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This article investigates the factors influencing food product purchases by young Polish consumers aged 18–25 – a group important for the development of the economy. In the process of deciding to purchase specific food products, consumers pay attention to various economic and non-economic factors, including marketing. We carried out survey in October/November 2020 using the CAWI method (Google Forms) to test the importance of 17 factors on young Polish consumers’ food purchases, applying factor analysis and cluster analysis to the resulting data. The results reveal that price and product expiration date are young Polish consumers’ primary concerns when purchasing food products. The study also found that environmental sustainability attributes, although less critical than price or product quality, are increasingly influencing young Polish consumers' purchasing decisions.

The concern for the condition of the natural environment requires taking a new approach towards consumption and meeting consumer needs (Bocking 2009). Despite many initiatives related to the paradigm of sustainable development and the concept of sustainable consumption, the situation is still far from a general departure from mass consumption and consumerism. The article aims to try to synthetically organise the views of other authors on the challenges of greening consumption, both for enterprises and consumers in the context of social responsibility. Competences play an important role in this process. The greening of consumption has not yet been widely propagated in societies, including also Polish society. One of the crucial elements of greening consumption is the purchase of ecological/organic food products. To learn about the behaviour of Poles towards the issue discussed in this article, the authors conducted a study on a representative sample of Poles (N = 1,000) during Nov. 15–27, 2021, using the Computer Assisted Web Interview (CAWI) technique (which is an online surveying technique that fits into the quantitative methodology of market and opinion research) and online panels as part of the omnibus study. The survey shows that only 7.1% of the respondents have never purchased ecological/organic food products. Among buyers, 21.8% do it rarely/sporadically, 40.1% occasionally/sometimes, 20.2% often/try to choose ecological products when shopping and 10.8% do it very often or always. Among the respondents, 55.3% declared that ecological/organic products are expensive but still worth the price due to the health benefits they bring. Noticing the advantages of these products, 63.7% of respondents would like to buy more of them. In view of the results obtained, it can be said that it is necessary to disseminate the main greening consumption ideas that are apparent from this study, and this can be done through education, building consumer competences or visualising the effects of the continuation of current consumption habits. The problem of protecting the natural environment, discussed in numerous documents issued by governments and international organisations and in scientific publications, cannot remain unnoticed. Greening consumption is a challenge for companies whose production should be rational in using non-renewable natural resources, reducing or eliminating toxic waste, using recyclable packaging and introducing ‘clean production’ principles aimed at obtaining consumer products using more cost-effective and healthier methods. It is also a challenge for consumers, who should replace perishable goods with products with a longer life cycle, consume goods and services more sparingly and cease to accept planned obsolescence of products or unethical behaviour of enterprises towards their employees.

This article proposes to consider the education system as a factor in the formation of people’s personal values. We examine students’ perceptions of the degree to which existing educational standards are oriented towards the formation and development of personal values, as well as formulate proposals for the implementation of a systems approach to the development of educational standards as a factor in improving the existing complex of personal values. The methodology applied included: desk analysis by comparison, deduction, and induction; a questionnaire study; variance, discriminant, factor and morphological analysis. Respondents were segmented according to the criteria “presence of groups of values” — “conjugation of groups of values with variables.” University students, i.e., the part of society that is considered the most active and progressive, were found to have a low level of moral and ethical values. After considering the place of education in the macro-environment of the country was substantiated, we propose a number of measures to address the problem of raising the level of values among all participants in the educational process, in order to reduce the gap between the pace of technical advancement and humanitarian development of society.

This study — carried out in May 2020, early on during the COVID-19 pandemic - examines the situation in the Polish e-education market, as perceived by secondary school and university students who consume e-education services and by the providers of such services. Firstly, to set the stage, in-depth interviews were carried out with eight owners of companies offering commercial e-education services. Next, an extensive online survey was carried out among secondary school and university students in the 2019–2020 school/academic year using the CAWI method on a sample of 803 respondents — with secondary school students (group I) accounting for 30% of the sample and university students (group II) making up the remaining 70% — concerning their satisfaction or dissatisfaction with e-education services. Taken together, the findings allow for an assessment of the advantages and disadvantages of distance learning and point to the increased demand for e-education services during the pandemic, in tandem with a continually shifting e-education services market.

