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The constantly growing global demand for clean energy forces the development of technologiesproducing efficient and renewable energy sources. One direction of development is thin-film photovoltaicsystems that allow for the efficient conversion of solar energy to electrical or chemical energy andtheir usage in production of hydrogen, which is one of the most promising elements for storing greenenergy. The efficiency of photovoltaic systems is determined, among others factors, by properties ofa semiconductor in which light is absorbed and electron-hole pairs are generated. The efficiency ofthis process can be increased by using surface plasmon resonance induced on metallic nanoparticleslocated on the surface or inside the active material. Collective oscillations of the electron plasma excitedin the nanoparticle lead to trapping and enhancement of the electromagnetic field, which, resonantlyscattered to the active layer, increases the absorption in the cell. The selection of the material, size andshape of the nanoparticles allows spectral tuning of the absorption in the system. This study aims toimprove the efficiency of electrochemical cells with copper oxide electrodes by incorporating silvernanoparticles doped with palladium. The nanoparticles were prepared using physical vapour deposition.The fabricated structures were optically characterised by spectrophotometry and SE M microscopy.The conducted research demonstrates an increase in cell efficiency depending on the shape and sizeof the applied nanoparticles. The best results were obtained for systems subjected to post-depositionannealing, resulting in improved chemical stability and optical response of nanoparticles.Keywords: plasmonics, photoelectrochemical cells, plasmonic nanoparticles

Introduction: Branched - chain amino acids (BCAAs) are essential components of proteins that play a crucial role in regulating numerous physiological processes in the human body. This article provides a comprehensive analysis of scientific research on BCAAs, including their involvement in metabolism, protein biosynthesis, and the regulation of anabolic processes. We reviewed the supplementation of BCAAs and its impact on sports performance, body composition, and the therapeutic applications of BCAAs Materials and methods: This study is based on medical articles collected from the PubMed database spanning the years 2011-2023. The research was conducted through the analysis of keywords such as "BCAA supplementation", "BCAA metabolism", and "BCAA treatment". Results: The physiology of BCAAs is well understood. The use of oral supplements containing BCAAs does not have a positive impact on muscle hypertrophy, muscle strength, and post-workout muscle soreness in resistance training. However, branched chain amino acids may serve as a safe and effective therapeutic approach in the treatment of liver cirrhosis.

Introduction: Many wounds are treated surgically. For many years the method itself consisted mainly in cleaning the wounds and bringing its edges closer together, either by strips for closing the wounds or by suturing the wound with classic sutures or staples. Recently, new methods have emerged to support wound healing, which are discussed in this article. Materials and methods: The basis of the work were medical articles collected in the PubMed database. The research was conducted by analyzing key words such as: "surgical treatment of wounds", "new technologies in wounds", "wound healing and new technologies", "dressings in wound treatment", "new methods of accelerating wound healing". Results: In the process of surgical wound treatment the basis is still the closure and connection of the edges of the wounds, which prevents infections, accelerates healing and improves the cosmetic effect. However this is not the final stage of wound healing. Equally important is the subsequent appropriate selection of the dressing - appropriate in terms of its composition of active substances and absorption properties. The choice of the right dressing has a large impact on the final effect and the avoidance of infections or the subsequent appearance of the scar. Now we also have many new technologies to help heal wounds. They help not only to reduce the risk of infection, but also accelerate the healing process and shorten the treatment time.

Introduction: Creatine is a non-protein amino acid that is synthesized endogenously mainly in the liver, kidney or pancreas, and also supplied exogenously with food, especially meat. The use of dietary supplements containing creatine is becoming increasingly popular, as evidenced by sales of $400 million per year. Aim of the study: The aim of our study was to evaluate the potential applications of exogenous creatine with a particular focus on its use in sport. State of Knowledge: Regular use of creatine contributes to water retention in the body as well as muscle hypertrophy. This leads to improved athletic performance, faster recovery as well as a shorter recovery period after injury. The potential use of creatine as an aid in the treatment of depression seems extremely interesting, but these reports require further research. Conclusion: Creatine is currently one of the most popular dietary supplements. Not only is it widely used in sport, where it shows a number of benefits, but research is also underway into its use in medicine.

