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The aim of study: The aim of this study is to assess the azithromycin impact on the modification of local and general reactions in the tissues reactivity to foreign body. Material and methods: The study was carried out on 60 rats, Wistar strain divided into 3 groups (20 in each group): one control group and two studied groups. The animals from the investigated group underwent surgery of inserting given osseous grout into the femur bone. The first tested group was tramal as perioperative treatment, the other tested group was also azithromycin given. The tested groups were divided into two sub-groups of 10 animals depending on the time of observation since the surgery -12 or 24 weeks. After this cycle the animals were killed and the material for the study of the selected elements of the oxidation-reduction balance was taken. Results: The experimental model shows that perioperative stress plays an important role in the transfer test of the oxidation-reduction balance parameters. Application of azithromycin did not influence the parameters of oxidation-reduction balance in the investigated animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of study: The aim of this study is to assess the diclofenac impact on the modification of local and general reactions in the tissues reactivity to foreign body. Material and methods: The study was carried out on 60 rats, Wistar strain divided into 3 groups (20 in each group): one control group and two studied groups. The animals from the investigated group underwent surgery of inserting given osseous grout into the femur bone. The first tested group was tramal as perioperative treatment, the other tested group was also given diclofenac. The tested groups were divided into two sub-groups of 10 animals depending on the time of observation since the surgery -12 or 24 weeks. After this cycle the animals were killed and the material for the study of the selected elements of the oxidation-reduction balance was taken. Results: Application of diclofenac sodium was significantly modified parameters of oxidation-reduction balance in the investigated animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the intensity of the syndrome and the various dimensions of alexithymia constituted in patients treated for cardiac diseases. The results obtained were compared with a group of patients with known bipolar disorder. Material and methods: The subjects were patients aged between 18-65 years of age (M = 50,00 years, SD = 10,68), treated for coronary heart disease, heart failure, heart rhythm disorders, including post myocardial infarction and hypertension. The control group consisted of 28 patients with mental disorders - mood disorders aged 18-65 years of age (M = 50,43 years, SD = 13,17), 10 women and 18 men. The study used a scale of Bermond-Vorst Alexithymia Questionnaire (BVAQ) containing 40 questions divided into 5 dimensions. Results: Patients with cardiac diseases compared to people with mood disorders are characterized by lower levels of alexithymia and three of the five dimensions making up the deficit of personality. Statistically significant differences were associated with the level of intensity in the difficulty in verbalizing emotional and poor insight into their own emotional experiences. Taking into account their gender subjects did not differ statistically significantly in terms of the analyzed variables. With increasing age only one of the variables of alexithymia components significantly enhances: poverty of imagination. Conclusions: Patients with heart disease differ statistically from the control group in terms of two dimensions alexithymia: difficulty in verbalizing emotional and poor insight into their own emotional experiences to give lower results for these variables. The presented preliminary analysis of reports of research, and understanding of the relationship between cardiovascular disease and alexithymia syndrome requires further analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant resources with adaptogenic and immunostimulatory properties can improve the effort tolerance, prevent from mental impairment and modulate immune response of the human body. For healing properties of the plant materials are responsible biologically active compounds belonging to the primary metabolites involved in the basic life processes of plants, as well as substances which are the products of secondary plant metabolism. The paper has discussed examples of plant resources and their components having the positive effects on the human body. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The awareness of one's national identity, the preservation of national traditions, as well as the development of the creative potential of Ukrainians is a guarantor of the development of the state and national security of Ukraine. State policy should prioritize the preservation of the nation's cultural identity, as well as the issue of cultural identity in general. The Law of Ukraine on National Security protects the principles of statehood, including the national interests of Ukraine, rather than just infrastructure facilities. The law defines vital interests as those of a person, society, and the state, with the function of upholding Ukraine's sovereignty. Festivals, educational programs, forums, and literary and musical competitions are particularly important, as they can serve as platforms for the development and preservation of national culture, which is a crucial aspect of Ukraine's national security. The article analyzes the relationship between major cultural events of regional and national importance and national security, providing arguments to support the fact that culture is of great importance to national security.

