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The nature of employment of academic teachers is complex not only because their employment is regulated by the codes of practice with the auxiliary application of the provisions of the Labor Code and other sources of labor law, but also because it is related to the presence of public law elements in the obligatory bond of the employment relationship. The need for pragmatic regulation of the employment relationship of academic teachers seems obvious, and is justified by the differences in their rights and obligations in comparison with the general regulations. However, it should be noted that by approximating the structure of the academic employment relationship to the obligatory mechanism in the context of general labor law, we seem to ignore many specific and important features of this employment. Therefore, normative shortcomings of the applicable act can be observed. It seems that within de lege ferenda proposals, the one referring to the model solution, which takes into account the specificity of the work of academic teachers, is fundamental. Such a solution seems to be expected primarily due to the role played by the system of higher education and science in the structures of the state.

Celem artykułu była analiza wpływu sposobu piętrzenia wody na zjawiska filtracyjne zachodzące w modelu nasypu wykonanego z popioło-żużla. Model nasypu został uformowany w korycie hydraulicznym w skali półtechnicznej (wysokość 0,6 m, długość w podstawie 2,0 m, szerokość 1,0 m). Badania polegały na obserwacji zachowania się modelu nasypu podczas kontrolowanego piętrzenia i opuszczania wody od strony górnej, dolnej oraz jednocześnie górnej i dolnej. Dodatkowo wykonano badania wybranych parametrów geotechnicznych materiału, który osadził się po stronie dolnej na skutek przelania się wody przez koronę nasypu. W wyniku przeprowadzonych badań i analiz stwierdzono, iż popioło-żużel może być stosowany jako materiał do budowy grobli, gdyż równoczesne piętrzenie i obniżanie wody po obu stronach nasypu nie spowodowało wystąpienia negatywnych skutków filtracji. W przypadku budowli piętrzących tylko z jednej strony badany materiał antropogeniczny wykazuje cechy niestabilne, wymagające zastosowania zabezpieczeń skarp przed negatywnymi skutkami filtracji.

Introduction and objective Osteoporosis is a disorder that leads to a decrease in bone mass, accompanied by a disruption in bone structure, resulting in an increased risk of bone fractures. It affects a large number of people worldwide and constitutes a significant social and economic problem. It primarily affects older individuals, especially postmenopausal women. Fractures associated with osteoporosis diminish the quality of life. Osteoporosis often remains asymptomatic and is difficult to diagnose, typically identified incidentally following a low-energy fracture. Diagnosis of osteoporosis involves measuring bone mineral density using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). Osteoporosis is diagnosed when bone mineral density is found to be more than 2.5 standard deviations (SD) below the mean bone mineral density of healthy young adults with peak bone mass. Modifiable risk factors for osteoporosis include lack of physical activity, calcium deficiency in the diet, and alcohol consumption. Review methods The article was based on scientific papers retrieved from the PubMed website and scientific literature. The focus was on papers from 2016 to 2024. Articles written in English were utilized. Brief description of the state of knowledge Physical activity encompasses any muscular movement that increases energy expenditure beyond the resting metabolic rate, including weight-bearing exercises, strength training, high-intensity strength exercises, and balance and mobility training. Weight-bearing exercises yield the best results in osteoporosis prevention, recommended to be performed three times a week. Summary Physical activity is a scientifically proven preventive factor against osteoporosis, reducing the frequency of falls and increasing bone mineral density. Initiating physical activity at a young age yields significant benefits for bone strength.

Obesity is a chronic disease that requires diagnosis and treatment. Excess body fat and metabolic disorders, resulting from the disease, are associated with the risk of numerous complications. Among the most widespread are type 2 diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, atherosclerosis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and sleep apnea syndrome. Weight reduction significantly improves prognosis, and can mitigate or even reverse complications. A dietary method gaining popularity recently is intermittent fasting. It involves alternating periods of eating and fasting according to a fixed time schedule. There are different types of diet, differing in the length of the fasting period. Intermittent fasting affects the human body by regulating the diurnal rhythm, inducing metabolic switching, that is switching from using glucose as an energy source to lipid oxidation, and by modulating the composition of the gut microbiota. The effects of the diet, proven in clinical trials, include weight loss, improved glucose tolerance, lowered hemoglobin A1c and insulin levels, and improved tissue sensitivity to insulin. However, there is no evidence supporting the superiority of intermittent fasting over continuous calorie restriction. Intermittent fasting also carries a risk of adverse effects, the most serious of which are hypoglycemic episodes. These occur especially in people with type 2 diabetes and taking diabetes medications. Although intermittent fasting appears to be a promising strategy in the fight against obesity and type 2 diabetes, further research is needed to evaluate its long-term effects on the human body.