Introduction: Iqos and other heat-not-burn products according to tobacco companies are a safer alternative to cigarettes. The aim of this article is to objectively review the potential impact of iQOS® on human health by searching for and integrating published research findings. This article provides a comprehensive review and analysis of the scientific research conducted on the effects of Iqos use on human health, distinguishing between specific medical fields. Materials and methods: This study is based on medical articles collected from the PubMed database spanning the years 2016-2023. The research was conducted through the analysis of keywords such as "Iqos", "Heat not burn", and "Iqos health impact". Results: Tobacco heaters are seen as potentially less harmful. However, emerging research on their harmfulness clearly shows that despite reduced concentrations of compounds hazardous to health, the aerosol produced by heaters still contains the same harmful substances. Further studies show that the toxic impact of the aerosol is at a similar level to that of smoke from traditional cigarettes.

Introduction: Artificial Intelligence (AI), including Large Language Models (LLM), is becoming increasingly significant in the field of medicine. Chat GPT, the most popular tool based on LLM technology, utilizes deep learning techniques. Currently, there is a growing body of research evaluating the potential applications of Chat GPT in medicine, and our study is based on an analysis of review articles from the largest medical database, PubMed. Aim of the study: The primary aim of this study was to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the utilization of Chat GPT in medicine, focusing on identifying its positive and negative aspects as well as limitations. State of Knowledge: Previous studies have demonstrated a rapid improvement in the efficacy of responses provided by Chat GPT. It has the potential to support diagnostics, therapy, patient communication, and medical education, thereby enhancing the quality of healthcare. However, there are certain issues associated with the implementation of this technology in the field of medical sciences, such as concerns regarding data sources, responsibility, and ethics when relying on responses generated by bots. Moreover, evident and concerning algorithmic flaws need to be addressed. Conclusions: Chat GPT, due to its accessibility and continuous improvement, has become one of the greatest hopes for the development of various industries, including medicine. It can be widely used to support educational processes and enhance efficiency in medicine. However, the use of such tools entails numerous challenges and issues, as they still have several drawbacks and limitations, such as ethical considerations and source verification. Further research on the utility of this tool is therefore necessary.

The article discusses the phenomenon of allergic march, which is a progressive process of atopic disease development in allergic patients. The inflammatory process changes localization, causing various symptoms such as atopic dermatitis, food allergy, asthma, allergic rhinitis and eosinophilic esophagitis. Allergic march has a major impact on the development of asthma and allergic rhinitis. The diversity of allergic march trajectories is due to the interaction of genetic, environmental and psychosocial factors. Understanding these mechanisms is crucial to prevent effectively the progression of allergic diseases. The article also discusses the advantages of sublingual immunotherapy (SILT) in the treatment of allergic diseases. SILT shows safety profile and may be more acceptable treatment option for the patients comparing to the traditional subcutaneous immunotherapy (SCIT). There are evidence of the beneficial effects of SILT in reducing allergy symptoms and improving quality of life in allergic patients.

Introduction: Venous malformations are congenital, the most occurring subtype of vascular malformations. They are characterized by slow flow, tortuosity and lack of macular layer within the vessel. Venous malformations can be highly problematic to diagnose and treat, thus differentiation the venous malformations with other diseases in pediatric population is important. Aim of the study: The aim of the study is to summarize the available knowledge about venous malformation in pediatric population. The options in diagnosis, treatment and potential new methods were summarized and described. Materials and methods The literature available in the PubMed database was reviewed using the following keywords: “Vascular malformations”, “Venous Malformations”, “Venous malformations treatment, “Children”. Conclusions: Venous malformations are an important problem in pediatric population, as a seldom affliction they can be easily misdiagnosed as other diseases and treated inadequately. Widening of awareness of venous malformations and possible methods of diagnosing and treating them is very important to raise quality of health care in children.