In the conditions of the transition to higher technological systems in the conditions of the implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals, the companies of the world face the question of effective management of green innovative development in their economic activities. The goal of the research is the formation of effective organizational and economic support for green innovations of companies of countries with different levels of technological development of production. This research contains: to describe the known positions of scientific schools regarding the managerial aspects of green innovations of companies of the world; to form the economic support of this administration, by developing an assessment of the potential of green innovations of companies of the world (the data of the Global Innovation Index Report were taken as a source of empirical data), to form criterion values of the potential of green innovations of companies of the countries for the purpose of their clustering. The research methods used include: system method; bibliometric analysis; method of assessing competitiveness; criterion method; method of generalization. The objects of evaluation include companies from five countries of Central and Eastern Europe. The main results of the study include: development of management theory; forming an assessment of the green innovation potential of companies from countries of the world with different levels of technological development of production (the data of the Global Innovation Index Report were taken as a source of empirical data); formation of criterion support for the results of evaluation of the green innovation potential of the countries’ companies. The conclusions of the study should include establishing the actualization of managing green innovations by companies of the world by involving the results of the assessment of the green innovation potential of companies of the world to the formation of the criterion values of this assessment in order to make effective management decisions on the part of all interested stakeholders. For further scientific research, to focus on the formation of effective communication links between different groups of stakeholders, the basis of this scientific direction is the criteria developed by the authors to ensure the level of green innovation potential of companies of countries in order to make effective decisions on the part of stakeholders (state bodies, investors, manufacturers, suppliers, clients, financial institutions) regarding organizational, social, economic support of green innovations of companies of countries with different levels of technological development of production. This study can be useful for the governments of countries in the development of international and national programs for the innovative development of the economy in terms of the implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals; to company managers when forming strategic and tactical plans for green innovative business development; to students and scientists in the implementation of scientific and educational programs.

The article is devoted to the study of scientific knowledge on the general organizational conditions for corporate governance in an agrarian integrated enterprise. Based on the analysis of scientific knowledge on the conditions and features of corporate governance in integrated agricultural structures, the authors have found that relations arise not between the owners of a corporation, but between the corporation and the owners, and thus relations in the group of owners are absent or minimized. In practice, the key element of contracting is not an attempt to determine the behavior of the CEO in all possible situations, but to develop a structured system of remuneration for managers. The main goal of this operation is to find the optimal combination of different types of remuneration for top managers, which will ensure mutually beneficial interests of both shareholders and managers of the corporation. The author proves that the most effective mechanism of internal control over the activities of a corporation's management personnel is to involve shareholders in protecting their interests through agents (outsiders) who are not employees of the corporation but are vested with certain controlling powers. It is assumed that these agents will not be directly related to the operational management of the corporation, and thus they become the defenders of the interests of the owners. It is found that there is a direct relationship between agency conflicts and corporate governance mechanisms. The result of the study is the identification of positive and negative aspects of capital concentration in a corporation. This leads to the conclusion that with an increase in the manager's shareholding, the level of agency conflicts decreases. The authors propose a detailed model of corporate governance that takes into account the interests of all participants. The conflict of interests between owners and managers of a corporate structure is investigated. The peculiarities of functioning of the external mechanism of control by the financial market in the corporate governance system and their shortcomings are highlighted. The institutional factors influencing the corporate governance system of an integrated agricultural enterprise are demonstrated.

The article examines the peculiarities of public administration in the humanitarian sphere for different age periods. The content of the main definitions has been clarified: public administration, humanitarian sphere, age clusters. The views of various scientists on the interpretation of certain concepts were analyzed and it was established that the modernization of the public administration system and transformational processes in the humanitarian sphere are deepening in connection with the processes of globalization, informatization, integration, and unification. Characteristic features and areas of activity of public administration in educational activities at different levels are described. It was established that each age period has its own characteristics of public administration, which are related to the needs of the individual, his or her orientations, requests. Common and distinctive features of public administration are characterized in accordance with the psychological and social characteristics prevailing in certain age clusters. The main directions of improvement of public administration at different stages of age periodization are determined.

The presented scientific article is devoted to the interesting and multifaceted topic of international relations, which, at the current historical stage, does not have unambiguous assessments in both domestic and foreign historiography. The article examines the process of evolution of interstate relations between the USSR and the State of Israel, which appeared on the political map of the world after the Second World War. Chronologically, the article covers the time period from the end of the Palestine War of 1948-1949 to the official termination of diplomatic relations between the studied countries in 1953. The Soviet Union tried to use the change in the geopolitical situation in the Middle East as an opportunity to expand its own political influence in the region, which was especially relevant in the conditions of increasing confrontation in the «Cold War». The article focuses on tracking and analyzing the main domestic and foreign policy factors of Israel and the USSR, which led to the crisis of bilateral relations. Ideological contradictions and anti-Semitic policy in the USSR played an important role in this process. It was established that the Israel-Soviet relations of the studied period were a complex mixture of ideological orientations, pragmatic economic and political interests, and geopolitical priorities of both countries. Historical experience has shown sharp ideological contradictions between Zionism and communism. Israel’s claims for emigration of the Jewish population from the USSR and, finally, the pro-American orientation of the Israeli leadership, has become incompatible with the normal development of bilateral relations. Beginning with mutual interest and support, Soviet-Israel relations in the late 1940s and early 1950s suffered a political fiasco.