Cyclodextrins are cyclic oligosaccharides linked by α-1,4-glycosidic bonds. Among the natural cyclodextrins there are α-, β- and γ-cyclodextrins. By introducing various functional groups into the cyclodextrin ring, derivatives can be formed in order to improve their physicochemical properties. Due to the hydrophilic outer surface, the CDs are well soluble in water, while the inner space is hydrophobic and may contain another hydrophobic substance. Thanks to their various properties, they are used in various industries. Cyclodextrins are widely used in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic and food industries. The physicochemical properties of the free drug as well as the free cyclodextrin differ from the properties of the prepared inclusion complex. They increase the stability and solubility of poorly soluble substances in water. They reduce the unpleasant, bitter taste of substances such as diltiazem or ranitidine. Moreover, they may increase the thermal stability of drugs. In complexes with antibiotics, they can increase their antibacterial activity. In cosmetics, cyclodextrins are often used to eliminate odor, minimize skin irritation, and improve the solubility and stability of the active ingredient. Cyclodextrins also have the ability to form complexes with cholesterol or pesticides, which allows the production of products with a reduced cholesterol content and a positive impact on the environment. This article presents several typical methods of complexation with cyclodextrins, their potential influence on the change of physicochemical properties of compounds, and some techniques used in terms of examination of their structure, interaction, stability or solubility. Nowadays, it has been observed that research groups focused on analyze the structure, interaction, stability in various environmental conditions (including photostability) and solubility of combinations active substances with cyclodextrins. The work also concentrates on various analytical techniques that are used in the research of complexes of cyclodextrins with ingredients of medicinal products, food and cosmetics.

Copyright of Journal of Modern Science is the property of Alcide De Gasperi University of Euroregional Economy and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Przegląd Elektrotechniczny is the property of Przeglad Elektrotechniczny and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction Oxidation-reduction processes are an element of the majority of biological processes. An excess of free radicals (FR) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) leading to the development of oxidative stress are the cause of many general and local diseases, such as: diabetes, rheumatiod arthritis, atherosclerosis, periodontal diseases and diseases of other elements of the masticatory organ. The sources of free radical to which the oral cavity is exposed are the air, water, food, stimulants, drugs, and other xenobiotics. Constant exposure to FR has led to the development in the oral cavity of antioxidative defence mechanisms. Simultaneously, the provision to the oral cavity environment of anti-oxidants, such as: vitamins C and E, carotenoids, flavonoids, reduces oxidative stress in the oral cavity environment. Objective The aim of the study is presentation of the current state of knowledge concerning the effect of oxidants and anti-oxidants on the oral cavity environment. Material and Methods Based on scientific literature in the past few years, the results of studies concerning oxidationreduction processes in the oral cavity environment were analyzed, and endogenous and exogenous factors for oxidation, as well as anti-oxidation discussed. Etiologic factors of the pathogenic processes were indicated in the course of oxidative stress, and the possibilities of its reduction due to antioxidants. Conclusions Oxidative stress as an etiologic factor of pathological processes in the oral cavity may be balanced or weakened as a result of the action of antioxidation mechanisms of endogenous origin (salivary protective components), and exogenous contained in food and medicinal products. This creates the possibility for development of prophylactic programmes in oral diseases.

Copyright of Studies & Work of the Collegium of Management & Finance / Studia i Prace Kolegium Zarzadzania i Finansów is the property of SGH Warsaw School of Economics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Perspectives on Culture / Perspektywy Kultury is the property of Jesuit University Ignatianum in Krakow and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Family Medicine Forum / Forum Medycyny Rodzinnej is the property of VM Medica-VM Group (Via Medica) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Management & Quality / Zarządzanie i Jakość is the property of Scientific Society of Organization & Management / Towarzystwo Naukowe Organizacji i Kierownictwa and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Chronic diseases (ChDs) pose an essential problem from an individual, social and economic point of view. It is estimated that they account for 60% of all deaths worldwide, and this share is expected to rise to 72% by 2020. The most prevalent are cardiovascular diseases (30%), cancers (13%), respiratory diseases (7%), and diabetes (2%). Their major risk factors include unhealthy diet, the lack of physical activity, and tobacco smoking. Of significance are also occupational and environmental hazards. Among teachers, the factor with the highest impact is noise, reported by 25% of male and 38% of female teachers. In Poland, there are no databases on ChDs or risk factors in teachers; only voice disorders are well-recognized as an occupational disease. Only a few studies of health and lifestyle were conducted among teachers in Poland, but they cannot be generalized because they were carried out with different methods, in small groups of people and in various regions in the country. A representative study carried out by Statistics Poland (GUS) among education employees (with no separate data for teachers) revealed that the most prevalent were musculoskeletal disorders, including back-pain (21.9%), as well as painfulness of the neck, shoulder, hand, hip and leg (10% in each case). Headaches and eye fatigue were found in 14.6%; stress, anxiety and depression in 7.3%; and cardiovascular disorders in 4.6% of the study population. Defining health problems in this professional group is an important public health issue which should enable reducing the prevalence and adverse health effects of ChDs. Med Pr. 2020;71(2):221–31

The article is devoted to the Władysław Terlecki archives stored in Ossolineum. It presents a cross-section of their content as well as the meaning of the drafts of printed texts and unpublished works of the author within the meaning of his creative imagination. The author taps into the metaphor of writing as building a honeycomb, which she found in his drafts and with it, she explains Terlecki’s creative method on selected examples from the archives. In the case of his works, recreation of the technical side of writing is extremely important as it casts a light onto poetics of the published material. The analyses of individual typescripts as well as published texts also show Terlecki’s self-awareness connected with creative processes.