Copyright of Family Medicine Forum / Forum Medycyny Rodzinnej is the property of VM Medica-VM Group (Via Medica) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In 2017, preparations were made in Poland to provide all citizens with access to the Internet at a speed of at least 30 Mb/s, and at a speed of at least 100 Mb/s for 50% of households. This goal is to be realized, among others, by means of the fifth generation (5G) radio-communication networks. This work presents the assumptions of the 5G network structure and estimates of the level of population exposure toelectromagnetic fields related to their rational use. It was also analyzed whether, from the technical point of view, 5G networks could be implemented while respecting the currently acceptable level of electromagnetic field intensity in Poland (7 V/m), taking into account the current environmental exposure caused by antennas of cellular base stations. This is a contribution to the ongoing discussion on the need to change the requirements in Poland in order to limit the level of population exposure to electromagnetic fields. Based on the available documentation of the proposed technical standards, the theoretical analysis of environmental exposure to the electromagnetic field emitted by 5G systems shows that, with rational power management, obtaining the expected (compatible with 5G standards) quality of connections via base stations installed outside of buildings and using intelligent antenna systems with controlled beams, it will be possible to maintain the electric field strength and power density below the current limit values in places accessible to the public (

There is an ongoing discussion about electromagnetic hazards in the context of the new wireless communication technology – the fifth generation (5G) standard. Concerns about safety and health hazards resulting from the influence of the electromagnetic field (EMF) emitted by the designed 5G antennas have been raised. In Poland, the level of the population’s exposure to EMF is limited to 7 V/m for frequencies above 300 MHz. This limitation results from taking into account the protective measures related not only to direct thermal hazards, but also to diversified indirect and long-term threats. Many countries have not established legal requirements in this frequency range, or they have introduced regulations based on recommendations regarding protection against direct thermal risks only (Council Recommendation 1999/519/EC). For such protection, the permissible levels of electric field intensity are 20–60 V/m (depending on the frequency). This work has been created through an interdisciplinary collaboration of engineers, biologists and doctors, who have been for many years professionally dealing with the protection of the biosphere against the negative effects of EMF. It presents the state of knowledge on the biological and health effects of the EMF emitted by mobile phone devices (including millimeter waves which are planned to be used in the 5G network). A comparison of the EU recommendations and the provisions on public protection being in force in Poland was made against this background. The results of research conducted to date on the biological effects of the EMF radiofrequency emitted by mobile telecommunication devices, operating with the frequencies up to 6 GHz, do not allow drawing any firm conclusions; however, the research evidence is strong enough for the World Health Organization to classify EMF as an environmental factor potentially carcinogenic to humans. At the moment, there is a shortage of adequate scientific data to assess the health effects of exposure to electromagnetic millimeter waves, which are planned to be used in the designed 5G devices. Nevertheless, due to the fact that there are data indicating the existence of biophysical mechanisms of the EMF influence that may lead to adverse health effects, it seems necessary to use the precautionary principle and the ALARA principle when creating environmental requirements for the construction and exploitation of the infrastructure of the planned 5G system. Med Pr. 2020;71(1):105–13

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Background The paper describes the current legal status related to electromagnetic field (EMF) measurements in the context of environmental protection. It also presents the assumptions and exemplary results obtained from the EMF National Monitoring System which, in the authors’ opinion, could be more reliable and better adapted to the current state of affairs in the radiocommunication industry. Material and Methods A simplified method of estimating electromagnetic field intensity from various sources, including in particular cellular base stations, using their basic parameters, was described. The electromagnetic field monitoring system operating in Poland was described, and alternative monitoring methods were presented. The authors introduced their own concept of mobile monitoring, whose assumptions perfectly fit into the current realities and can be performed with the use of the current measurement equipment available to laboratories of the Voivodeship Inspectorates for Environmental Protection. Results The construction of the measurement system was presented, and its measurement verification was carried out. Measurement errors resulting from the use of weather-resistant casing and from placing the device on the roof of the vehicle were estimated, confirming that their impact on the measurement uncertainty budget tends to be negligible. Auxiliary software for mobile monitoring was presented, with the aid of which verification was made by carrying out monitoring measurements in the city of Wrocław. Conclusions The results obtained during the monitoring measurements in real conditions confirmed that the proposed method provides reliable results, which are not burdened with significant errors and distortions resulting from the proposed measurement methodology or from the construction of the measurement system itself. The developed system does not require significant financial outlays and is a perfect complement to the stationary measurements currently performed within the Environmental Monitoring System. Med Pr. 2019;70(5):567–85