In the last decade, the politics of memory in Ukraine, implemented after the Revolution of Dignity and the beginning of the Russian-Ukrainian war in Donbas in 2014, has been the subject of intense scholarly attention. However, researchers mainly focused either on the national level of collective memory or on the cases of the few largest cities. Much less attention has been paid to processes at the local level, in the towns of Southern Ukraine. Kryvyi Rih is a large industrial city in Southern Ukraine. It is usually characterized by general sociological features of the region: Russian-speaking and Soviet nostalgia. In the context of the local history and political situation, the author shows how the presentation of three layers of memory about the past of the region entangled in the city`s space. Established on the former Zaporizhzhia Cossacks lands, the city manifests its Cossack identity. Simultaneously, the most popular politicians in Kryvyi Rih are still those associated with the former Party of Regions, which was presented by former President Viktor Yanukovych, who was removed from power during the Revolution of Dignity in 2014. The basis of their memory politics was to protect the (post)Soviet version of the history of the Second World War as the “Great Victory”. But since the summer of 2014, its commemoration has intersected with the commemoration of city residents who died during the Anti-Terrorist Operation in Donbas. The paper addresses the evolution of commemorative practices and the overlapping of commemoration of the ATO, the Second World War, and the Cossacks. It also raises the question of what place the memory of the ATO and the Second World War will take in the conditions of the ongoing war.

In the European educational paradigm, the philosophy of the responsible citizenship assumes a central role in shaping the future of diverse and interconnected societies. This article explores how European educational systems have been designed to instill values of civic engagement, respect for others, and environmental awareness, equipping EU citizens with the tools they need to become responsible and active members of the global community. The article further examines how the integration of sustainable development and environmental education empowers young minds to become advocates for environmental preservation and guardians of rational planet-wide stewardship. In particular, by highlighting the successes, challenges, and ongoing efforts within the European educational paradigm, we aim to shed light on how responsible citizenship approaches can lead to more inclusive and cohesive societies that thrive on empathy, tolerance, and solidarity both in Ukraine and globally. This point directly corresponds and is clearly reflected in the report of the European commission on science education highlighting the crucial need for an educational platform to be put in place that would be able to nurture, cultivate and disseminate the values and the critical role that a scientifically-minded, eco-conscious citizenry has on the shaping of our shared global future. Hence, we can conclude that as Ukrainian nation aspires to build a more inclusive and forward-looking society, the philosophy of responsible citizenship promoted within the European educational paradigm offers valuable insights and tools to equip, modernize and revitalize our system of education. By embracing responsible citizenship philosophy, Ukraine can effectively address the challenges (e.g. the environmental, social and economic effects of the on-going war with Russia, incompetent bureaucracy and civil service, stagnant social institutions, inadequate levels of civic engagement and ineffective social management) it faces while providing its population with a sure roadmap to becoming active agents of positive change in the drastically volatile and interrelated global village.

This article describes the problem of automatic regulation of reactive power using electronic devices FACTS (Flexible AC Transmission Systems): static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) and unified power flow controller (UPFC). With the help of a complex writing form, the following are determined: voltages at the installation nodes of the FACTS device and loads, currents of loads, power sources and electronic compensators in case of voltage instability at the load node of the electrical network. Voltages and currents are determined using the node-voltage method. The task of STATCOM is partial or full compensation of reactive power. During the reduction of the voltage at the load node, the reactive power generated by the power source decreases. The STATCOM should partially or fully compensate for the reactive power imbalance as quickly as possible. However, at the same time, it is not possible to fully compensate for the voltage reduction. A series-parallel or parallel-series UPFC can be used to solve this problem. As a result of using the UPFC, it is possible to automatically raise the voltage level to acceptable values with the help of the UPFC series compensator. The analysis shows that the parallel-serial UPFC is characterized by the stability of operation. In the case of using a series-parallel UPFC, there are restrictions on the ability to adjust the imaginary voltage component of the series compensator, since the angle of the voltage vector changes, which causes a failure in the operation of the regulator of the parallel compensator UPFC.

The article deals with method of interaction between JavaScript objects of different web pages in hybrid java applications. To solve this problem, the WebView component is used, its functionality to provide an interface for JavaScript objects, as well as the SharedPreferences global settings class, with its ability to store data in local storage. The software implementation is considered and the results of the practical use of the developed method of interaction between JavaScript WebView objects in the form of a hybrid Java application embedded in the electronic university system – the Timetable SNU electronic timetable module are presented.

The purpose of our research is to describe classroom management as a multi-faceted activity and which is understood in a way of use of untraditional behavior management techniques. Methods of the research. The following theoretical methods of the research were used to solve the tasks formulated in the article: a categorical method, structural and functional methods, the methods of the analysis, systematization, modeling, generalization. The experimental method was the method of organizing empirical research. The results of the research. Therefore, we can talk about a single common speech process. A dialogue in the educational process is included into a joint activity with the aim of achieving a certain goal. In such a way the dialogue can be attributed to the dialogue-conversation. A dialogic statement is a kind of stimulus that prompts the partner of communication to make an appropriate statement in a dialogue, it has a pronounced focus on the partner and is directed towards him/her as much as it is possible, oriented towards him/her. Conclusions. For our research the interpretation of a dialogue is of greatest importance, which acts as a supplement to the above-considered approaches to understanding a dialogue and expresses a dialogic nature of the very content of thinking and the activity of a modern person. This dialogicity, as well as the problematic nature of any knowledge is connected with it. The dialogue seems to be included today into the very subject of thinking, acts as its integral side, which naturally gives a rise to a dialogue and as a form of communication, and as a type of relationships between those people who study this or that object. At the same time, a different view from our understanding of the mentioned object appears as necessary for me. It is precisely because of indicated difference. Responding to the challenge which is contained in the paradigm of a dialogue, a personality deepens his/her understanding of the object as the subject of this understanding.

