methods: Measurements were performed at 13 workstations (TIG welding: 6; MMA welding: 7), at which different welding parameters and materials were used. The radiation level was measured using a wide-range radiometer and a set of detectors, whose spectral responses were adequately fit to particular hazard under study. The measurement points corresponded with the location of eye and hand., Results: The highest values of eye irradiance were found for aluminum TIG welding. Effective irradiance of actinic UV was within the range E(s) = 7.79-37.6 W/m2; UVA total irradiance, E(UVA) = 18-53.1 W/m2 and effective blue-light irradiance E(B) = 35-67 W/m2. The maximum allowance time ranged from 1.7 to 75 s, which means that in some cases even unintentional very short eye exposure can exceed MPE., Conclusions: The influence of welded material and the type of electrode coating on the measured radiation level were evidenced. The exceeded value of MPE for photochemical hazard arising for the eyes and skin was found at all measured workstations. Welders should use appropriately the eye and face protective equipment and avoid direct staring at welding arc when starting an arc-welding operation. Besides, the lack of head and neck skin protection can induce acute and chronic harmful health effects. Therefore, an appropriate wear of personal protective equipment is essential for welders' health.

There are many controversies among ophthalmologists and obstetricians regarding indications for caesarean section due to preexisting eye diseases. Many ophthalmologists still believe myopia, retinal detachment, glaucoma or diabetic retinopathy to be indications for a caesarean section. There is a discrepancy between clinical practice and evidence-based medicine, as none of the published trials have reported any retinal changes after vaginal delivery This report provides information on the influence of physiological changes on eye diseases during the final stage of the delivery. We conclude that an eye disease is not an indication for a caesarean section.

Unlabelled: Nijmegen Breakage Syndrome (NBS) is a genomic instability disease caused by inherited mutations in the NBN/NBS1 gene. The clinical symptoms of NBS are: primary microcephaly, characteristic facial appearance, recurring respiratory tract infections caused by immune deficiency and extremely high risk of cancer development at early age., Purpose: The aim of the study was to assess the vision organ in patients with NBS., Material and Methods: Ophthalmological examination of 10 NBS patients was performed. The visual acuity, refractive errors, anterior and posterior segment of the eye ball test, tonometry and biometry were assessed., Results: Serious pathology of the sight organ in the study group were found, including upward slanting of the palpebral fissures, reduced visual acuity, small eyes, small cornea diameter, lens opacity, refractive errors., Conclusions: The patients with Nijmegen breakage syndrome have significant sight organ abnormalities. These pathologies require long-term ophthalmologic care.

Cataract facoemulsification with continuous anterior capsulorhexis and foldable intraocular lens implantation into the capsular bag has become basic, standard method in cataract surgery and curvilinear capsulorhexis s the most common technique for opening the anterior lens capsule. The opening, made during the operation, within several months of postoperative evolution gradually constricts and in extreme cases it may even close completely. That course of healing is not desirable because of evoking a noted impairment of vision. Decreasing in the anterior capsule opening is observed mostly in eyes with weakened lens zonules. It happens in high myopia, retinitis pigmentosa, diabetes mellitus, retinopathia diabetica, pseudoexfoliation syndrome, uveitis and people of well advanced age. Inspired by observation of a particular, quite drastic case of capsule contraction syndrome, we attempted to analyze the causes, pathogenesis, risk factors, clinical course, prevention and treatment of options for that syndrome.

Purpose: Among numerous complications pertaining to the internal organs in the course of inflammatory systemic diseases of the connective tissue, including juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), eye lesions are of considerable significance. The aim of the study was to determine changes in the eyes in JIA children and adolescents., Material and Methods: The study included 76 children with JIA. The age of patients during the first ophthalmologic examination ranged from 3 to 18 years. The children were treated in the Outpatients' Rheumatologic Department at the University Hospital No. 4 in Lodz and Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology at the Medical University of Lodz. A control group consisted of 60 healthy children. In this study the time of observation was 18 months during which the children and adolescents were subjected to complex ophthalmologic examinations in the intervals of 9 months., Results: The presence of various ocular changes were significantly more frequently found in children with JIA. The difference appeared to be statistically significant between the group of children with JIA and the control group, in the range of such diseases as conjunctivitis and pigment changes in the retina., Conclusions: In JIA patients ophthalmologic lesions are more frequent than in healthy children, especially it concerns conjunctivitis (in 34% of children) and pigment changes in the retina (in 14% of children).