Background The aim of the study was to compare the musculoskeletal system load assessed using the rapid office strain assessment (ROSA) and rapid upper limb assessment (RULA) methods in computer operators, and to determine the correlation of the obtained results with the occurrence and intensity of musculoskeletal complaints (MSCs) in these individuals. Material and Methods In a group of 72 persons (38 women and 34 men) working with a computer for > 4 h/day, the ROSA and RULA methods were used to assess the load, while a questionnaire modeled on the Standardized Nordic Questionnary was used to assess the frequency and severity of MSCs. Results Musculoskeletal complaints occurred in about 66% of the investigated women and 62% of the investigated men within the previous year. The results of the ROSA and RULA methods were not convergent. The final result of the ROSA method (scale 1−10 pts) was 2−6 pts (M = 3.51±1.09), while the final result of the RULA method (scale 1−7 pts) ranged 2−4 pts (3.00±0.17). The values of partial and final scores in the ROSA method were correlated with the number of concurrent ailments and intensity of complaints in various regions of the musculoskeletal system. The assessment of the position of particular parts of the body during work, performed using the RULA method, in people with or without MSCs was almost identical. Conclusions The use of the ROSA method has shown that it is a useful and easy-to-use tool for assessing computer workstations and can be successfully disseminated. Med Pr. 2019;70(6):675–99

The aim of this paper is to present interpretations of two poems by Jan Twardowski, entitled przepiórka [a quail] and wieczność [eternity]. The interpretations focus on the conceptualization of two opposite TIME categories, MOMENT and ETERNITY. In przepiórka, the poet describes two important moments in the life of a human being, the moment of birth and the moment of death. The moment of birth (the metaphorical east), occurring early, is white and light, whereas death comes at twilight (late) and it is dark. However, both moments are characterized as nude, sincere and pure. The uncovering of the axiological load in the description of these two moments plays a crucial role in the interpretation of the poem. In the poem wieczność, two lines are repeated three times: eternity was with us all the time / and it [only] seemed to us. These two lines provide the key to interpretation of the poem. The time spent on earth is viewed from the psychological perspective of human beings subjectively experiencing the passing of time. It seems to them that they have too little time and that they waste it. The constant presence of eternity means that God accompanies them. Although the two poems focus on opposite time categories, they convey a common message: everything human beings experience depends on God’s will.

Introduction: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disease with still growing incidence among adults and young people worldwide. Patients with T2DM are more susceptible to develop coronary artery disease (CAD) than non-diabetic individuals. Several pre-clinical and clinical studies suggested that adiponectin, a pleiotropic hormone with anti-atherogenic, anti-inflammatory, and insulin-sensitizing properties, may be a molecular link between metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. Aim of the study: This article summarizes the current knowledge on single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within the adiponectin and its receptors’ genes on the risk of CAD in patients with T2DM. Description of knowledge: Adiponectin, the most abundant circulating adipocytokine, is encoded by the Acrp30/adiponectin gene on chromosome 3q27, which constitutes a region specific for obesity-related metabolic syndrome. A genetic deficit of this adipokine may be responsible for the increased risk of CAD both in the general population and T2DM subjects. The results of recent years’ studies highlight that SNPs at the adiponectin locus, +45 T>G and +276 G>T as well within its two receptors, are determinants of early onset atherosclerosis in individuals with T2DM. Conclusions: SNPs in ADIPOQ, ADIPOR1 and ADIPOR2 may modify the risk of CAD in the group of patients with T2DM. SNP +45 and SNP +276 seem to be attractive, molecular markers for identification of diabetic individuals at especially high risk of CAD. The discovering of their exact mechanisms may result in novel screening options as well as diagnostic process and treatment scheme. Therefore, further research is required to determine the effects of adiponectin and its receptors’ polymorphisms and their roles in the pathogenesis of obesity-related metabolic diseases.

Introduction: is an endocrine gland located upon the hypophysial fossa of the sphenoid bone in the center of the middle cranial fossa and is surrounded by a small bony cavity (sella turcica). Radiological procedures are playing essential role in present diagnostic of pituitary gland. Pituitary tumours can now be visualized more accurately due to continued improvements in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques with gadolinium enhancement. Aim of the study: This article summarizes the current knowledge about radiological imaging of pituitary gland and in particular MRI scan procedures. In this paper we also want to show how the imaging of the pituitary gland looked like in the past and nowadays. Description of knowledge: Diagnostic procedures play primary role in present diagnosis and treatment of pituitary gland and sella turcica tumours. It is crucial for further diagnostic procedures to locate the tumour its size and margins. Currently magnetic resonance imaging is the more important examination just after the laboratory results. That modality easily shows exact location and tumours smaller than 1 cm. Radiological differentiation of lessions wouldn’t be possible without contrast agents. The latest MRI study protocols involve dynamic and delayed sequences for better visualisation and differential diagnostic. Conclusions: During the years radiological techniques evolved and gave us the perfect tool to visualize the pituitary gland and its pathologies.