The European Union dairy processing sector has an important position and role in processing food and drinks in EU28 concerning the share of turnover, value-added, and employment. Its products belong to the most imported and exported items, mainly in EU countries. The article aims to evaluate the competitiveness of the EU milk market with respect to pre- and post-milk quota elimination periods. In addition, the paper identifies similar characteristics of the EU dairy sector, including milk production and processing. Eurostat and FAOstat data from 2008-2018 were used. Based on the clustering of k-means, five groups of EU countries were distinguished. The clustering analysis reveals that the post-communist EU member states are characterised by similar levels of dairy processing industry characteristics. In addition, the article shows that the competitiveness of the dairy processing industry is higher in the old EU member states (Belgium, Germany, Ireland, Greece, Spain, France, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Austria, Portugal, Finland, Sweden and the United Kingdom). The results indicate that the abolishment of the milk quota has not induced visible changes in the clustering of characteristics of the dairy processing industry in EU countries.

Introduction: Lithium is one of the longest used drugs in psychiatry and is currently a mainstay in the long-term prophylaxis of bipolar disorder, preventing recurrent manic and depressive episodes. It also remains an important drug in the treatment of acute episodes of mania and depression. Out of the normothymic drugs, lithium has the greatest effect in preventing suicidal behavior. It also exhibits antiviral activity and in recent years evidence has also accumulated of the drug's neuroprotective properties. Aim of the study: The aim was to collect and analyze publications on the use of lithium in affective disorders, dementia and viral diseases, as well as its effect on reducing suicidal tendencies. Materials and Methods: The literature available in the PubMed database was reviewed, using the key words: "lithium"; "bipolar disorder"; "mania", "depression"; "suicidal risk", "side effects". Results: Chronic use of lithium in patients with bipolar disorder has an effect on preventing recurrence of manic and depressive episodes and can successfully last for 40 years or longer. Studies support the theory that long-term lithium pharmacotherapy has a significant impact on preventing suicidal tendencies among patients with affective disorders. In recent years, the antiviral and neuroprotective properties of the drug have also become known. Despite the rather high risk of overdose, as well as the occurrence of numerous side effects, lithium is still very often used in the treatment of affective disorders due to its high efficacy. Conclusions: Lithium has been one of the mainstays of psychopharmacology for several decades and is a precursor to mood-stabilizing drugs. In recent years evidence has also been collected for its potential use in non-psychiatric conditions. Conducting further research on lithium will certainly allow for wider use of the drug and a more thorough understanding of its mechanism of action.

Introduction and purpose of the study: Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth syndrome (SIBO) is a syndrome characterized by an increased number of bacteria in the small intestine. The condition causes many non-specific symptoms such as diarrhea, abdominal pain and bloating. The purpose of this study is to review the current knowledge regarding treatment options for SIBO. Methodology: A literature review was conducted based on PubMed, GoogleScholar databases and American College of Gastroenterology (ACG) guidelines. Current knowledge: SIBO is a heterogeneous syndrome. Symptoms of bacterial overgrowth include bloating, abdominal pain and abnormal bowel motility. In more severe cases, patients may experience malabsorption leading to weight loss and malnutrition. SIBO can occur in healthy individuals, but very often accompanies other conditions. The primary test for diagnosis is non-invasive lactulose or glucose breath tests. For treatment, the antibiotic rifaximin is preferred. It exhibits a broad spectrum of activity and a low toxicity profile. Treatment may also include diet therapy and the use of probiotics. Summary: SIBO continues to be both a diagnostic and therapeutic problem. Effective treatment includes not only elimination of the bacteria but also treatment of predisposing conditions. Conclusions of the study show a positive effect of rifaximin on the reduction of SIBO symptoms and improvement of patients' quality of life. The use of certain probiotics has a proven effect. According to the currently available literature, the effectiveness of the low-FODMAP diet in SIBO is hypothetical and further studies are needed to unequivocally confirm its efficacy.