This paper shows the possible use of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and Life Cycle Costing (LCC) methodologies in analyzing the eco-efficiency of agriculture. To use the descriptive and analytic method, the problem of product life-cycle costs identification and assessment was presented (assumptions for the methodology of costing in terms of carbon footprint of production processes). A detailed analysis was performed of eco-costs which are not addressed in traditional enterprise accounts. Determining the eco-efficiency of agricultural production systems is consistent with the sustainable agricultural development concept and is a crucial aspect of CSR compliance in the agricultural sector. This is a conceptual paper and a starting point for further discussion and empirical studies.

Andrzej Bieńkowski malarz, etnograf, autor filmów dokumentalnych, profesor Akademii Sztuk Pięknych w Warszawie. Autor książek Ostatni wiejscy muzykanci (2001), Sprzedana muzyka (2007) i 1000 kilometrów muzyki (2009). Od lat 80. XX w. wraz z żoną Małgorzatą prowadzą badania etnograficzne, nagrywają i filmują wiejskich muzykantów oraz śpiewy z Polski, Ukrainy i Białorusi. W roku 2012 założyli fundację Muzyka Odnaleziona, która udostępniania zgromadzone przez nich olbrzymie zbiory archiwalne w formie wydawnictw płytowych, poprzez stronę internetową www.muzykaodnaleziona.pl oraz kanał w serwisie YouTube. Realizują również projekt Archiwum Muzyki Wiejskiej (https://archiwummuzykiwiejskiej.pl/), który służy gromadzeniu, digitalizacji i udostępnianiu fotografii dokumentujących muzyczną kulturę wsi.

Celem badań była ocena emisji gazów cieplarnianych w cyklu życia produkcji pszenicy ozimej w różnych systemach uprawy roli. Materiał do analiz stanowiły dane zebrane w 15 wybranych gospodarstwach rolnych, położonych w województwie wielkopolskim, prowadzących uprawę pszenicy ozimej w różnych systemach uprawy roli (tradycyjny, uproszczony i siew bezpośredni), w latach 2015–2017. Badania wykonano metodą oceny cyklu życia „od kołyski do bramy” gospodarstwa, tzn. od pozyskania surowców i wytwarzania środków do produkcji rolniczej, poprzez procesy uprawy pszenicy, do zbioru ziarna. Obliczony wskaźnik potencjału globalnego ocieplenia dla produkcji pszenicy w systemach uprawy tradycyjnej, uproszczonej i siewu bezpośredniego z uwzględnieniem sekwestracji węgla wynosił odpowiednio 2339,7 kg CO2 ekw. ha–1, 1851,9 kg CO2 ekw. ha–1 i 2131,5 kg CO2 ekw. ha–1. Największym źródłem emisji gazów cieplarnianych były nawozy azotowe. Uprawa bezorkowa wraz ze stosowaniem poplonów i pozostawianiem dużej ilości resztek pożniwnych na polu zwiększała sekwestrację węgla organicznego, przyczyniając się do zmniejszania potencjału globalnego ocieplenia dla produkcji pszenicy.

Wydana w 1732 r. broszura Programma litterarium... to podstawowe dzieło do zrozumienia ideologii, zamierzeń i metody pracy Józefa Andrzeja Załuskiego, w którym przedstawił on swój program realizowany później konsekwentnie przez całe życie. To w tej publikacji nakreślony został po raz pierwszy na gruncie polskim długoplanowy rozwój humanistyki, świadomy i przemyślany plan ratowania, gromadzenia, przechowywania i pełnego opracowania naukowego zabytków piśmiennictwa. Jest to więc teoretyczny fundament gromadzenia i wykorzystania polskich księgozbiorów historycznych. W artykule zreferowano treść broszury, a także dokonano próby jej oceny. Publikacja niewątpliwie była wyjątkowym zjawiskiem kulturalnym w Polsce czasów saskich, a poglądy w niej zawarte znamionowały przejęcie przez autora oświeceniowych idei europejskich.