The article deals with Benedict Hesse of Cracow’s (ca. 1389–1456) question about the resurrection, from the ms Kraków, BJ, 1369, ff. 24r–26r. The article demonstrates that the question comes from the Commentary on Matthew’s Gospel by Hesse and is also preserved in two other manuscripts: ms Kraków, BJ, 1366, pp. 516–521, and ms Città del Vaticano, BAV, Vat.Lat.14646, ff. 161va–163va. On this basis, it is possible to determine the dating of the question’s composition to the years 1446–March 7, 1448. The article also analyses the doctrinal content of the question. Hesse considers the details related to the resurrection in a numerically identical body. The medieval theologian points out the metaphysical possibility of resurrection, its time and place, as well as the material structure of the risen body. A critical edition of the text crowns the article.

Introduction: Pemphigus vulgaris is a chronic autoimmune blistering disorder characterised by the production of autoantibodies against desmogleins, resulting in intraepithelial blister formation. Despite advancements in treatment options, some patients experience disease progression and an inadequate response to conventional therapies. Rituximab, a monoclonal chimeric antibody targeting CD20 on B-cells, has shown promise as an alternative therapeutic option. Case report: In this case report, we present the management of a 14-year-old child with pemphigus vulgaris who exhibited disease progression despite conventional treatment modalities. The patient was administered rituximab therapy, resulting in significant clinical improvement and disease control. Conclusions: The utilisation of rituximab as an adjunct or alternative therapy in refractory pemphigus cases offers a valuable treatment option. Further studies and long-term follow-up are necessary to determine the optimal dosing regimen and evaluate the safety and efficacy of rituximab in paediatric pemphigus patients.

Recently, there has been a surge of interest in sauna bathing and its role in health aspects. However, there are few studies focusing on the association between regular sauntering and the risk of dementia and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Considerably better understood are the effects on the cardiovascular system. This study delves into contemporary scientific research on Finnish saunas, exploring their potential correlation with Alzheimer's disease prevention, their impact on vascular health in adults with cardiovascular disorders, and their association with reducing the risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Scientific studies published in PubMed, Scopus and Google Scholar databases were analyzed, including terms related to Finnish sauna, dementia, COPD and cardiovascular disease. The methodological quality and results of each study were evaluated. Sauna bathing in addition to being a relaxing lifestyle habit, remains a potential additional strategy which can be used in improving cardiovascular function in adults with well-controlled cardiovascular disorders. A limited amount of research has been identified on the correlation between sauna bathing and reduced risk of Alzheimer's disease and COPD. The accumulating evidence suggests that frequent sauna bathing may reduce the risk or severity of several vascular and nonvascular conditions including COPD and also moderate to high frequency of sauna bathing was associated with lowered risks of dementia and Alzheimer’s disease. Further research is required, especially large-scale cohort studies with repeated measurement on sauna to establish the potential mechanisms linking sauna bathing and either memory diseases or COPD and better understand the relationship between sauntering and cardiovascular health. Upcoming studies may become very promising for the development of sauna bathing as a new non-pharmacological treatment or prevention of various diseases and improvement in the quality of life.

Russia's aggression against Ukraine is undoubtedly a tragic event that will bring various, often difficult to predict, consequences at many levels of functioning. Certainly, the mental health of war victims faces many challenges. The mental health crisis that occurs during war is a public health problem.28 One of the main disorders that appear in people directly or indirectly related to war is PTSD. It arises as a result of experiencing extremely dangerous, terrifying events that go beyond one's ability to cope and is manifested by symptoms such as: obsessive, persistent re-experiencing of traumatic events, avoidance of factors causing a "return" to traumatic memories, excessive arousal and a sense of constant threats.8, 10 Many factors influence the occurrence of PTSD. It is extremely important to look at the reasons that make it difficult to obtain support. mental health and improving the support system. Ukrainian children and youth deserve special attention here. A developing young society must face particularly great challenges, and it is their mental well-being that guarantees better development of the entire nation. Every effort must be made to ensure that citizens of a country at war receive adequate support. We have many methods of help, from basic emergency support, through a wide range of psychotherapy, to medications in the most severe cases. Additionally, the knowledge of the existence of a phenomenon such as post-traumatic growth may give hope and motivation to act to people in mental crisis struggling with symptoms of PTSD. However, the war continues and there will be more and more victims struggling with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and other mental health disorders. We cannot determine at this point how much damage this conflict will cause. However, it is worth acting now to prevent and limit the tragic consequences of the situation in which Ukraine finds itself.