Introduction and purpose of the study: COVID-19 is a respiratory illness resulting from infection with the second coronavirus of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome, SARS-CoV-2. Lack of knowledge about the virus and fear of infection made it challenging for the media to communicate clearly and effectively about health risks. The purpose of our work was to discuss and summarize reports on this topic available in the literature in such a way as to increase the chances of effective and safe use of media messages in future emergencies. Current state of knowledge: During the pandemic, social networks were used to post information about potential health risks. Social media played a large role in the education process, both for schools and for volunteers or health care workers. However, it is important to keep in mind that the way information is spread on social media can be overwhelming for many health care workers. In addition, regular exposure to social media correlated with high odds of anxiety and depression. False reports about COVID - 19 vaccines undermined public confidence in vaccination especially during the period when the vaccines were introduced for distribution. Summary: Social media was one of the main sources of information after the pandemic outbreak. Thanks to platforms such as Twitter, it was possible to find relevant information from reliable authors. However, the phenomenon of infodemia should not be underestimated. Disinformation and conspiracy theories can have a negative impact on mental health. It is therefore crucial to understand the mechanisms and improve the systems that manage the flow of information.

In this review, current methods of treating Helicobacter pylori bacterial infection are discussed. H. pylori is one of the most common pathogens causing gastrointestinal discomfort. It is considered a major cause of peptic ulcer disease, stomach and duodenal cancer, and MALT lymphoma. The authors analyzed the results of clinical studies regarding the efficacy of various treatment regimens, such as quadruple therapy, triple therapy, therapy with probiotics, therapy with the addition of phytochemical compounds, and therapy with a single drug. In addition, indications for eradication therapy were discussed. The conclusions of the review indicate the need for an individualized approach to the treatment of H. pylori infection, taking into account the rapidly increasing antibiotic resistance and patient risk factors for eradication.

Introduction and objective: The sun emits ultraviolet radiation in the UV-A, UV-B and UV-C ranges. Photoprotection is used to prevent the impact of this radiation on the skin. It effectively counteracts photoaging, photodermatoses and photocarcinogenesis. The aim of the study is to discuss the impact of UV radiation on the skin and the role of sun protection, also in special groups of patients - children and non-immunocompetent people. The article also presents a summary of data on the effect of sunscreens on vitamin D synthesis. Materials and methods: The literature was reviewed in the Pubmed, Google Scholar database and in the recommendations of the Polish Dermatological Society with the use of keywords. State of knowledge: Erythema is the most visible effect of sunburn, but exposure to UV radiation is primarily photocarcinogenesis or photoimmunosuppression. The SPF factor is the main determinant of the effectiveness of sunscreens, but effective protection against both UVB and UVA radiation is essential. Daily use of sunscreen reduces skin damage associated with exposure to light and does not negatively affect vitamin D synthesis. Conclusions: The basis of skin protection is using sunscreens, avoiding excessive exposure to solar radiation and using protective clothing, hats and sunglasses. Thanks to these activities, we can significantly reduce the number of cases of certain skin cancers. It is also important to remember that sun protection applies to everyone, especially children and non-immunocompetent people.

Asthma, an inflammatory disease of the lower and upper airways, is one of the most common diseases in society. Depending on the source and the population studied, the percentage of asthma patients ranges from 5% to as high as 15%. The development of asthma is believed to be caused by an overlap between the body's personal propensity to develop the disease and environmental factors. For years, scientists have been studying the genetic basis of asthma. For several years they have had a new weapon in their arsenal - the GWAS method. The use of this method has enabled researchers to discover the relationship between gene variants found in patients and an increased risk of developing asthma.

The purpose of our research is to propose psychological factors of classroom facilitative management at secondary schools. Methods of the research. The following theoretical methods of the research were used to solve the tasks formulated in the article: the categorical method, structural and functional methods, the methods of the analysis, systematization, modeling, generalization. Also in our research the statement experiment was used as an empirical method. The results of the research. We’ll identify the principles that should guide the teacher, who seeks to humanize interpersonal relationships with pupils: 1) from the very beginning and during the whole learning process the teacher needs to show the children his/her trust in them, in their personality; 2) pupils should be assisted in formulating and clarifying the goals and objectives that are formulated both for micro-groups and for each pupil individually; 3) we must always assume that pupils have an intrinsic motivation for the learning process; 4) the teacher should be a source of personal experience for pupils, which can always “be turned to” for the help of other people, be faced with difficulties in solving a problem; 5) it is important that this role is performed by the teacher in relations to each pupil; 6) the teacher should strive to develop the ability to feel the emotional mood of the micro-group and understand it; 7) we should strive to achieve empathic relationships that allow us to understand the feelings and the experiences of everyone; 8) the micro-group should actively demonstrate their feelings; 9) it is necessary to be an active participant in group facilitative interaction. Conclusions. As a result of comparative studies, which in total surveyed 57 teachers and 92 pupils, we compared different performance indicators of teachers who had the ability to facilitate learning at different levels. The analysis of the behavior of pupils in the classes of teachers-facilitators showed that pupils were more proactive in the process of communication, they asked a lot of questions. Pupils spend more time solving learning tasks and problems, show higher levels of cognitive functioning. Pupils are also less likely to miss classes, demonstrate higher academic achievements in all disciplines, steadily increase their IQ and creativity throughout the school year.