Background: Presented information about the welding process and equipment, focusing on the emission of electromagnetic field (EMF) with levels significant in terms of the labor safety regulations in force in Poland – the ordinances of the Minister of Family, Labour and Social Policy that came into force on June 27, 2016 and June 29, 2016 – emerged due to harmonization with European Union directive 2013/35/EU of 26 June 2013 of the European Parliament and the Council. They presented methods of determination of the EMF distribution in the welding machine surroundings and analyzed the background knowledge from the available literature. Material and Methods: The subject of the analysis included popular high frequency welders widely used in the industry. Electromagnetic field measurements were performed in the welder operating place (in situ) during machine normal operations, using measurement methods accordant with labor safety regulations in force in Poland and according to the same guidelines, the EMF distributions and parameters having been described. Results: They presented various scenarios of particular, real examples of excessive exposure to EMF in the dielectric welder surroundings and showed solutions, ranging from simple and costless and ending on dedicated electromagnetic shielding systems, which allowed to reduce EMF exposure in some cases of more than 80% (protection zone ranges) or eliminate dangerous zone presence. Conclusions: It has shown that in the dielectric welders surrounding, significant EMF strength levels may be the result of errors or omissions which often occur during development, installation, operation or modification of welding machines. It has allowed to present the measures that may significantly reduce the exposure to EMF of workers in the welder surroundings. The role of accredited laboratories in helping in such cases was underlined. Med Pr 2017;68(6):693–703

In recent years, the importance of environmental threats associated with intensive livestock production has been emphasized. Compound feeds make up a part of the animal production chain. A complete assessment of the animal production system with regard to environmental criteria is therefore impossible without considering the environmental consequences of feed production. The goal of this research is to fill the gap in an environmental assessment of production processes of compound feeds in Poland. The study presents an assessment of production impacts of bovine compound feeds according to Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) methodology. The data for analysis were based on the set of information obtained from the feed milling plant located in a commercial agricultural enterprise in the Wielkopolska region in the years 2015-2016. An inventory table of inputs was prepared in relation to the functional unit of 1 ton of compound feeds and two phases of production processes, i.e. upstream and core. For average compound feed, the impact category indicators for the global warming potential, acidification, eutrophication, photochemical ozone formation, consumption of mineral resources, fossil fuel resources and the emission of the respirable particles were respectively: 605.9 kg CO2 eq, 8.73 kg SO2 eq, 3.32 kg PO4 eq, 0.73 kg ethylene eq, 3.4x10-3 kg antimony eq, 5141.1 MJ and 2.25 kg PM2.5 eq. The upstream phase had the greatest effect on investigated impacts, while the core processes phase had a relatively low impact on environmental threats. It is recommended to broaden the scope of the research for a larger group of feed milling plants with more complex manufacturing processes, with a more branched supply structure and a wide range of compound feeds for different animal types. The obtained data can be a valuable source base in prospective analyses of the life cycle of various animal products in Poland.