Wegener's granulomatosis is a systemic vasculitis. Most often granulomatous inflammation is situated in upper and lower respiratory tracts as well as kidneys. Ocular involvement affects 50-60% of patients with Wegener's granulomatosis. Herein is reported the case of a man with Wegener's granulomatosis with ocular involvement which was a symptom of high disease activity. Intensive immunosuppressive treatment and local treatment were ineffective in eye involvement inhibition.

Giant cell arteritis is a rare systemic vasculitis affecting large- and medium-sized arteries. Focal arteries lesions, include mononuclear cells infiltration of the vessel wall with giant cell formation. It is a disease of elderly persons and can result in a wide variety of systemic, neurological and ophthalmic complications, due to ischemia. The incidence of visual loss and ocular involvement varies between 14-88%, but one of the most common and severe complications is anterior ischemic optic neuropathy. The other ocular ischemic lesions include: central retinal artery occlusion, choroidal ischemia, diplopia, ocular motor paresis, anterior uveitis, cataract, ocular hypotony, corneal oedema and ulcerations, episcleritis and anterior scleritis, orbital cellulitis and pseudotumor. Because giant cell arteritis is potentially blinding disease, early diagnosis and immediate treatment with high dose corticosteroids may prevent further damage to the affected eye and prevent visual loss in the opposite eye. The purpose of this review is to revise established knowledge and to highlight the recent developments in diagnosis and management of giant cell arteritis.

Purpose: To analyse the frequency of uveitis and other ocular changes in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis., Material and Methods: We carried out ophthalmologic examination in children and adolescents with juvenile idiopathic arthritis, in age between 3 and 20 years. During the examination we evaluated vision acuity, refraction, anterior and posterior part of the eye and intraocular pressure., Results: A total of 48 (68%) girls and 22 (32%) boys participated in our study, whose mean age was 13.2 years (SD = 3.8). The most frequent onset of juvenile idiopathic arthritis was oligoarticular form of the disease (62%). Only in 42% of the studied group there were no significant abnormalities of the ocular system. Anterior uveitis was diagnosed in 5 patients (7%) including 4 (5.7%) girls and 1 (1.4%) boy. Complications appeared in 2 children in the form of cataract and band keratopathy which both resulted in considerable impairment of visual acuity. Mean duration of juvenile idiopathic arthritis before the onset of uveitis was 5.2 years. There were other ocular changes in the studied group, among which the most common were: conjunctivitis--24%, abnormalities of the retina--11%, glaucoma--4% and other changes., Conclusions: In majority of the children with juvenile chronic arthritis different abnormalities of the eyes were diagnosed. All the patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis should be under close surveillance of the ophthalmologist, irrespective of the disease duration.

Gaucher's disease is the most common lysosomal storage disorder due to a deficiency of glukocerebrosidase activity. It leads to an accumulation of glukosylceramide within the cells of the the reticuloendothelial system. Gaucher's disease is divided into three subtypes based on clinical symptoms. Type I--nonneuronopathic--chronically progressive in adulthood, type II--acute neuronopathic--infantile form lead up to the difficult damage nervous system, and type III--juvenile form--subacute neuronopathic. The aim of this paper is to present the typical ocular symptoms which occured in the disease. Gaucher's disease is the lysosomal storage disorder which is treated by enzyme replacement therapy.

Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is one of the most often secondary thrombophilic state, characterized by recurrent arterial and venous thrombosis, recurrent pregnancy loss, and the presence of circulating antiphospholipid antibodies. Ophthalmologic features are present in 15-88% of the patient with primary APS. In this article pathogenesis and clinical picture, especially ocular complications are presented.

