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Estonia’s policy towards national minorities is considered one of the most restrictive in Europe, resulting in a differentiated status of persons living in the state and an unprecedented level of statelessness. This is due to the fact that after Estonia’s independence in 1991, the “zero option”, which guarantees citizenship to all residents of the state, was not introduced, but only to those who were Estonian citizens before the annexation of the state by the USSR and their descendants. The others had to go through a naturalisation process in order to obtain citizenship. The restrictive naturalisation law was intended to facilitate the process of social integration by forcing people to learn the Estonian language and culture. The aim of the research conducted in the article is to analyse the assumptions of Estonia’s policy towards the Russian-speaking minority after 1991. The article verifies the hypothesis that Estonia’s policy towards national minorities is not conducive to the integration of representatives of national minorities into the titular nation. This is due to the strict naturalisation requirements, the failure to include representatives of the Russian-speaking minority in the integration process from the outset, and Russia’s activities in the Baltic region. The article consists of three parts. The first presents the genesis of the Russian-speaking minority on the territory of present-day Estonia, the second analyses the functioning of the Russian-speaking minority in the light of the applicable law, while the third examines the state of integration of the Russian-speaking minority into Estonian society and its identification with the state. The analysis leads to the conclusion that it is difficult to make a clear assessment of Estonian policy on the integration of the Russian-speaking minority. On the one hand, a systematic increase in identification with the state can be observed, while on the other hand, significant disparities in integration have become apparent.

Copyright of Political Science Studies / Studia Politologiczne is the property of University of Warsaw and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Studies in Politics & Society / Polityka & Społeczeństwo is the property of University of Rzeszow and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

“INHERITING” HERITAGE: REMOVAL OF SOVIET MONUMENTS IN THE BALTIC STATES The aim of this article is an analysis of the process of removing the Soviet monuments including the objects commemorating the Red Army and those glorifying the Soviet regime, which were created during the occupation of the Baltic states by the USSR. After the spontaneous process of destroying the monuments and their removal in the 1990s, many of them remained in public spaces of the sovereign states. In recent years, due to Russia’s occupation of Crimea (2014) and Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine (2022), the governments of Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia have taken active steps to dismantle monuments that are a symbol of Russian imperialism and falsification of history. The author draws attention to the process of heritage management, in which certain meanings are accepted and reinforced, while others are marginalised and rejected. Gregory Ashworth’s heritage paradigm will be used to analyse the research topic, according to which heritage is a process of selective acceptance or rejection of elements of the past in response to the current social, political and economic needs.

FROM VICTIM TO LEADER – ESTONIA AFTER THE 2007 CYBERATTACKS In the spring of 2007, Estonia became the target of co-ordinated cyberattacks. The attacks were part of a wider political conflict between Estonia and Russia over the relocation of a Soviet-era monument in Tallinn. The aim of this article is to present the effects of the cyberattacks on Estonian cybersecurity. The article consists of several parts. The first deals with the main causes of the conflict. In the second part, the author presents information about the direct results of the cyberattacks on Estonia. The last part presents strategic, legal and organisational changes in Estonian cybersecurity. At present, Estonia is one of the most developed nations regarding the ubiquitous use of information and communication technology in all aspects of state functioning. The study used the following research methods: historical method, comparative analysis, literature analysis and criticism, source analysis and criticism, and case study.

HISTORICAL DISCOURSES OF THE BALTIC STATES AS AN INSTRUMENT FOR THE PROTECTION OF YOUNG DEMOCRACIES AFTER THE COLLAPSE OF THE USSR: SELECTED ASPECTS The aim of the article is to discuss selected elements of the historical policy of the Baltic states, tracing the process of shaping their official historical discourse – from post-Soviet nationalist narratives and the glorification of interwar independence to the pro-Western freedom narrative. The starting point of the research is the hypothesis that the top-down memorisation processes of the Baltic states, the centre of which were anti-Sovietism and nationalism, were an effective instrument for protecting the young democratic systems in the Baltic Sea against both the neo-imperial attempts of Putin’s Russia and the autocratic inclinations characteristic of other countries created after the collapse of the USSR.

Na przykładzie dwóch wydarzeń historycznych: śpiewającej rewolucji z 1988 r. oraz protestów przeciw sfałszowanym wyborom w Białorusi z lat 2020–2021, artykuł prezentuje sposób wykorzystania zbiorowego śpiewu do celów społeczno-politycznych. Jednym z nich jest budowanie/wzmacnianie tożsamości narodowej, drugim wyrażenie żądania zmian. Mechanizmy wykorzystywane do osiągnięcia pożądanego efektu zawarte są w tradycyjnych funkcjach pieśni.