Animal production is a significant source of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. One of the major challenges in sustainable management is to mitigate the effects of climate change by reducing GHG emissions. The diversity of animal production systems and accompanying diversification of technological processes, mean that specific production effects can be obtained at different levels of GHG emissions. The aim of the study was to determine the carbon footprint (CF) of beef cattle grown in a conventional system (i.e. indoor confinement). The research was carried out on the beef cattle farm belonging to a large-area enterprise, Długie Stare Ltd. The beef cattle production system consisted of the following subsystems: a basic breeding herd (consisting of suckler cows, replacement heifers and calves up to 6.5 months), breeding heifers, breeding bulls and fattening bulls. The method of life cycle analysis (LCA) in the stages from "cradle-to-farmgate" was used to assess the GHG emissions associated with the production of beef cattle. The average CF in the entire beef cattle production system was 25.43 kg of CO2 kg-1 of live weight of marketed cattle, while in the individual subsystems of basic breeding herd, breeding heifers, breeding bulls and fattening bulls, the CF (after GHG allocation) was: 11.0 kg CO2 eq., 34.30 kg CO2 eq., 27.32 and 25.40 kg CO2 eq., respectively. GHG emissions associated with young calves staying in the cow-calf pairs until weaning (in the period from 0-6.5 months), had a decisive influence on the final CF in each of the subsystems of beef cattle production. The second important factor directly affecting the CF was GHG emissions related to methane (CH4) enteric fermentation and manure management. Knowledge of factors affecting the CF structure allows better identification of critical areas in production processes with high GHG emission potential. Information on the CF of beef cattle and beef meat responds to a wider societal demand for the ecological characteristics of market products, which ultimately contributes to improving their market competitiveness.

Background: This paper presents the characteristics of the mobile phone base station (BS) as an electromagnetic field (EMF) source. The most common system configurations with their construction are described. The parameters of radiated EMF in the context of the access to methods and other parameters of the radio transmission are discussed. Attention was also paid to antennas that are used in this technology. Material and Methods: The influence of individual components of a multi-frequency EMF, most commonly found in the BS surroundings, on the resultant EMF strength value indicated by popular broadband EMF meters was analyzed. The examples of metrological characteristics of the most common EMF probes and 2 measurement scenarios of the multisystem base station, with and without microwave relays, are shown. Results: The presented method for measuring the multi-frequency EMF using 2 broadband probes allows for the significant minimization of measurement uncertainty. Equations and formulas that can be used to calculate the actual EMF intensity from multi-frequency sources are shown. They have been verified in the laboratory conditions on a specific standard setup as well as in real conditions in a survey of the existing base station with microwave relays. Conclusions: Presented measurement methodology of multi-frequency EMF from BS with microwave relays, validated both in laboratory and real conditions. It has been proven that the described measurement methodology is the optimal approach to the evaluation of EMF exposure in BS surrounding. Alternative approaches with much greater uncertainty (precaution method) or more complex measuring procedure (sources exclusion method) are also presented. Med Pr 2015;66(5):701–712

Background: Experiments on the electromagnetic field influence on organisms are an important part of biophysical studies. It is an interdisciplinary research spanning biology and medicine with the engineering in generation and measurement of electromagnetic fields. The aim of the study consists in the analysis of parameters estimations and measurements of extremely low frequency magnetic field (ELF MF) as well as exposure systems parameters in biomedical research. Material and Methods: Experiments were performed on 2 most popular low magnetic field exposure systems: the solenoid and Helmholtz coils. A theoretical analysis and a measurement verification of the magnetic field distribution inside the systems were carried out to evaluate the homogeneity of the magnetic field. Additional factors, vibrations and temperature changes, affecting the assessment of the biological effects of magnetic field exposure were also examined. Results: Based on the study results, a comparative analysis of solenoids and Helmholtz coils as the magnetic field exposure systems was presented. Proposals for the description of magnetic field exposure were also formulated. Conclusions: The authors emphasize the importance of a conscious choice of exposure conditions and their explicit description. These are fundamental requirements for both the reproduction of experimental conditions and the verification of results. Med. Pr. 2015;66(2):185–197