Introduction and objective: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a virus, which is responsible for an acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). This pathogen is widespread worldwide causing a pandemic that has been going on for decades. Researches around the world are trying to end this situation and it seems that the greatest hope lies in finding an effective vaccine. It is important due to the fact that AIDS and its consequences are responsible even nowadays for death of many people infected around the world. The aim of this study was to provide the most important information about major HIV vaccine trials and efficacy of vaccine candidates. Materials and methods: For the purposes of writing this article, the available literature was reviewed. The database of medical publications – Pubmed datebase and other publicaly available books, database and online sites was searched, with the use of keywords such as HIV, HIV vaccine, HIV epidemiology. State of knowledge: According to review studies HIV vaccine trials has been going for 4 decades. Over 250 trials has been conducted since then, but unfortunately, none of them resulted in effective vaccine. The difficulties of this task are mainly connected with the nature of HIV virus. To date, one study has shown some effectiveness, but not enough to claim success. Other studies are ongoing around the world and more are planned. Conclusions: Developing an effective HIV vaccine is the clue to solving the problem, which is new HIV infections. Further researches, further research funding and international cooperation are needed to end this pandemic.

Introduction and objective: Epinephrine is the most important and primary drug that resuscitation team use to reverse cardiac arrest. The provision of epinephrine is currently suggested by both the American Heart Association and the European Resuscitation Council. It is vital to improving the return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC), however the evidence for the use of adrenaline in resuscitation is inconclusive. Materials and methods: The literature was reviewed in the Pubmed database, in the Via Medica Journals database, and in the guidelines of the Polish Society of Anesthesiology, European Resuscitation Council and the American Heart Association with the use of keywords. State of knowledge: There is a clear evidence of an association between epinephrine and increased return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC). Its action is based on stimulation of alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptors. Epinephrine have a role in resuscitation, during CPR it increases the probability of restoring cardiac activity with pulses, which is intermediate step toward long-term survival. However, there are conflicting results regarding long-term survival and functional recovery, particularly neurological outcome. Conclusions: Research shows that epinephrine administration in patients with cardiac arrest increases the chance of restoring spontaneous circulation and patient survival to hospital admission and discharge. However, there are arguments questioning the validity of using epinephrine in resuscitation. Publications show that the compound contributes to post-resuscitation syndrome, which reduces a patient's chance of long-term survival. There are a number of conflicting studies that vary widely in the results presented. The current evidence is insufficient to either confirm or exclude the efficacy of epinephrine, which is why it is still recommended in the latest resuscitation guidelines by the European Resuscitation Council (ERC 2021) and the American Heart Association (AHA 2020).

Background:Dementia is a progressive and irreversible disease entity that affects memory, verbal fluency, thinking and the performance of daily activities.The most common type of dementia is alzheimer's disease(AD).Currently, there are no specific therapies with established efficacy against cognitive decline or AD. Objective:The aim of this study is to summarize the current knowledge about the effectiveness of SGLT2 inhibitors(SGLT2i) in the treatment of cognitive disorders. Method and material:The article was created based on the PubMed database and the Polish Journal of Endocrinology.Articles were searched in English using the following keywords: SGLT2ihibitors;dementia;Alzheimer type 3 diabetes mellitus. State of knowledge:Patients with type 2 diabetes (TD2) are 1.5-2 times more likely to develop dementia than the general population.Dementia among diabetic patients is characterized by an earlier age of onset, slightly worse overall cognitive status and a higher prevalence of cognitive impairment in male patients.Diabetes and pre-diabetes shorten the time from the onset of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) to the development of full-blown dementia. Conclusions:The use of SGLT2i is associated with reduced mortality from dementia, in contrast to insulin and sulfonylurea derivatives.SGLT2 inihibitors prevent cognitive impairment more potently than dipeptidylpeptidase-4 inhibitors. Taking empagliflozin for one month, is associated with improved cognitive function and increased scores on the Montreal Cognitive Assessment scale.

Introduction and objective: Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are a group of chronic inflammatory diseases. Usually they affect young people, often during pregnancy. Insufficient knowledge about the evolution of the disease during pregnancy, as well as the effects of drugs used, often result in resignation from motherhood, while unfamiliarity with the principles of therapy or discontinuation of treatment during pregnancy are significant causes of obstetric failures. The aim of the study was to summarize the data available in the literature as well as recent reports, to enable a better understanding of the disease and care of pregnant women with IBD. Materials and methods: The literature was reviewed in the Pubmed database, in the Via Medica Journals database, and in the guidelines of the Polish Society of Gastroenterology with the use of keywords. State of knowledge: 85% of women with IBD become pregnant without complications, but the inflammation has a negative impact on both the course of pregnancy and the fetus itself. Complications, which often depend on the activity of the disease before and during pregnancy, may occur: i.e. premature birth, inadequate fetal weight, miscarriage, as well as complications in the child itself and flares of the underlying disease. Therefore, it is important to know rules of safe pharmacotherapy that apply before and after pregnancy in order to prevent the negative effects of the disease. Special situations caused by IBD, i.e. surgical or endoscopic procedures, can be successfully performed in pregnant patients with the observance of certain rules. Conclusions: Understanding the causes of complications that may occur in the patient and the child allows them to be prevented. Both for the mother's health and for a positive course of pregnancy, education and pregnancy planning, preceded by the change of medications to safe for the fetus, are extremely important.