The aim of this article is an analysis of the process of removing the Soviet monuments including the objects commemorating the Red Army and those glorifying the Soviet regime, which were created during the occupation of the Baltic states by the USSR. After the spontaneous process of destroying the monuments and their removal in the 1990s, many of them remained in public spaces of the sovereign states. In recent years, due to Russia’s occupation of Crimea (2014) and Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine (2022), the governments of Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia have taken active steps to dismantle monuments that are a symbol of Russian imperialism and falsification of history. The author draws attention to the process of heritage management, in which certain meanings are accepted and reinforced, while others are marginalised and rejected. Gregory Ashworth’s heritage paradigm will be used to analyse the research topic, according to which heritage is a process of selective acceptance or rejection of elements of the past in response to the current social, political and economic needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the article is to discuss selected elements of the historical policy of the Baltic states, tracing the process of shaping their official historical discourse – from post-Soviet nationalist narratives and the glorification of interwar independence to the pro-Western freedom narrative. The starting point of the research is the hypothesis that the top-down memorisation processes of the Baltic states, the centre of which were anti-Sovietism and nationalism, were an effective instrument for protecting the young democratic systems in the Baltic Sea against both the neo-imperial attempts of Putin’s Russia and the autocratic inclinations characteristic of other countries created after the collapse of the USSR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the spring of 2007, Estonia became the target of co-ordinated cyberattacks. The attacks were part of a wider political conflict between Estonia and Russia over the relocation of a Soviet-era monument in Tallinn. The aim of this article is to present the effects of the cyberattacks on Estonian cybersecurity. The article consists of several parts. The first deals with the main causes of the conflict. In the second part, the author presents information about the direct results of the cyberattacks on Estonia. The last part presents strategic, legal and organisational changes in Estonian cybersecurity. At present, Estonia is one of the most developed nations regarding the ubiquitous use of information and communication technology in all aspects of state functioning. The study used the following research methods: historical method, comparative analysis, literature analysis and criticism, source analysis and criticism, and case study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Russia’s annexation of Crimea in 2014 began the modernisation of state security systems in the Baltic Sea region. A pioneer in the creation of comprehensive security was the Republic of Estonia, which began to implement the total defence strategy as early as 2008, after the political crisis caused by the Russian minority. The protests have disrupted the functioning of Estonian public institutions and the private sector, which are threatened by cyberattacks. The Russian Federation could use not only military but also hybrid means. Therefore, Estonia has decided to implement a completely new version of the total defence strategy. The paper seeks to assess the Estonian concept of holistic security, with particular emphasis on solutions for civil defence in crisis situations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the use of collective singing for socio-political purposes on the example of two historical events: the 1988 Singing Revolution, and the 2020–2021 protests against the rigged elections in Belarus. One of these purposes is building/strengthening national identity, the other – expressing demands for change. The mechanisms used to achieve the desired effect are contained in the traditional song functions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the work is to analyze Estonian memory policy after 1991 and to attempt to consider its cultural affiliation to the Nordic circle, as well as to indicate the activities undertaken by the Office of the Nordic Council of Ministers in Estonia, thanks to which the Nordic and Baltic regions would be brought closer together. After a short introduction, we get to know the lectures of Sofi Oksanen--an important intellectual of Finnish-Estonian origin. Then, the "orientation towards the North" in Estonian relations with Europe was described and the signs of the identification of Estonians with Nordic culture in cultural life and international politics were analyzed. The issue of creating a new historical narrative in Estonia after 1991 was also discussed. The next part describes the activities of the Office of the Nordic Council of Ministers in Estonia. The work ends with a summary of the conclusions from the text and a map showing the quality of life in individual European countries (as of 2022). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Rusycystyczne Studia Literaturoznawcze is the property of Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Slaskiego and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article analyses Estonian, Latvian, and Lithuanian developments in the implementation of comprehensive defense concepts. The analysis is intentionally limited to post-2014 period, when efforts by the Baltic States intensified in response to Russian aggression against Ukraine and the illegal annexation of Crimea. The article begins with a brief review of national perspectives on total and comprehensive defense. Then, it discusses the factors that prompted the Baltic States’ adoption of comprehensive defense. A comparative analysis of the concepts developed and actions taken by Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania serves as a starting point for a discussion on development and implementation of comprehensive defense for Poland. The research uses a critical analysis of publicly available governmental documents synthesized with academic and think tank research on the subject. The article purposefully concludes before 24 February 2022 and Russian aggression against Ukraine in order to avoid unsupported speculation on decisions and actions taken by the Baltic States in response to the war.