Aktualnie ważnym wyzwaniem dla sektora rolniczego jest redukcja emisji gazów cieplarnianych (GHG) w celu złagodzenia skutków zmian klimatycznych. Istnieje potrzeba dokładnej identyfikacji źródeł emisji oraz upowszechnienia praktyk rolniczych, które przyczyniałyby się do zmniejszenia emisji we wszystkich ogniwach produkcji roślinnej. Do przeprowadzenia obiektywnych porównań i wyboru najlepszych rozwiązań technologicznych według kryterium emisyjności potrzebna jest szczegółowa ocena ilościowa emisji GHG. W opracowaniu przedstawiono ocenę emisji GHG w produkcji roślinnej za pomocą śladu węglowego (CF). Udział operacji technologicznych w powstawaniu CF scharakteryzowano na przykładzie rzepaku ozimego. Wyniki badań wskazują, że największe znaczenie w kształtowaniu CF ma proces nawożenia mineralnego. Wpływ pozostałych procesów na CF jest wielokrotnie mniejszy. Miejscem głównych emisji GHG w nawożeniu mineralnym rzepaku są emisje bezpośrednie i pośrednie GHG z pól. Po emisjach GHG z pól, produkcja nawozów stanowi drugie źródło emisji z nawożenia. Zmiany praktyk rolniczych polegających na zwiększeniu efektywności nawożenia azotowego oraz stosowaniu nawozów o niskich współczynnikach emisji stwarzają obecnie możliwość redukcji emisji GHG i przez to, tym samym mogą przyczynić się do zmniejszenia CF produktów roślinnych.

Toczeń rumieniowaty układowy (systemic lupus erythematosus, SLE) jest chorobą tkanki łącznej, rozwijającą się na podłożu autoimmunizacji. Objawy kliniczne SLE są związane z występowaniem nie tylko wykwitów skórnych, ale również dolegliwości ze strony narządów wewnętrznych, a także zaburzeń hematologicznych oraz o charakterze neuropsychiatrycznym. Patogeneza NPSLE (neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus) jest złożona, próbuje się ją wyjaśniać wytwarzaniem autoprzeciwciał oraz odkładaniem się kompleksów immunologicznych, czego następstwem jest cytotoksyczne uszkodzenie neuronów, jak również nieprawidłową ekspresją mediatorów zapalnych i napływem komórek zapalnych, zaburzeniami naczyniowymi i skłonnością do zakrzepów. Całkowita częstość występowania NPSLE jest szacowana na 56,3% pacjentów z SLE. Najczęściej występującymi zaburzeniami psychicznymi u chorych na toczeń rumieniowaty są zaburzenia nastroju, lękowe, poznawcze oraz świadomości. Istotnym aspektem są także polekowe zaburzenia psychiczne. W podejściu terapeutycznym wobec pacjentów z NPSLE o nieznacznej aktywności choroby i/lub nieznacznym stopniu zmian narządowych stosuje się glikokortykosteroidy w niskich dawkach oraz – w zależności od potrzeb – leki przeciwlękowe, przeciwdepresyjne, niekiedy kwas walproinowy, karbamazepinę, lamotryginę i preparaty przeciwpsychotyczne. W profilaktyce przeciwzakrzepowej u chorych z grupy ryzyka stosuje się kwas acetylosalicylowy.