Copyright of Studies & Work of the Collegium of Management & Finance / Studia i Prace Kolegium Zarzadzania i Finansów is the property of SGH Warsaw School of Economics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The main aim of this article is to explore the question of what assessment methods researchers and teachers can employ in order to identify second/foreign language learners’ strategies for language learning and use, bearing in mind a number of vital technical or methodological considerations voiced by other researchers so far. The information presented in the article may help researchers to plan and effectively conduct language learner strategy research, taking into consideration a number of essential, targeted questions related to research quality, its methodology, as well as tools selection and evaluation criteria. Subsequently, in language education it may constitute the starting point for the process of learner strategy training in the classroom and beyond it. This, in turn, may encourage learners to stretch their individual learning preferences, develop and enrich language learning strategy repertoires, and facilitate future autonomous or self-regulated language learning, and continued lifelong learning.

The First Exhibition of Contemporary Polish Church Art was organised in Kraków in 1911 at the initiative of circles associated with the editors of the “Krakowski Miesięcznik Artystyczny” [Kraków Art Monthly] and the episcopate. It was not a classic review of current trends and tendencies in sacred art. Its authors were aware of the need of reform. Comments contained reflections on how incompatible with religious themes was the character of the exhibits; but an even stronger critical tone referred to earlier decorations of nineteenth-century objects of worship. The need for change was dictated by the desire to create art with unique expression, permeated with an authentic religious spirit. A reference to Polish craft achievements, created under the patronage of the Association of Polish Applied Arts as well as the Association “Architecture, Sculpture, Painting and Craft”, and housed in a separate room at the exhibition, was also an important suggestion. In competitions announced at that time, Włodzimierz Konieczny received first prize for his sculpture “Immaculata” and second prize for the plaque depicting the Mother of God and the Child. The rich biography of this little-known artist is worth quoting, as is the concise description of his work. In terms of graphics, his art is located at the boundary between symbolism and expressionism while in sculpture it combines the influences of Neoclassicism and the Neo-Renaissance. The young artist, a graduate of the Kraków Academy of Fine Arts, also undertook the writing of critical works. He claimed that achievements in the field of high art were impossible without parallel development of applied art. Konieczny’s reflections mirror the reflections of his contemporaries on the perspectives of development of religious art as well as the need to determine its essence and to develop its valid patterns.

The treatment of the temporomandibular joints dysfunctions shall be complex due to several possible causes that trigger the disorders. Rehabilitation is based on adopting the techniques that originate from manual therapy, applying physiotherapy, classical and transverse massage, as well as autotherapy. Moreover, in the course of the therapy, Kinesio taping, post-isometric relaxation, positional release, release and rolling of the skin are also applied. Cooperating with an orthodontist, a stomatologist, a physiotherapist and a psychologist, as well as the commitment to the treatment on the part of the patient shall allow the cure to take effect in the joint itself and the muscles surrounding it.

During pregnancy, a number of changes take place in the woman's body. They often cause pain in the spine, especially the lumbosacral segment. Dynamic slicing supports the rehabilitation of women during pregnancy, thanks to the fact that it has an analgesic effect, improves the flow of limes and increases the elasticity of tissues. Kinesiotherapy included in the rehabilitation is an effective method of pain relief in this area in pregnant women.

Demographic changes taking place in Poland and in the world, a decrease in the number of births and prolonged life expectancy have resulted in an increase in the number of elderly people. The success of today’s medicine is among others prevention of chronic disease complications and skillful education of the patient at every level. Longer life expectancy and a quantitative increase in the phenomenon of disability, and above all a shortening of hospitalization and stays in inpatient medical facilities has resulted in moving the patient’s treatment and care to the home environment, which is an optimal place of residence for the elderly. The family nurse and primary care physician are then the most important link in the care of elderly and their families. The provision of nursing services in the patient’s place of residence is characterized by a unique specificity in other areas of nursing. Very often, as a result of the existing situation and possibilities, the nurse has to demonstrate not only professional knowledge and skills, but also flexibility, adaptability and creativity in dealing with a shortage of basic things, e.g. basic auxiliary equipment, access to the patient’s bed, etc. The conducted field study shows selected scope of tasks performed by nursing staff in this respect on the example of patients in the city of Gdańsk.