The greatest challenge related to using artificial intelligence systems in court proceedings is to create appropriate databases, and, even more, a black box, to understand the process of obtaining one and not another judgment with an algorithm. Simultaneously, regulations at both European and national levels will have to guarantee technological neutrality. In Poland, we are far from the system of internet courts that are operating in China. Based on the example of Estonia, however, we can see that the use of modern technologies in the justice system is possible and, most importantly, effective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Politica Polonica is the property of University of Szczecin Press / Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Szczecinskiego and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The aim of the essay is to present Estonian music from a historical and cultural perspective. The author discusses the works of representatives of four main musical genres: folklore, classical music, jazz and rock. It introduces the figure of Arvo Pärt, the greatest composer in the history of Estonia, but also the artists less known in Poland, though crucial from the point of view of Estonian culture. Music is an extremely important element in shaping the national consciousness of Estonians (as evidenced by the phenomenon of the so-called singing revolution). Unfortunately, the image of Estonia in the eyes of the average Pole is still paradoxical: it is both a country close (geographically) and distant (in terms of knowledge of its culture). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Estonia is one of the fifteen states created as a result of the collapse of the Soviet Union, which introduced such effective reforms that it is now a highly developed, economically and socially Western democracy. Currently, Estonia is at the forefront of post-Soviet and former satellite countries in terms of freedom from corruption, democratization, the level of education, and building a digital society. The main aim of the article was to answer the question concerning the social, political, and economic effects of reforms implemented in Estonia after the country became independent from Moscow. By comparing relevant indicators, the implications of these reforms were presented against the background of other former Soviet republics and Central and Eastern European states. The article also presents the historical determinants of the proWestern orientation of Estonia and its inhabitants. Without social support for integration with Western Europe, it would be impossible to carry out a successful transformation. Among the historical factors, the centuries-old influence of Western European, especially German, culture and economy had the greatest impact on the manner and quality of the reforms carried out in Estonia. The research shows that Estonia is the least affected by corruption and the most democratic country in the post- Soviet area. However, in terms of the quality of education, the country ranks first not only in the group of post-Soviet countries, but also in the whole of Europe. On the other hand, in terms of building the information society and e-state, Estonia is a world leader and is presented as an example to other countries.

W niniejszym opracowaniu dokonano analizy estońskich przepisów konstytucyjnych i ustawowych odnoszących się do statusu języka państwowego i mniejszości narodowych. Począwszy od lat 90. XX w. odbudowę estońskiej państwowości silnie powiązano z ochroną języka tytularnego. W okresie dominacji radzieckiej w administracji państwowej i wśród urzędników, jak również w kluczowych sektorach gospodarki przeważał język rosyjski. Istotnie zmieniła się także struktura społeczna – znaczący odsetek mieszkańców stanowiła ludność rosyjskojęzyczna. Władze niepodległej Estonii uznały za priorytet wprowadzenie odpowiednich regulacji prawnych sytuujących język państwowy jako podstawowy język komunikacji. Konieczne stało się równocześnie zabezpieczenie praw mniejszości narodowych, o przestrzeganie których upominała się społeczność międzynarodowa. Opracowanie stanowi próbę oceny, w jakim stopniu w przypadku Estonii udało się zrównoważyć wartości konstytucyjne – ochronę języka państwowego i zasadę niedyskryminacji.

Copyright of Studies in Politics & Society / Polityka & Społeczeństwo is the property of University of Rzeszow and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Studies in Politics & Society / Polityka & Społeczeństwo is the property of University of Rzeszow and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This publication is the result of research into the organization of national defence in selected European countries. The main research problem was to find the answer to the question how the national defence is organized in countries with different geopolitical possibilities, as well as various financial, human and natural resources. The aim of the investigations was to present the defence policy of selected European countries and generate a better understanding of the issues of national defence, including the issue of defence preparations. In order to achieve the goal and solve the research problem, three non-reactive test methods were used: content analysis, existing data analysis and comparative analysis. We decided to select Estonia, Finland and Russia as units of our analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Political Science Review / Przegląd Politologiczny is the property of Faculty of Political Science & Journalism, Adam Mickiewicz University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Omówienie publikacji autorstwa badaczy estońskich - Raimo Pullata i Tõnisa Liibeka, stanowiącej kompendium wiedzy o kształtowaniu się i dokonaniach paru pokoleń estońskiej inteligencji technicznej, od schyłku wieku XIX po rok 1939.