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Copyright of Przegląd Elektrotechniczny is the property of Przeglad Elektrotechniczny and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Alcohol addiction is one of the most common health problems. Long-term consumption of high doses of ethanol leads to numerous adaptive changes in the central and peripheral nervous systems, most notably a decrease in the activity of inhibitory GABAergic pathways and an increase in the activity of excitatory glutamatergic pathways. Up to half of patients may develop alcohol withdrawal syndrome (AWS) when they stop drinking alcohol. This article contains the recommendations of the Polish Psychiatric Association and the Pharmacotherapy Section of the Polish Society for Addiction Research for the pharmacotherapy of AWS. This paper presents the aetiopathogenesis, neurotransmitter and receptor mechanisms, symptoms and diagnostic criteria of AWS, medications used in the treatment of alcohol withdrawal syndromes, management of uncomplicated and complicated alcohol withdrawal syndromes, and discusses the management of special populations. First-line drugs in the management of AWS are benzodiazepines (BDZ). Most studies have not shown a superiority of any BDZ in the treatment of AWS. The decision to choose a formulation should be based on its pharmacokinetic properties, comorbidities, and the patient's current condition. The most commonly used BDZs are diazepam, lorazepam, oxazepam, and clorazepate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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D2/D3 dopamine receptor partial agonists (aripiprazole, brexpiprazole, cariprazine) are increasingly often used in the treatment of mental disorders due to a more favourable tolerability profile as compared to other antipsychotics. The article presents the position statement on the use of these drugs in the treatment of special populations: people with comorbid somatic diseases, people over 65 years of age, including those with dementia, children and adolescents, pregnant and breastfeeding women. The position statement was developed by the panel of experts appointed by the Executive Board of the Polish Psychiatric Association consisting of people experienced in the treatment of patients with mental disorders. The evaluation included the analysis of literature databases and information obtained from summaries of product characteristics, as well as reports and registers on the safety of the three evaluated drugs. D2/D3 dopamine receptor partial agonists can be used in the treatment of people who must be provided with the highest safety standards of the therapy. It results from their low risk of producing side effects, such as weight gain, metabolic disorders, akathisia, extrapyramidal symptoms, increased prolactin levels, prolongation of QT interval in ECG, sedation and anticholinergic effects. Since dopamine receptor partial agonists are available for a relatively short time, there is less information on their use in pregnant women than for other antipsychotics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aripiprazole, cariprazine and brexpiprazole are antipsychotic drugs (APD) whose action is associated with partial agonism at the dopamine D2/D3 receptors. They are increasingly more widely used in clinical practice, also off-label. The aim of this article is to present the current state of knowledge on the use of these drugs in the treatment of mental disorders. The position statement was developed by the panel of experts appointed by the Executive Board of the Polish Psychiatric Association, consisting of individuals with many years of experience in treating patients with mental disorders. The evaluation included the analysis of literature databases (Medline, Embase, Cochrane) and information obtained from meta-analyses and summaries of product characteristics. A key property of D2/D3 partial agonists is that they display diverse effects on dopamine pathways: (a) blockade of mesolimbic signalling that is overactive in the acute phase of schizophrenia and mania, (b) stimulation of mesocortical pathways with an improvement (or at least with no deterioration) of cognitive functions and negative symptoms, (c) no blockade of the tuberoinfundibular pathway and, consequently, low risk of increased prolactin secretion, (d) no blockade of nigrostriatal pathway and, consequently, low risk of extrapyramidal symptoms. Selective profile of action and intrinsic activity at dopamine D2 (aripiprazole > brexpiprazole) and D3 (cariprazine) receptors in combination with the lack of antihistamine and anticholinergic properties make aripiprazole, brexpiprazole and cariprazine different form other APD in terms of their safety and tolerability. This is the reason for the increasing use of these drugs in the treatment of schizophrenia and mood disorders, and in the case of aripiprazole also in obsessive-compulsive, autism-spectrum and tic disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This consensus statement has been prepared by a group of experts consisting of professionals with long experience in the treatment of psychiatric disorders, who were appointed by the Management Board of the Polish Psychiatric Association. The evaluation involved the analysis of literature databases and information derived from meta-analyses of these data for years 2010-2020. The searched publications were in English, German and Polish language versions and involved interventions performed in groups of adult patients. The efficacy of nonpharmacological methods applied for treatment of negative symptoms of schizophrenia were compared with effects of a different treatment/combined treatment/a group with no intervention. When formulating the recommendations, the experts analysed the source data in terms of their application in the Polish conditions. The current recommendations of academic societies and literature on the treatment of schizophrenia with predominant negative symptoms were taken into account. The experts included items that involved a comparison of a study group in terms of non-pharmacological interventions, and pharmacologically treated cases were taken into account only when divisions were made into standard treatment and additional intervention. The results were divided into 7 sections: 1. Psychoeducation, 2. Psychotherapy (individual, group and family therapy), 3. Psychiatric rehabilitation, 4. Emotional intelligence, social skills and mindfulness training, 5. Cognitive remediation/rehabilitation, cognitive training, 6. Clinical efficacy of physical activity, behavioral activation and metacognitive training, 7. Other rehabilitation methods (including biological methods). The recommendations were debated by experts, approved by the Management Board of the Polish Psychiatric Association, and -- upon consideration of the submitted comments -- adopted as a consensus statement of the Association with the recommendation of their application in the treatment of schizophrenic patients in Poland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Przegląd Elektrotechniczny is the property of Przeglad Elektrotechniczny and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)