Purpose: The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence and types of ocular abnormalities in children with leukemias or lymphomas., Material and Methods: We have studied 39 children (age 0.5-17 years) with leukemia or lymphoma. Ocular manifestations were present in 54% of study group (21 children). The most frequent ocular findings were seen in conjunctiva (33.4%). 15.4% patients presented with posterior segment findings, without loss of ocular acuity. Other symptoms were dry eye syndrome and proptosis., Conclusions: Children treated for leukemia or lymphoma should be systematically examined by ophthalmologist. Ophthalmic complications can be results of basic disease, treatment or manifestations of relapse.

Purpose: Presentation of serious cases of Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) with acute and chronic ocular manifestations and methods of their treatment., Material and Methods: 3 children aged between 6 to 12 years. Follow-up time was from 5, months up to 6 years. CONSERVATIVE TREATMENT WAS: Symblepharon massage, topical antibiotics, steroids, artificial tears. In chronic stage mitomycin C as eye drops was use in one case. Surgical treatment--intubation of lacrimal ducts and removal of eye lashes were performed in 2 cases., Results: In 2 cases, in which ophthalmological therapy was introduced very early, the results of treatment were very good. In one case with corneal neovascularization and posterior lid margin keratinization, the results of treatment were not satisfactory., Conclusions: 1. The children with SJS should be treated by ophthalmologists as soon as possible. 2. Some pathological changes of conjunctiva, cornea and lacrimal ducts disappeared after few weeks of intensive topical therapy often. 3. The results of treatment of cicatrical changes of lids, conjunctiva and neovascularization of the cornea were not satisfactory.

Purpose: The aim of the work was, to find out the relations between the lipid profile and glycosylated hemoglobin in blood and eye changes in the diabetic young people., Material and Methods: There were 39 patients (19 women and 20 men), aged 14-27 years (mean 19.5), treated for diabetes during the period 6-23 years (mean 9.6). The ophthalmological examinations have included anterior segment and lens, as well as the fundus of the eye. There also have been made the blood serum examinations of cholesterol (CHC), LDL-CHC, HDL-CHC, trigliceride (TG), apolipoproteins B (ApoB) and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c)., Results: Basing on these examinations it has been stated that: 1. the lens changes were observed in the patients of increased LDL-CHC level and ApoB, who suffered from diabetes shorter than 10 years, while in the patients suffering longer, lens changes correlate with the high level of HbA1c; 2. the eye fundus changes correlated substantially in the patients with the high levels of HbA1c, TG, HDL-CH (negatively), LDL-CH and ApoB, suffering less than 10 years; in the patients suffering longer, correlation was also with the increased level of HbA1c, CHC and LDL-CHC. 3. The increased levels of lipids were noted in the patients with the high level of HbA1c., Conclusions: The stated data have indicated, that the eye changes are caused by disturbances of lipid parameters, but besides of the glycaemia disorders. The diabetic duration does not matter for the lipid profile and HbA1c level, but it is important for the occurrence of eye fundus changes. The HbA1c essentially influences on the occurrence of eye fundus changes, but in the longer suffering patients, also on the lens changes. The high HbA1c level shifts the lipid profile towards atherogenic factors. It is purposeful, to decrease its level below 7%, which is accepted as good diabetes control.

Biotinidase deficiency is an autosomal recessive disorder depending on the deficiency of 4 biotin-containing carboxylases. This disease can lead to variety of neurologic, ophthalmologic and cutaneous symptoms, when untreated.