Copyright of Athenaeum: Polskie Studia Politologiczne is the property of Faculty of Political Science & Security Studies Nicolaus Copernicus University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article presents the role of the "shale revolution" in Estonia which significantly increases the energy security of the country. The purpose of this paper is to show how significant are the changes triggered by generating energy from oil shale in Estonia. The benefits gained from oil shale since a hundred years have been considerably enhanced by technical progress. As a result of introduced innovations Estonia is able to practically fully satisfy its oil and electricity needs by processing shale. The article also outlines actions undertaken to tackle the problem of harmful emissions arising while generating electricity from shale. Further aspect analyzed in the paper is the impact of oil shale industry in Estonia on the relations with other countries, with Russia in particular.

Estonia jest przykładem państwa, które wprowadziło model niewyznaniowej fakultatywnej formy nauczania religii w szkołach. Uregulowanie tej kwestii ma istotne znaczenie z punktu widzenia relacji państwo – Kościół. Konstytucja Estonii sankcjonuje brak istnienia Kościoła państwowego, a także gwarantuje równy status prawny Kościołom i związkom wyznaniowym. Nauczaniu religii w szkole nie poświęcono uwagi w ustawie zasadniczej. Również w aktach niższego rzędu kwestia ta została potraktowana lakonicznie. W 2010 r. wprowadzono jednak istotną nowelizację obowiązującego prawodawstwa. Ujednolicono program nauczania dla przedmiotu, który odtąd stanowi wytyczne obowiązujące dla wszystkich szkół. Estonia jest uznawana za kraj silnie zlaicyzowany. Wpływ na to miały doświadczenia historyczne, które warunkują stosunek Estończyków wychowania religijnego. Jego rola jest marginalizowana w systemie nauczania, a równocześnie wzbudza liczne kontrowersje.

Russian activities in the area of information war are very dynamic. They have internal legal, political and military background, constituting an important element of today's war theatre. Disinformation is directed not only to the global or regional powers, which would undermine the position of the Russian Federation, but also to the neighboring countries, including the Baltic States. It has a specific narrative vis-à-vis individual states, emphasizing historical propaganda and building messages which should be easily absorbed mostly by Russian speaking minorities, which seem to be a sensitive and "easy" target in these terms. Russian disinformation policy faces in Estonia natural barriers. They stem from political (consensus among the parties on pro-European and pro-transatlantic policies), historical (ne gative experiences with Russia's and the Soviet Union policy) and economic (limited presence of Russian capital) factors. They key issue for analyzing an effectivity of Russian propaganda in Estonia is demographic structure. Amongst 25% of Russian speaking minority in this country, there is a fraction of citizens (mostly Russians) which are sensitive to Kremlin propaganda. However, the vast majority of Estonian society seems to be impregnated from Moscow's propaganda. Thus we can state that the disinformation activities of Russia has in Estonia a limited significance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Studia Wyborcze is the property of Lodz Scientific Society / Lodzkie Towarzystwo Naukowe and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the framework, content and principles of composing a special encyclopedia – the Encyclopedia of Accounting and Finance. The paper presents the concept of a two-volume special Encyclopedia – the Encyclopedia of Accounting and Finance – written and revised by the authors over the course of a decade. An analysis of the practical lexicographic work done by the authors of the Encyclopedia of Accounting and Finance is presented. The analysis describes how the authors composed the Encyclopedia and discusses how the components of the work relate to one another. Part of the Encyclopedia is a biographical reference book including more than 900 mini-essays. Another feature of the book is its extensive network of cross-references. Principles of lexicography were used in the process of composing the Encyclopedia of Accounting and Finance. This paper is the first to provide a comprehensive analysis of the authors’ viewpoint on the special Encyclopedia, which contains almost 8,000 entries.