The present times and Poland's entry into the European Union, the opening of borders, has intensified the phenomenon of migration of the population and contact between different cultures. In Poland, national minorities have been living since the dawn of time, but the current situation has a different dimension. Until now, the term "Transculturality" was not known in our country. However, the influx of people from the remotest parts of the world caused a situation requiring medical personnel to perceive the patient through the prism of biological, social and psychological needs as well as from the angle of other religions. Problems that appear taking care of such patients have caused that I decided to look at this issue on the example of Judaism believers. The aim of my work is to get the opinion of health professionals about intercultural competences in direct care of these patients.

Introduction. Arterial hypertension is a valid modifiable risk factor of the circulatory system diseases. The aim of this study was to evaluate the health behaviour of patients with arterial hypertension and its selected predispositions. Material and methods. The study was conducted in the Cardiology Department of the Clinical Hospital no. 4 in Lublin, the Cardiology Department of no. 1 Military Hospital in Lublin and Cardiology Department of Public Clinical Hospital no. 1 in Lublin. In the study the diagnostic survey of the Inventory of Health Behaviour (Inwentarz Zachowań Zdrowotnych, IZZ) by Juczynski Z. was used. The patients’ body mass and height BMI (Body Mass Index) for each of them was calculated. Results of the study. The patients with arterial hypertension most often declare a high level of health behaviour. The research subjects show more beneficial health behaviour in the areas of preventative actions, health practices and positive mental attitude than in the healthy eating habits domain. Conclusions. BMI index does not differentiate the level of healthy eating practices and preventative actions. However, the level of health practices is significantly higher among people diagnosed with excess weight and obesity. It is an optimistic attitude to life that influences health behaviour positively rather than realistic and pessimistic attitude. The placement of the health assessment responsibility is linked to the mental attitude of the studied patients.

The aim of the article is to present comparatively the fragment of view of the world (connected with concept of life) in the Polish language and in the idiolect of Jan Twardowski's poetry. The interpretations are based on Langacker's network model, on Lakoff and Johnson's cognitive model ofmetaphors and on the proposals of Polish authors about using cognitive methods in interpretation of poetry. The conceptualization of life (connected with the conceptua lization of death) can be described both as commonplace (gr. topós coinós) - life is road, and as cognitive metaphor: LIFE IS ROAD / JOURNEY. The paper presents different particular realizations of this metaphor in the Polish language and in the Tw ardow ski's poetry. The analyses are carried out with the use of profiling method. The most characteristic for Tw ardowski's idiolect is the religious profile of life, conceptualized as a road Uourney) to Heaven (God). So, the religious profi le is the kind of metaphor LIFE IS ROAD I JOURNEY TO HEAVEN / GOO. This profi le is often connected with the profile of heaven. The analysis presented in the article shows that in Tw ardowski's poetic language, otherw ise than in the everyday use of Polish language, a life which is hard and dangerous (as a road to God) is more valuable than a life which is easy and simple.

On March 24, 2017, the Faculty of Law of the University of Białystok entered into a collaboration agreement with the Central Coordinating Team of the International Self-Report Delinquency Study (ISRD). Te Białystok School of Criminology is currently the only Polish representative participating in ISRD3. Te ISRD study addresses a wide range of issues examined by the Białystok School of Criminology, which launched its research work in 1994. The Białystok School of Criminology conducted its contribution to the ISRD3 research project in June 2017, in Białystok and Rzeszów, two Polish cities, regional capitals of their respective voivodeships. Each of these cities has a population of approximately half a million. The survey was conducted among pupils in their sixth year at a Polish primary (elementary) school (i.e. aged 12+) and in their first or second year at a Polish middle school (the 14+-16+ age group). In addition to the standard content prepared by the ISRD3 CCT, respondents filled in a questionnaire with questions intended to identify local levels of risks such as grooming or sexting. The results of the Polish ISRD3 study will help to diagnose various risks and will be compared to the results obtained in other countries participating in the project. The project’s added value will be the opportunity to develop appropriate preventive and educational programs for the schools in Białystok and Rzeszów which took part in the survey

The influence of long-term storage in cold store conditions on the quality of eight carrot cultivars was investigated. Cultivars chosen for the experiment were – ‘Cesaro’, ‘Jaguar’, ‘Nelix’, ‘Perfekcja’, ‘Recoleta’, ‘Sirus’, ‘Teldino’, ‘Nebula’. The quality was determined in freshly harvested carrots and carrots stored for 8 months. There were determined: weight losses, percentage of carrots with disease symptoms, dry matter content, sugars content, nitrates and nitrites content and sensory quality. Sensory quality was evaluated in the expert panel, with quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA). Of investigated carrot cultivars the lowest storage losses was shown by ‘Teldino’ – in respect of weight losses, and ‘Perfekcja’ – in respect of rotting. Storage resulted in changing the content of dry matter, decreasing sugars content but it did not affect nitrates content. The influence of storage on the sensory quality was significant in case of some attributes: firmness, juiciness, bitter taste intensity and, for some cultivars, also sweet taste intensity.