The purpose of our research is: using the main statements of the theory of attraction to formulate the principles of facilitative interaction; to propose a set of exercises for the development of facilitative interaction of pupils at the lessons; to propose four types of transformation utterances of facilitative interaction at the lessons. Methods of the research. The following theoretical methods of the research were used to solve the tasks formulated in the article: the categorical method, structural and functional methods, the methods of the analysis, systematization, modeling, generalization. The results of the research. We proved, that the socio-genetic mechanism of facilitation is the mechanism of cultural transmission: to facilitate means to stimulate, to activate, to create favorable conditions, to make changes and to influence, to support, to help, to care, etc.; a belief in the original, constructive and creative essence of a man as self-worth. The result of facilitation is the concept of necessary and sufficient conditions for effective interpersonal communication that promote the development of personality and to provide constructive personality changes. The procedural side of facilitation at the lessons of secondary school is implied on the principles of synergy - cooperation, interaction, a dialogue; truthfulness and openness; the acceptance of another person as personally significant one; empathic understanding; the formation of skills and abilities which are appropriate for facilitative interaction. Conclusions. It was noted that the facilitative aspects of students' autonomy often impressed with their results: pupils realized and accepted the need to organize activities in the environment of interpersonal communication as personally significant ones, contributing to their own personal development and providing constructive personal change. Students seek to develop skills of em- pathic mastery of the context; students are interested in creating positive preconditions for the formation of meaningful learning and personal development in general as a result of the restructuring of personal views in the process of interpersonal interaction; students are aware of their self-sufficiency. Facilita- tive aspects of human autonomy are actualized through four main methods of interpersonal interaction: persuasion, imitation, suggestion and infection, which are facilitative by their context. It is proved, that persuasion is the process of substantiating judgments or inferences. The imitation is the reproduction of certain external features of the behavior, the actions and the activities by a person. Suggestion is considered to be the psychological influence of one person on another; this process is designed for uncritical perception of words, thoughts and desires expressed by different people. Infection is the process of transmitting an emotional state from one person to another, actualizing the semantic effect of perception in the process of interpersonal interaction. It was noted that when all these methods of interpersonal interaction were explained in the process of the activity, the product of this activity, as a rule, would differ in a creative, non-standard approach and, that is the most important, - all students always like these products.

Prezentowany artykuł został poświęcony praktykom komemoratywnym w eparchii przemyskiej w XVII–XVIII w., odtworzonym na podstawie rękopiśmiennych i drukowanych źródeł reprezentujących dwa główne typy – statutów bractw cerkiewnych oraz pomjanyków. Do analizy wybrano statuty bractw w Chotyńcu, Bortiatyniu, Żurawcach oraz Zapałowie. Gatunek pomjanyka reprezentowany jest przez nielokalizowany pomjanyk datowany na XVI w. w formie pergaminowego zwoju, pomjanyk bractwa cerkiewnego z Kormanic (1685), prywatny pomjanyk biskupa przemyskiego Innocentego Winnickiego (1693) oraz pomjanyk ze wsi Witoszyńce (1688). Przeprowadzona analiza pozwoliła nakreślić ich ramy gatunkowe, w tym elementy treściowe o charakterze perswazyjnym, których celem było uświadomienie czytelnikom istotnej roli pamięci dla zachowania tożsamości kulturowo-religijnej, a przede wszystkim znaczenia wspominania zmarłych w kontekście soteriologicznym. Z praktykami komemoratywnymi ściśle związane były praktyki pogrzebowe regulowane w statutach bractw cerkiewnych inicjujące proces pamiętania. Porównanie z zabytkami sąsiedniej eparchii chełmskiej uwypukliło zróżnicowanie regionalne praktyk komemoratywnych oraz praktyk religijnych, którego istota polegała na dostrzegalnym wpływie języka polskiego i katolickiej kultury religijnej na terenach eparchii chełmskiej.