Poland’s attitude towards political emancipation of Latvia and Estonia in 1989‑1991 Year 1988 saw the beginning of the political emancipation of Latvia and Estonia. Both republics declared that the decisions about their incorporation in the Soviet Union – taken by their respective parliaments in 1940 – were illegal, and therefore null and void. Both countries took advantage of the freedoms gained as a result of Mikhail Gorbachev’s political reforms, and obtained international support for their independence aspirations. Poland found itself in a tricky situation. On the one hand, it supported Latvia and Estonia’s endeavours, but on the other hand, it advocated the territorial integrity of the USSR. Minister of Foreign Affairs Krzysztof Skubiszewski defined the policy towards the former Soviet republics as a policy of adaptation to the progressing “pluralism” within the Soviet Union (so‑called ‘dual‑track policy’). Poland maintained interministerial contacts with the Baltic republics, accepted their delegations, supported their gradual emergence in the international arena as individual entities, even though within the framework of the Soviet delegation. However, Polish officials avoided actions that could be regarded as formal recognition of the Baltic states’ independence. Given the restrictions that tied up the Polish Ministry of Foreign Affairs, it was the delegates and senators from the CPC club that performed a significant role in the Polish diplomatic efforts. Their visits to the Baltic republics, seen as part of interparliamentary contacts, encouraged trust in the mutual relations and contributed to the promotion of the Polish dual‑track policy. Once the independence of the Baltic states was officially recognised by the Soviet Union, Poland resumed the relations with Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia.