Aim: To analyse the occurrence of the anterior capsule contraction following cataract surgery. Capsule contraction syndrome (CCS) is defined as an extreme reduction in diameter of anterior capsulectomy, capsular bag diameter and, occasionally, displacement of the IOL after extracapsular cataract extraction. It is relatively frequent in pseudoexfoliation, advanced age, in association with uveitis, pars planitis and myotonic muscular dystrophy., Materials and Methods: 5965 eyes of patients were operated on cataract between 1.01.1994 and 31.12.1997 in Tadeusz Krwawicz Chair of Ophthalmology and 1st Eye Hospital, Medical School in Lublin. Two types of surgical procedures were performed: "divide and conquer" phacoemulsification with 4.5-8 mm continuous curvilinear capsulorhexis (3385 eyes) and extracapsular cataract extraction with "can opener" capsulotomy (2580 eyes)., Results: 20 cases of clinically apparent CCS were referred to the Department: in the course of intensive postoperative inflammation--5, in patients over 80--4, in pseudoexfoliation syndrome--2, myotonic dystrophy--1, ectopia lentis--2, other causes--6. In order to improve visual acuity in 4 cases surgical removal of the distorted and opaque anterior capsule was performed, in 3 cases relaxing radial tears were done, in 3 cases secondary anterior capsulotomy was performed using Q-switched Nd:YAG laser., Conclusions: In cases where the occurrence of CCS is especially high large diameter capsulorhexis should be performed and IOL designed to provide maximal peripheral capsular bag expansion should be implanted.

The authors present ocular changes observed in sarcoidosis. The most frequent features are: symptoms of dry eye and uveitis. Frequency of ocular manifestations leads to the conclusion that ophthalmic examinations ought to be routine procedure at sarcoid patients.

Purpose: To present severe involvements of Borrelia burgdorferi in the etiology of uveitis, optic neuritis and other ocular inflammatory conditions., Methods: IgM and IgG antibodies for Borrelia burgdorferi were detected by ELISA. Since May 1995 we have examined 78 patients for borreliosis., Results: Borreliosis was diagnosed in 11 patients (4 males, 7 females; aged 7 to 48). 7 persons remembered being bitten by a tick, 3 months to 3 years before the onset of ocular symptoms. All patients had systemic symptoms and signs. Ocular manifestations were as follows: nonspecific chronic conjunctivitis in 4 patients, keratitis in 2, diminished corneal sensation in 1, iritis in 1, intermediate uveitis and perivasculitis in 1, posterior uveitis in 3, retinal haemorrhage in 1, optic neuritis in 1, optic disc oedema in 2, sixth nerve paresis in 1 patient., Conclusions: We emphasize the importance of performing serological tests for borreliosis in patients with uveitis, inflammatory diseases of unknown etiology, optic neuritis and other neuro-ophthalmic conditions.

A 23-year old female patient diagnosed as HELLP syndrome (H-hemolysis, EL-elevated liver enzymes, LP-low platelets) was admitted during her 34th week of first pregnancy. After caesarean section she received hypotensive and anticoagulant treatment and blood transfusion. Her general condition was improved. The ocular manifestations (i.e. blurred vision, retinal oedema nad hemorrhages) were seen on the 10th postpartum day in both eyes. The ocular changes disappeared 4 month later.

The authors present ocular symptoms in 116 drug abusers. They have observed optic atrophy and defects in visual field in 9 cases, reduced convergence in 8 cases, slow pupillary reaction in 9 cases, ptosis in 3 cases, nystagmus in 2 cases, retinal haemorrhages in the nerve fibre layer in 2 cases, myopia in 45 cases and blepharoconjunctivitis in most of cases. The authors want to indicate the principal ocular signs in drug abusers in our country.

The paper presents mechanisms by which reactive oxygen forms appear in the eyeball and their effects on the tissues. They play an important role in pathogenesis of many eye diseases, especially in cataract, age-related macular degeneration and retinopathy of prematurity.

The contemporary literature has widely described the role of free oxygen radicals and their antioxidants in pathogenesis of some eye diseases, mainly cataract, age-related macular degeneration, retinopathy of prematurity and cystic macular oedema. This paper presents publications which stress the importance of antioxidants use in prophylaxis of cataract and age-related macular degeneration. Positive antioxidants role was proved both in experimental research and in clinical observations.