The purpose of the research is to study the state of the problem of the usage of psychoactive substances in the institutions of primary health care of Ukraine and in other countries all over the world. The following theoretical methods of the research were used to solve the tasks formulated in the article: a categorical method, structural and functional methods, the methods of the analysis, systematization, modeling, generalization. Also in our research we used empirical methods, such as the observation, the interview, a questionnaire, testing, the method of expert assessments. The results of the research. The urgency of the provision of comprehensive primary health care to those who use psychoactive substances is in line with the strategic task of preserving and improving the health of Ukrainian citizens. The problem of the usage of psychoactive substances among the population of different countries, in particular in Ukraine, is one of the most important medical and social issues of nowadays. At the beginning of 2016, 1.7 million of people in Ukraine who were in need of psychiatric and narcological care had been registered in the health care system. It is almost 4% of the total population of the country. In the structure of mental disorders in 2015, the most common mental and behavioral disorders due to the use of psychoactive substances (alcohol, narcotic substances), representing 58.41% of all reported cases. There were 8.9% of health disorders which are related to stress, neurotic and somatoform disorders, there were 1.8% mood disorders. Among persons with a pathology of the psyche and behavior there were registered in 2015, there had been 62.7% of people of working age. In 2020 there were 1.9 million of people in Ukraine who were in need of psychiatric and narcological care had been registered in the health care system. There were 10.1% of health disorders which are related to stress, neurotic and somatoform disorders, there were 2.3% mood disorders. Our own researches data for 2020 also indicate a high level of PS usage among young people: on average, 86.1% of pupils used any alcohol drink at least once in their lives. In the age of 17 this figure is 79.4%, and at 16–17 years old it is approaching 88%. Conclusions. We explain these results having been obtained by us by COVID-19 pandemic in the whole world. In Ukraine people began to use more psychoactive substances. Let’s try to explain this logic with the help of psychological frames. It should be noted that the rich phenomenology of ecopsychological expeditions and the small number of scientific researches of the mental state of individuals during the COVID-19 pandemic allowed us to identify some phenomena of Environmental Psychology categorically and, for the first time, although to determine well-known scientific concepts which have been used. It should be noted at once that under the influence of the COVID-19 pandemic human behavior acquires a sufficiently explicit eco-attribution. Eco-attribution (from the Greek oikos – the environment and from Latin – attribuo – to give, to provide) is a lifestyle that provides the primary importance of the environment, the natural expediency of caring for nature, a kind of harmony of a man and a nature, as well as the world around us. Eco-attribution or eco-attributive behavior presupposes the understanding not only of well-balanced harmonizations in the space of nature, but also in the living environment in general, as well as adequate inclusion of human activity in the environment, performance of its activities, on the one hand, in accordance with the laws of nature taking into account the conditions of existence in the society, taking into account the pandemic COVID-19 and working out its own style of the behavior, which is natural and viable under such conditions. Eco-attributive behavior and the activity involve the search for adequate forms and principles, especially for biological adaptation and protection in changes of living conditions. As we predicted, the characteristic features of eco-psychological stress, manifested in the person’s desire to change the situation, significantly changes the very behavior and activities of people. Personal content, which is now formed in the case of absence of practical experience and practical skills of adaptation to such experiences and actions, forms, as it turned out, not flexible behavior. The basis of such behavior was rigid, torpedo mental states, pandemic or «covid» accentuations, anxiety and fear.

W artykule przeprowadzono historyczno-filozoficzną analizę idei, które wpłynęły na rozwój edukacyjnych teorii. Po przeprowadzeniu tej analizy usystematyzowano teorie edukacyjne. Autorzy skonstatowali, że ogół teorii edukacji da się sprowadzić do dwóch kierunków rozwoju, dla których fundamentem są koncepcje Platona i i Sokratesa. Platońska teoria edukacji, a także te wywodzące się z jej źródła poszukują odpowiedzi na pytanie: W jaki sposób młode pokolenie powinno być kształtowane i kształcone w procesie edukacji i na ile państwo może mieć wpływ na ukierunkowanie tego kształcenia? Z kolei sokratejskie teorie edukacji mają charakter egalitarny i skupiają się nad sposobami kształcenia. Autorzy w konkluzjach podkreślili, że podjęte analizy, a zwłaszcza usystematyzowanie teorii edukacji na podstawie odniesienia się do dwóch modeli, platońskiego i i sokratejskiego, mogą być inspiracją w poszukiwaniu dróg przezwyciężenia deferencyjności w ukraińskim systemie szkolnictwa wyższego.

У статті охарактеризовано специфіку викладання жонглювання як циркового жанру в умовах сьогодення. Визначається особливості формально-технічних засобів циркового жанру жонглювання, описані методи його втілення у сценічній репрезентації на цирковому манежі сьогодення. Надається короткий аналіз досліджень із даної проблематики в контексті історії та виконавства. Описується специфіка методичних особливостей жонглювання, яке сприяє розвитку координації, периферійного зору і контролю предметів, циркову техніку, яку використовують як елемент виховання акторської пластики та сценічного руху. Сучасна циркова культура у галузі жонглювання, спираючись на конкретні класичні методи та систему, збaгaчується нaслiдкaми взаємодії мистецтва з новітніми технологіями, матеріалами, формами. Це надає можливості молодим артистам цирку у галузі жонглювання здобути конкурентоспроможність на сучасних світових фестивалях і конкурсах.

Methods for synthesis a structural diagram of the processes for detecting and locating technical information leakage channels are analysed. Software for defining a controlled room zone was also presented. A proprietary approach to search the electromagnetic environment under radio interference has been developed to detect devices for unauthorized control of acoustic information using microphones and transmission of this information using a radio channel.