Klotško Małgorzata, Walewska-Zielecka Bożena, Olejniczak Dominik, Skonieczna Joanna. Wiedza i deklarowane postawy rodziców wobec szczepień ochronnych dla dzieci w Warszawie i Tallinie = Knowledge and declared attitude of parents to protective vaccination for children in Warsaw and Tallin. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2015;5(12):89-98. ISSN 2391-8306. DOIhttp://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.35011 http://ojs.ukw.edu.pl/index.php/johs/article/view/2015%3B5%2812%29%3A89-98 http://pbn.nauka.gov.pl/works/676933 Formerly Journal of Health Sciences. ISSN 1429-9623 / 2300-665X. Archives 2011–2014http://journal.rsw.edu.pl/index.php/JHS/issue/archive Deklaracja. Specyfika i zawartość merytoryczna czasopisma nie ulega zmianie. Zgodnie z informacją MNiSW z dnia 2 czerwca 2014 r., że w roku 2014 nie będzie przeprowadzana ocena czasopism naukowych; czasopismo o zmienionym tytule otrzymuje tyle samo punktów co na wykazie czasopism naukowych z dnia 31 grudnia 2014 r. The journal has had 5 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education of Poland parametric evaluation. Part B item 1089. (31.12.2014). © The Author (s) 2015; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Poland and Radom University in Radom, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 25.09.2015. Revised 25.10.2015. Accepted: 08.12.2015. WIEDZA I DEKLAROWANE POSTAWY RODZICÓW WOBEC SZCZEPIEŃ OCHRONNYCH DLA DZIECI W WARSZAWIE I TALLINIE KNOWLEDGE AND DECLARED ATTITUDE OF PARENTS TO PROTECTIVE VACCINATION FOR CHILDREN IN WARSAW AND TALLIN Małgorzata Klotško1, Bożena Walewska-Zielecka2, Dominik Olejniczak2, Joanna Skonieczna2 1 Absolwentka kierunku Zdrowie Publiczne Wydział Nauki o Zdrowiu Warszawski Uniwersytet Medyczny 2 Warszawski Uniwersytet Medyczny Zakład Zdrowia Publicznego ul. Banacha 1a, 02-097 Warszawa Adres do korespondencji: dr hab. n. med. Bożena Walewska- Zielecka Warszawski Uniwersytet Medyczny Zakład Zdrowia Publicznego ul. Banacha 1a, 02-097 Warszawa Tel: 22 599 21 80 Fax: 22 599 21 81 Słowa kluczowe: szczepienia ochronne, zachowania zdrowotne, Polska, Estonia. Keywords: vaccination, health behaviors, Poland, Estonia. Streszczenie Wprowadzenie Szczepienia, jako jedno ze szczytowych osiągnięć w medycynie stanowią istotny element realizowania polityki zdrowotnej na szczeblu krajowym I globalnym. Regularne uodparnianie dzieci oraz ludzi dorosłych poprawiło jakość i przedłużyło długość życia. Ponadto szczepienia wyeliminowały ospę prawdziwą oraz przyczyniły się do ograniczenia występowania niektórych chorób takich jak polio, świnki czy tężca. Szczepienia zaliczane są do profilaktyki swoistej pierwszego rzędu, która ma za zadanie wpływać na jeden z trzech elementów łańcucha epidemicznego - na wrażliwą populację. Materiał i metody Materiał stanowiło 231 osób rodziców dzieci objętych obowiązkowymi szczepieniami ochronnymi w Warszawie i Tallinie. Wśród ankietowanych znalazły się 173 oraz 58 mężczyzn.. Badanie było przeprowadzone przy użyciu komputera CAWI (ang. Computer-Assisted Web Interview) oraz metodą papierową PAPI (ang. Paper nad Pencil Interview). Do obliczeń korelacji zastosowano test Chi, zaś za poziom istotności przyjęto wartość 0,05. Wyniki Po zastosowaniu metody top2boxes wynika, że w Estonii 30% wierzy w bezpieczeństwo szczepionek, natomiast 70% nie. W Polsce wynik ten kształtuje się odpowiednio na poziomie 38% i 62%. Po zastosowaniu metody top2boxes wynika, że w Estonii 48% badanych widzi w pormowaniu szczepień interes producentów, natomiast 52% nie zgadza się z tym. Natomiast w Polsce na korzyści koncernów wskazuje 59% i 41 % zaprzecza tej teorii. Po zastosowaniu metody top2boxes okazuje się, że w Estonii 84% badanych popiera dobrowolność szczepień, natomiast 15% jest przeciwnych. Natomiast w Polsce jest 65% zwolenników dobrowolności szczepień i 35 % jej przeciwników. Wnioski Rodzice w Estonii i Polsce są świadomi zalet wypływających ze szczepienia dzieci. Może świadczyć o tym udzielenie przez większość ankietowanych pozytywnych odpowiedzi na pytanie 1,2 i 3. Niestety większość z nich nie posiada wiedzy na temat największego osiągnięcia szczepień jakim jest eradykacja ospy prawdziwej w 1980 roku. Może to świadczyć o braku informacji na ten temat ze strony instytucji zajmujących się ochroną zdrowia jak i samego personelu medycznego, szczególnie lekarzy rodzinnych. Rodzice dzieci w Polsce i Estonii nie są wystarczająco informowani na temat wpływu szczepień na zdrowie dziecka. Świadczy o tym zaznaczenie przez większość respondentów pozytywnych odpowiedzi na pytanie 4, 5, i 6. W celu poprawy tej sytuacji należy edukować społeczeństwo poprzez rzetelne kampanie społeczne. Bardzo dużą role powinien odgrywać tutaj personel medyczny, a szczególnie położne, lekarze rodzinni i pediatrzy. Abstract Introduction. Vaccination as one of the top achievements in medicine is an important part of implementing health policy at the national and global levels. Regular immunization of children and adults improved quality of life and extended its expectancy. In addition, inoculation eliminated smallpox and have contributed to reducing the incidence of certain diseases such as polio, mumps and tetanus. Vaccination is classified as specific first order prevention which affects one of the three components of an epidemic chain - the sensitive population. Material and methods The material consisted of 231 persons (parents of children) covered by the mandatory vaccinations in Warsaw and in Tallinn (Estonia). Among those surveyed were 173 and 58 men. The study was conducted using a computer CAWI (Computer-Assisted Web Interview) approach and paper PAPI (Paper on Pencil Interview) one. For the calculation of correlation a Chi test was used, and a level of significance was set at 0.05. Results After applying the top2boxes method following results appeared. In Tallinn 30% of respondents believe in the safety of vaccines, while 70% do not. In Warsaw, these results are respectively 38% and 62%. When it comes to promoting of vaccination there are 48% of respondents in Estonia who see the interest of vaccine producers in its promoting, while 52% of them disagree with that. Whereas in Poland 59% of them are for the benefit of corporations and 41% deny this theory. Differences are seen in regard of the voluntary vaccination. It appears that in Estonia there are 84% of respondents who support its voluntariness, while 15% are opposed. In Poland it is 65% as proponents of vaccination voluntariness and 35% as opponents of it. Conclusions Parents in Estonia and Poland are aware of the advantages arising from the vaccination of children. It may indicates from positive responses to the initial three questions of the majority of respondents. Unfortunately most of them do not have knowledge about the greatest achievement of vaccination which is the eradication of smallpox in 1980. This may indicate a lack of information from the institutions dealing with the health care and the medical staff, especially family doctors. Parents of children in both countries are not sufficiently informed about the impact of vaccination on the health of the child. Evidence of this is selection of positive answers to following three questions by the majority of respondents. In order to improve this situation should educate the public should be educated by reliable social campaigns. A very big role here should be played by medical personnel, particularly midwives, family doctors and pediatricians.