Background: The charts of 46 patients with dislocated lens particles during cataract surgery were reviewed. Forty patients had trans-pars plana vitrectomy; 5 were treated medically and one had retinal detachment repair only., Material and Methods: The following complications were associated with dislocated lens particles: uveitis 87%, glaucoma 66%, corneal edema 71%, retinal detachment 5%., Results: The vision on the initial visit was 20/200 or worse in 85%. After vitrectomy the final vision was 20/40 or better in 58%. Visual acuity of 20/40 or better was obtained in 72% of patients who had surgery the same day; in 55% who had surgery later and in 64% with initial IOL placement. Insertion of an intraocular lens at the time of cataract surgery is not contraindicated., Conclusion: The best visual acuity occurred in patients who had vitrectomy the same day as cataract surgery. Small lens particles may be left in the eye. Trans-pars plana vitrectomy is a successful method of treatment of dislocated lens particles during cataract surgery.

For the first time salvarsan treatment in Cracow was successfully held in Opthalmology Clinic of Jagiellonian University by Prof. Bolesław Wicherkiewicz, who used preparation 606 in three cases at ophthalmic complications caused by syphilis infection. He received this preparation directly from P. Ehrlich.

Unlabelled: The aim of our study is estimation of the efficacy of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator for the treatment of fibrinous membranes following cataract extraction., Patients and Methods: The fibrinous membranes were formed, despite conventional antiinflammatory therapy, in 17 eyes after ECCE with IOL and in 3 eyes after ECCE without IOL. We injected the solution of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator-Actilyse (Boehringer Ingelheim) into the anterior chamber of 20 eyes after cataract surgery. Simultaneously, topical corticosteroid and cycloplegic therapy was continued. Routine follow-up included slit lamp examination, ophthalmoscopy and intraocular pressure measurement., Results: Injection of the solution of tissue plasminogen activator into anterior chamber of 20 eyes resulted in complete dissolution of the fibrinous membranes in 18 eyes within 1 day. In 7 eyes, within a few days after injection, fibrinous membrane recurred. In four of this cases durable effect of fibrin dissolution was obtained after multiple tPA injections. Finally, expectable stable result was obtained in 15 of 20 eyes., Conclusions: Results of our study confirm high efficacy of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator in the treatment of fibrinous membranes after cataract surgery. Short term follow-up and small number of cases motivates further continuation of observation.

This paper presents results ophthalmological examination of 16 children with translocation trisomy 21/21 and 14/21 selected among group 192 patients with Down syndrome confirmed by cytogenetic examination. Ophthalmological state in the children with chromosomal aberration and simple trisomy 21 was similar.

Endocrine ophthalmopathy is regarded as organ specific disease of autoimmunological origin. It occurs most frequently in patients with Graves disease, less frequently in those with Hashimoto thyroiditis. The presence of HLA DR-3 and HLA b-8 antigens, cigarette smoking, treatment with radioiodine, and thyroid function disturbances predispose for the development of the disease. On the other hand, the most important pathogenetic mechanism is fibroblast stimulation and increased collagen and glucosaminoglycans production within the extrabulbar muscle interstitium.

The authors presented results of visual system examination in 28 persons in whom disturbances of blood flow in carotid arteries were diagnosed with colour doppler ultrasonography. The patients underwent routine ophthalmological examination, including kinetic and static perimetry. Ocular signs only, with no neurological changes, were found in 46% of patients. In 21% of cases there were episodes of transient blindness; homonymous hemianopsia occurred in 10%, acute ischaemic optic neuropathy in 11%, and secondary neovascular glaucoma in 14% of patients.

Graefe's test for muscle balance was performed in 100 patients with nodular toxic goitre and Graves-Basedow, and in a control group of 100 healty people. The test was positive in 51% of the thyroid cases for short distance vision. In this group 90% of disorders involved latent divergence, 10% latent convergence. In the control group the test was positive only in 3% of cases. Comparison of the Graefe's balance test with other methods of examination revealed that it is very sensitive; in Maddox test disturbances were found in 24% of patients, Moebius sign was observed in 8%, Dalrymple sign in 4% and exophthalmos in 9%. The authors concluded that Graefe's balance test is a simple examination which can be performed at the bedside and it should be remind.