Przedmiotem badań był wzrost korzeni oraz plonowanie siedmiu odmian skorzonery: ‘Einjährige Riesen’, ‘Lange Jan’, ‘Prodola’, ‘Westlandia’, ‘Maxima’, ‘Meres’ oraz ‘Duplex’. Najdłuższe i najcieńsze korzenie charakteryzowały odmianę ‘Lange Jan’. Najkrótsze korzenie w obydwu metodach uprawy miała odmiana ’Einjährige Riesen’. Najwyższym plonem ogólnym i handlowym w uprawie na płask charakteryzowała się odmiana ‘Meres’, a w uprawie na redlinach odmiana ‘Duplex’. Istotnie większy plon ogólny uzyskano w uprawie na płask, jednakże w uprawie na redlinach większą część plonu ogólnego badanych odmian stanowił plon handlowy.

Przedmiotem badań było siedem odmian skorzonery: ‘Einjährige Riesen’, ‘Lange Jan’, ‘Prodola’, ‘Westlandia’ i ‘Maxima’, ‘Meres’ oraz ‘Duplex’. Czynnikami doświadczenia były dwa terminy siewu: wiosenny (kwiecień) i letni (czerwiec) oraz dwie metody uprawy: na płask i na redlinach. Porównano dynamikę plonowania nasion skorzonery z plantacji założonych różnymi metodami: bezwysadkową z siewu kwietniowego i czerwcowego oraz wysadkową z korzeni z uprawy na płask i na redlinach. Największy plon nasion uzyskano z uprawy metodą bezwysadkową z siewu kwietniowego, gdzie rośliny kwitły około 1,5 miesiąca.

Celem artykułu jest prezentacja i uzasadnienie poglądu o początkach spółki akcyjnej. Za pierwsze spółki akcyjne typowo uznaje się angielskie i holenderskie wielkie handlowe. Zalążków spółki udziałowej należy doszukiwać się jednak znacznie wcześniej, bowiem już od XII w. Spółki w różnych częściach Europy opracowały i rozwinęły w praktyce koncepcję korporacji. Średniowieczne spółki uzyskiwały samodzielność prawną, a uczestnictwo w ich strukturach opierało się na zbywalnym udziale. Kuxe, uchaux i sortes to w pewnym sensie odpowiedniki dzisiejszych akcji. Choć nie wykształcono jeszcze w owym czasie koncepcji osobowości prawnej ani kapitału zakładowego, zaś wspólnicy generalnie odpowiadali za zobowiązania organizacji, to spółki te, w odróżnieniu od spółek handlowych innego typu, były zawiązywane w stałym celu gospodarczym, a zmiany składu wspólników nie miały wpływu na ich funkcjonowanie. Odmiennie niż pierwsze wielkie kompanie handlowe, które powstawały w oparciu o akt władzy monarszej, spółki średniowieczne wdrażały sposób reprezentacji i zarządzania oparty na umowie wspólników i rządach większości. Jednoczesne i w pewnym stopniu niezależne od siebie wykształcenie się i ewolucja spółek młyńskich (pariages ds moulins), gilda mercatoria, spółek kopalnianych, włoskich montes, towarzystw żeglugowych (Rhedereien), gwarectw (Gewerkschafen) i innych podobnych form dowodzi, że powstanie spółki akcyjnej jest bezpośrednio powiązane z rozwojem cywilizacyjnym i przemianami społeczno-gospodarczymi.

The global economic crisis has significantly altered the landscape of contemporary business markets worldwide. This article aims to verify how severely the economic crisis affected Polish industries and changed the competitive position of Polish companies. The authors put forward a research proposition which states that companies open to foreign cooperation (both exports and imports) were more likely to suffer from economic disturbances than companies that were domestically focused. The outcomes of the study are twofold. First, 24 manufacturing industries were ranked to check which of them suffered the most and the least as the result of the economic crisis. Secondly, using the CATI method 701 companies operating in the above‑mentioned industries were surveyed. The analysis details how the competitive position of these companies was shaped depending on their degree of internationalisation. The obtained results were afterwards compared with a previously conducted literature review, and the article attempts to present the impact of the global economic crisis on both industries (mesoeconomic perspective) and individual companies (microeconomic perspective).

The article presents results of research about Polish services companies. It has been conducted to assess the impact that services liberalization on the EU market has on competitiveness and innovativeness of Polish services companies, which is a result of a EU Services Directive from 2006. The research has been conducted on 400 companies that provide services in such areas: commerce, building, craftsmanship, business specialization, tourism, accommodation services, catering. The idea was to assess how this subject is perceived by the above‑mentioned entities as well as assessment of benefits and barriers that come with the liberalization of services market. Research hypothesis: Services Directive impacts positively the competitiveness and innovativeness of Polish services companies on the EU market and has been positively verified. The article itself is a research.