History of the Faculty of Polish studies at Tartu University Slavic Studies in Tartu (Dorpat) came to existence at the beginning of the 19th century when Russian language and literature started to be taught here. Other Slavic languages and literatures were gradually being included in the curriculum. Polish Studies were initiated in 1883 by a distinguished Polish linguist J. Niecisław Baudouin de Courtenay. In the article the author discusses gradual development of Polish Studies, expanding Slavic courses, contribution of particular famous scholars mainly from Poland in the inter-war period. The author lists the most important research topics and highlights the Tartu scholars’ special interest in Kashubian matters. Currently the Faculty of Polish Studies is supported by the Polish Ministry of Education which delegates Polish lecturers to run classes and enables Estonian students to undergo their training in Poland as well as participate in language courses. The author presented important publications from the field of Polish Studies published in Tartu.

Copyright of Annales UMCS, Sectio K (Politologia) is the property of Maria Curie-Sklodowska University in Lublin and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper presents an overview of cultural and artistic education in compulsory education in selected European countries, including Poland, Austria, Belgium, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Spain, and the UK. An attempt is made to define the concept of cultural education and to examine the place it has in the modern world. The review includes the issues related to cultural education as a compulsory school subject in primary and secondary schools in selected European countries. An analysis is made of school curricula, with special emphasis on cultural and artistic subjects. The context of the school organization systems and curricula, as well as the status of teachers in art school education and lifelong learning, was used to better exemplify the issues under consideration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Year 1988 saw the beginning of the political emancipation of Latvia and Estonia. Both republics declared that the decisions about their incorporation in the Soviet Union - taken by their respective parliaments in 1940 - were illegal, and therefore null and void. Both countries took advantage of the freedoms gained as a result of Mikhail Gorbachev's political reforms, and obtained international support for their independence aspirations. Poland found itself in a tricky situation. On the one hand, it supported Latvia and Estonia’s endeavours, but on the other hand, it advocated the territorial integrity of the USSR. Minister of Foreign Affairs Krzysztof Skubiszewski defined the policy towards the former Soviet republics as a policy of adaptation to the progressing „pluralism” within the Soviet Union (so‑called ‘dual‑track policy'). Poland maintained interministerial contacts with the Baltic republics, accepted their delegations, supported their gradual emergence in the international arena as individual entities, even though within the framework of the Soviet delegation. However, Polish officials avoided actions that could be regarded as formal recognition of the Baltic states' independence. Given the restrictions that tied up the Polish Ministry of Foreign Affairs, it was the delegates and senators from the CPC club that performed a significant role in the Polish diplomatic efforts. Their visits to the Baltic republics, seen as part of interparliamentary contacts, encouraged trust in the mutual relations and contributed to the promotion of the Polish dual‑track policy. Once the independence of the Baltic states was officially recognised by the Soviet Union, Poland resumed the relations with Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Psychiatria Polska is the property of Editorial Committee of Polish Psychiatric Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

E-voting in Estonia and Brazil: In addition to traditional voting methods (namely, voting at a polling station), contemporary election systems include alternative voting methods. One of them is electronic voting or "E-voting", which includes both electronic voting machines (located at polling stations) and remote voting via the internet (from PCs, PDAs, or mobile phones). This article addresses selected issues concerning e-voting (such as legal and technology issues) and discusses e-voting procedures adopted in Estonia (voting via the internet) and Brazil (voting machines). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on 30 dissertations, defended in the city of Dorpat, written in association with the pursuit of medical science degrees. The documents were found among the Polish-language holdings of the Library of the Lithuanian Science Academy in Vilnius (a collection housed in the building of the former Library of Eustace and Emily Wroblewski). The dissertations were written in three languages (7 in Latin, 22 in German, 1 in Russian). The authors note the topics of the individual theses and their outcomes. The dissertations had formerly belonged to The Library of Eustace and Emily Wroblewski, The Society of Sciences' Friends, The Medical Society in Vilna, and The Polonia Convent in Dorpat and Vilna (the oldest students’ society established in Dorpat in 1828).