31 persons without any changes in visual system and 16 patients with vascular lesions were examined using Doppler colour ultrasonography. This method allowed to identify and evaluate the blood flow in central retinal artery, ophthalmic artery and in ciliary arteries. The authors described a typical picture of normal eyeball and orbita as well as the blood flow observed with Doppler pulsation wave. It was found that normal orbital veins were difficult to observe. The pathological changes of the blood flow in carotid artery occlusion, in arterial-cavernous shunt and in retrobulbar neuritis were also described. The authors indicate a great diagnostic usefulness of the method.

The authors analyzed the kind of ocular changes and methods of therapy in 34 children, aged 5 months to 14 years, treated in the clinic in the years 1982-1992. The most frequent change was congenital cataract. The other signs observed were: Brushfield's spots, alternate esotropia, nystagmus, partial optic atrophy, retinal detachment, congenital glaucoma, ectropion and keratoconus. Occurrence of several anomalies were frequent. The adequate surgical treatment was applied depending on the kind of changes. Cataract extraction was made by aspiration method. Visual acuity improved in 58.8% of eyes.

Homocystinuria was diagnosed in 12 patients, aged 3-12 years. Myopia, ranged from -5.0 D to -20.0 D, and bilateral subluxation of lens were found in all children. In 8 eyes during follow-up luxation of lens was observed in 8 eyes, in 5 complicated by acute glaucoma. Surgical treatment, mostly pars plana lensectomia, was applied in 20 eyes. Normalisation of the intraocular pressure was achieved after surgery in 4 cases and improvement of visual acuity in 16 eyes. In 1 case of a boy after cerebral vessels infarct the intraocular pressure remained elevated and optic nerve atrophy developed. In 3 cases anterior scleral staphyloma was found.

The authors presents results of ophthalmological examination of 150 patients with cytogenetically diagnosed Down's syndrome. Refractive errors, requiring correction with glasses, were found in 45.3% of patients. Other ocular changes among which some were qualified for treatment, were observed in 72.7% of cases.

Clinical observations of 7 patients with metastatic intraocular tumors are presented. The primary sites of neoplasms were breast cancer in 4 women, pulmonary cancer in 2 men and in 1 cancer of prostate. In 4 patients metastases were observed also in the anterior segment of uveal tract. Secondary retinal detachment was found in 6 cases, central retinal artery occlusion in one and ciliary artery occlusion in another one. In spite of radio--and chemotherapy 5 patients died during 1-9 months and 2 remained under clinical observation.

The authors present 10 patients treated for Wegener's granulomatosis. In 5 of of them (50%) the ocular changes were observed: in 3-infiltration of the orbit, including one case with infiltration of lacrimal ducts, and in 2-the recurrent bacterial conjunctivitis. On the account of the rareness of the disease and its various symptoms, the diagnosis, in some cases, was made fairly late. It was emphasized that the ocular lesions may be the first symptoms of Wegener's granulomatosis. The bacterial conjunctivitis, keratitis, scleritis, and orbital pseudotumor in patients with chronic respiratory tract and nasal sinuses changes should arouse suspicion of Wegener's granulomatosis and are an indication for detailed tests.

The authors present an analysis of the results of treatment of patients with injury of the central fragment of the face, who have been hospitalized in the 2nd Department of the Maxillofacial surgery in Silesian Academy of Medicine. In the period 1980-1987 there were 447 patients with an injury of the central fragment of the face. Among this group 60 (13.4 p.c.) patients showed disturbances of the visual system. The most frequent causes of the injury were: assault (61.5 p.c.), traffic accidents (20.1 p.c.), occupational injuries (8.8 p.c.). Deformation of the face was the most frequent pathology observed in the course of a control stomatological check-up (32.0 p.c.). The most important ocular pathology were the posttraumatic atrophy of the eye (3.3 p.c.) and optic atrophy. Palpebral scars (33 p.c.) and diplopia (7.6 p.c.) were the most frequent ocular signs.