Background Services offered in the esthetic/beauty industry poses the risk of blood-borne infections (BBIs) due to carrying out invasive procedures. The study objective: was to assess the number of sharps injuries, occupational risk factors, and preventive methods used among cosmetologists. Material and Methods The anonymous survey was conducted (February–April 2017) in randomly selected beauty/esthetic medicine clinics in Szczecin, Poland; 96 cosmetologists were invited. Results Eighty cosmetologists (83.3%), responded. The mean age of the group was 25 years (range: 20–60 years). The majority of the respondents (95%) used sharps while at work, 41.3% had suffered at least one sharps injury during their occupational career. Clippers were the most common injury-causing instrument (39.4%), and manicure/pedicure was the most common injury-causing procedure (51.5%); 84.8% of injuries were not reported. The number of injuries was associated with age (34.9% in the group of 20–29 years old respondents vs. 64.7% in respondents ≥ 30 years old, p = 0.05), work experience (32.6% in the respondents working for 1–3 years vs. 68.8%, in those working ≥ 7 years, p = 0.03), and working hours/week (28.9% in those working ≤ 40 h vs. 57.1% of those working > 40 h, p = 0.02). Needle recapping was reported by 47.5% of respondents, 13.8% did not dispose used needles into a container, 17.5% did not routinely use gloves. Conclusions Cosmetologists are at risk of sharps injuries. Inconsistent use of preventive methods and failure to report incidents may result in contracting BBIs. There is a need to implement education and intervention measures to prevent occupational injuries, particularly with regard to cosmetologists aged over 30 years, with a longer professional experience, working over 40 h/week. Med Pr 2018;69(3):281–290

Research background: In the era of demographic changes and the need for rationalization of public expenditure, the European Union social policy promotes the activation approach. In addition, a growing importance of increasing the effectiveness and efficiency of public entities can be noticed. These phenomena are visible in the implementation of the labour market policy. However, the EU countries represent a different approach to spending public funds on issues related to the implementation of labour market policy. Purpose of the article: The authors are presenting the main theoretical assumptions concerning effectiveness and efficiency of labour market policy. Moreover, in the paper the EU countries are classified in clusters according to their level of expenditure on different categories of LMP. A comparison of the situation over ten years — in 2004 and 2014 — has also been conducted. In 2004, ten new members entered the EU, and the year 2014 presents the most current data in the analyzed area. Methods: As a research method cluster analysis was applied. Cross-country labour market situation throughout the EU is presented by the analysis of the Eurostat data. The countries are grouped in clusters following Ward's and k-means methods. Findings & Value added: There is a need to work out a complex evaluation of labour market policies in the EU to provide comparative analysis of the EU countries (or groups of countries). It would allow to determine the level of development of the country in terms of the efficiency of labour market policies. The EU countries with the best labour market indicators represent diverse levels of LMP expenditure.

Dry needling is one of the methods used to treat myofascial pain syndrome. The treatment involves the use of disposable acupuncture needles but dry needling and acupuncture are not the same. In most cases, the treatment includes myofascial trigger point puncturing. The desired effect to be achieved during the procedure is eliciting a local muscle contraction. The most common response after treatment is pain in the needled area.

Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a localized enlargement of the abdominal aorta such that the diameter is greater than 3 cm or more than 50% larger than normal diameter. The abdominal aorta is the most common site of true arterial aneurysm affecting predominantly the segment of aorta below the renal arteries (intrarenal aorta). Well-defined risk factors are associated with the development of AAA and include older age, male gender, Caucasian race, a positive family history, smoking, the presence of other large vessel aneurysms and atherosclerosis. A retrospective analysis of clinical data of the patients admitted to Department of Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology of the 4th Independent Public Clinical Hospital in Lublin was made. 33,3% of the implantations were performed as an emergency and life-saving procedures and according to our results higher risks of developing AAA are in male population and that risk is higher in older patients.

Introduction : The aim of this article is to analyse the process of creation and implementation of policy on new psychoactive substances (NPS) in Poland in the context of definitional and legal issues, social and market response, implementation of prevention programmes and scientific knowledge. New psychoactive substances and policy response in Poland : New psychoactive substances are a subject to both criminal and administrative law in Poland. Two definitions that refer to NPS and two lists on which they can be placed are currently in force: the annex to the Act on Counteracting Drug Addiction and the annex to the regulation of the Minister of Health. Changes in legislation and the expansion of the list of scheduled substances in 2009-2015 were accompanied by an increase in health risks while the initial success of the policy was diminished with the revival of the NPS market. Critical evaluation of new psychoactive substances policy in Poland : New psychoactive substances challenged nearly every aspect of drug policy in Poland, starting from definitional struggles, through establishing frames of intervention, monitoring and risk assessment, to institutional developments, risk communication, and treatment. The strong focus of NPS policy on the reduction of supply had its obvious shortcomings. The strategy proved to be time consuming and limited in its effectiveness. The NPS market changed dynamically and access to reliable knowledge on NPS was limited, whereas the policy network made of several institutions was flawed and lacked structural and financial resources. Conclusions : The new psychoactive substances phenomenon was based on individual efficacy and economic effectiveness, new technologies, developed logistics, flexibility and responsiveness of the NPS market according to consumer requirements. It posed a challenge for drug policy and a risk that cannot be effectively controlled with ‘traditional’ repressive policies.