The internal carotid artery occlusion causing an insufficiency of the cerebral circulation manifests itself--besides the neurological symptoms--by disorders of the visual organ. One can distinguish among them early, functional symptoms in the form of transient unilateral hemianopia on the side opposite to the occluded carotid artery and the attacks of transient amblyopia. Signs of fixed ischaemia of the eye ball appear afterwards in the form of oculomotor and pupillary disturbances, neovascularization of the iris, disturbances of the IOP, central retinal artery occlusion, ischaemic optic atrophy. The authors emphasize the value of Doppler's diagnostic ultrasonography, a fast and non-invasive method of direct evaluation of the blood flow in the internal carotid artery system.

The results of ophthalmological examinations were compared in 20 children aged 6 to 13 years with SSPE. The examinations in the first phase of the disease demonstrated fundus changes with presence of choked disc in 4 cases, papilloedema in 4 cases, uveitis in 1 case, retrobulbar optic neuritis in 1 case (in this case ophthalmological changes developed 4 months prior to the onset of typical neurological sings.

Twelve patients with chronic renal failure treated with repeated dialysis underwent subtotal parathyroidectomy. Histologic examination revealed hyperplasia parathyroidal adenoma in all patients. Diagnostic correlation between bone X-ray, ultrasound of parathyroid glands, calcium deposits in cornea and conjunctiva, and histological findings has been analysed. Radiological abnormalities have been noted in 8 patients (66%), parathyroid glands hyperplasia in 9 (75%), and corneal and conjunctival calcium deposits in 10 (83%) patients. These data confirm the value of techniques under study for the diagnosis of the secondary hyperparathyroidism in patients with chronic renal failure.

Presented is the personal material comprising cases treated surgically for primary retinal detachment; analysed is the causal connection between postoperatively occurring proliferative vitreoretinopathy and the risk factors. The comparison of personal results with results of the other authors shows that in case of diagnosis of risk factors the reduction of the surgical trauma reduces the threat of proliferative vitreoretinopathy after operation of retinal detachment.

Examination of the filtration angle comprised 86 eyes with implanted artificial intraocular lenses in the 8th postoperative month. The evaluation detected in both groups the appearance of pigmentary deposits in the trabecular area, of circumferential anterior synechiae and of vascular proliferation of the circumference of the iris. In some patients with anterior chamber lenses were observed abnormalities in the position of the implant.

The material consists of 142 eyes in 138 children aged 2-17 years who sustained contusions and perforating injuries. Pathological changes of the vitreous have been observed in 75 p.c. of cases: haemorrhages, opacities, destructive and fibrous changes and even a total fibrosis of the vitreous with shortening of the anatomical axis of the eye. Vitrectomy was performed in 23 cases with extraction of the foreign body in 11. In eyes with a destruction of the vitreous and with vitreoretinal proliferation a laser photocoagulation of the retina or transscleral cryopexy was performed. It is considered that the prophylactical treatment is indicated in all eyes exhibiting structural changes in the vitreous.

The authors examined 78 fellow eyes in patients aged 2.5-20 years treated for retinal detachment. The examinations were carried out in the course of the hospital treatment and 2-10 years after the discharge from the Ophthalmological Department. In the period of observation the progression of the vitreous changes was seen in 9 eyes and it took the form of appearance or increase of the fibrillar degeneration of the vitreous, the condensation of its basis and of vitreoretinal adhesions; it coexisted with the appearance of new pathological processes in the retina. During the hospital treatment the retinal pathological changes were seen in 30.8 p.c. of cases and in the late examinations in 41 p.c. The most frequently discovered degeneration was the lattice degeneration. The frequency of the fellow eye syndrome in the late examinations increased from 10.2 p.c. to 17.7 p.c. of the examined patients.

Ophthalmological examinations were carried out in 42 patients (aged 16-45 years) after kidney transplantation in whom malignant hypertension was discovered before transplantation. The first funduscopy revealed pathological changes of various type and grade (I-IV), in 17 patients the visual acuity was lowered and in 18 the ERG record was pathological (residual or extinguished). The control examinations performed in 19 patients after 1-5 years showed that the changes typical for malignant hypertension receded in 7; the fundus of the rest of the patients was the same as before. The lack of improvement in the ERG record points to a permanent lesion of the retinal activity after passed malignant hypertension in spite of normalization of the arterial pressure.