The aim of the reported study was to determine the level of knowledge and awareness of consumers regarding the safety of dairy products. The perception of dairy products safety was evaluated through diagnostic survey among 206 respondents from the Warmia and Mazury Province and the Mazowieckie Province selected for the survey with the convenient sampling method. Obtained results demonstrate that consumers’ knowledge about safety of these products is scanty, but show also that the safety level perceived by consumers is unsatisfactory. It would, therefore, be advisable to undertake actions aimed at increasing consumer awareness concerning the safety of dairy products.

Background: In Poland cardiovascular diseases (CVD), classified as work-related diseases, are responsible for 25% of disability and cause 50% of all deaths, including 26.9% of deaths in people aged under 65 years. The aim of the study was to analyze employee expectations regarding CVD- oriented prophylactic activities in the selected enterprise. Material and Methods: A questionnaire, developed for this study, consists of: socio-demographic data, job characteristics, occupational factors, and questions about the respondents’ expectations concerning the prevention program. The study group comprised 407 multi-profile company employees aged (mean) 46.7 years (standard deviation (SD) = 9.1), including 330 men (81.1%), mean age = 46.9 (SD = 9.2) and 77 women (18.9%), mean age = 45.9 (SD = 8.2) The study was performed using the method of auditorium survey. Results: Employees declared the need for actions related to physical activity: use of gym, swimming pool, tennis (56.5%), smoking habits – education sessions on quitting smoking (24.6%). A few people were interested in activities related to healthy diet. According to the majority of the study group, the scope of preventive examinations should be expanded. Based on our own findings and literature data CVD- oriented preventive program, addressed to the analyzed enterprise was prepared. The program will be presented in another paper. Conclusions: The results showed significant quantitative and qualitative differences in the classic and occupational CVD risk factors between men and women, as well as in preferences for participation in prevention programs. Therefore, gender differences should be taken into account when planning prevention programs. Med Pr 2017;68(6):757–769

Aim: The aim of the study was to evaluate physical fitness of rural children and adolescents on the example of pupils of the School Complex in Ołdaki, Poland. Material and method: The study covered 79 pupils of grades IV–VI of the primary school and I–III of the lower secondary school of the School Complex in Ołdaki. The study used K. Zuchora’s Index of Physical Fitness and a diagnostic survey method based on the author-prepared questionnaire. Results: The study conducted among pupils of the School Complex in Ołdaki showed that physical fitness of children and adolescents from the countryside was at a relatively good level. Of the components of the Index of Physical Fitness, the worst results were obtained for abdominal muscle strength. However, the subjects showed very good flexibility, endurance and speed. Girls and boys obtained similar test results. Striking is the fact that the oldest subjects, i.e. pupils in grade III of the lower secondary school, obtained the worst results both in the entire test and in individual exercises. Conclusions: The pupils knew how to take care of their health; they were able to indicate the benefits of being physically active, were eager to take part in physical education classes and actively spent their free time. They mostly believed that they could eat healthy. Only a small percentage of pupils admitted to have had contact with stimulants and fast-foods, which was a confirmation of the fact that they were taking good care of their health. Fitness tests proved that the pupils’ fitness was at a satisfactory level. There was no noticeable difference in the results obtained by girls and boys, which indicated similar performance in all pupils. The evaluation of the pupils’ activity in their free time proved that they were more willing to spend it actively, most often playing football and cycling 2–3 times a week.

The paper presents the materials related to Poland and the translations of the works of the Polish authors (polonica) in the periodical “Ukrainsky Vestnik”, published in Russian in Kharkiv in the years 1816–1819. A polonicum shall be interpreted in accordance with the National Library’s definition. The paper represents comparative research in the field of the Polish-Russian-Ukrainian literary connections in the early 19th century (role of P. Hułak-Artemowski as a translator of the Polish literature and the first Polish language teacher at the Kharkiv University). The publications in the periodical “Ukrainsky Vestnik” are grouped into: 1. original publications and translations, 2. historical studies about the Polish and East-Slavic connections (e.g. during the Uprising of Chmielnicki), outlines of history of the Polish literature and culture and the translations of the Polish poetry and journalism in the Enlightenment (e.g. F. K. Dmochowski’s speech about I. Krasicki), translations of the Krasicki’s essays, the poetry by A. Naruszewicz and F. Karpiński. In the paper were used the quantitative and qualitative research methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]