Introduction: The popularity of cosmetic treatments is increasing, including treatments using polydioxanone (PDO) threads. Among the various complications that PDO threads can cause are swelling, skin dimpling, paresthesia, thread visibility/palpability, infection, and thread extrusion. On the other hand, it is an alternative to surgical facelift. Purpose of work: To collect information on the complications after PDO threads for facial lifting. Summary: In the literature review, there were reported complications after PDO threads for facial lifting as edema, allergy, inflammation, infection, skin dimpling, contour irregularity, visible threads, hematoma, thread extrusion, and incomplete facial paralysis. Knowledge of complications after face lifting with PDO threads allows us to prepare for these side effects and act appropriately in the event of their occurrence, thus avoiding the long-term effects of the cosmetic procedure.

Aim of the study: The goals of this paper are: to determine the empirical exeedance probability of the characteristic flows Qchar (SNQ, WNQ, NSQ, SSQ, WSQ, NWQ and SWQ) in Poland; to link the flows Qchar with quantiles Qp and to examine the relationship between the empirical exeedance probability of the flow Qchar from: Qp, the catchment area A and the gauging station elevation H. Material and methods: Characteristic flows were calculated on the basis of 50-year daily flow time series (from November 1, 1971 to October 31, 2021) in 355 gauging cross-sections located throughout Poland. The empirical exeedance probabilities of the flows Qchar are presented in graphs, and their spatial distribution – in maps. In order to assess the relationship between the variables Qchar and Qp, Qchar and A, and Qchar and H, Spearman’s rank correlations were examined. Results and conclusions: The results of the research allowed to assign (approximately) in Poland to the characteristic flows Qchar quantiles Qp: SNQ – Q93%, WNQ – Q63%, NSQ – Q74%, SSQ – Q33%, WSQ – Q10%, NWQ – Q26% i SWQ – Q1,3%. The analyzes showed that in some cases the variability of the empirical exceedance probability of a given characteristic flow is so high that it would be appropriate to assign Qchar to one value Qp together with information about the measurement error. The analysis of correlations and maps shows, above all, a significant dependence of the exceedance probability of the flows Qchar on the gauging station elevation H – in some cases it is a positive relationship, in some – negative.

Początki polskiego heavy metalu sięgają przełomu lat 70. i 80. i są związane z powstaniem zespołu TSA. Nie był to jednak zwiastun dynamicznego rozwoju polskiej sceny metalowej, na wzór np. punkowej, tym bardziej że sam nurt nie był szeroko promowany i prezentowany w mediach. Sytuacji nie zmieniło poszerzenie sceny o zespoły Turbo i Kat, które razem z TSA uznano za czołówkę „polskiego metalu”. Działo się tak pomimo krytycznych często ocen ich artystycznej działalności, szczególnie na łamach dwóch ogólnomuzycznych periodyków PRL – „Magazynu Muzycznego” i „Non Stopu”. Teksty z tych czasopism są przedmiotem analizy w niniejszym artykule, co przybliża percepcję tego zjawiska w polskiej krytyce muzycznej

Odpowiedź systemu prawnego na kryzys klimatyczny opiera się na dwóch podstawowych kierunkach działania (środkach) – mitygacji oraz adaptacji. Pojęcie mitygacji klimatycznej rozumieć można szeroko i odnieść je do całokształtu działań, które mają na celu ograniczanie antropogenicznych emisji gazów cieplarnianych oraz zwiększenie ich pochłaniania przez pochłaniacze. Termin „adaptacja”, pomimo że obecnie jest już szeroko stosowany w agendzie zmian klimatycznych, nie ma jednolitej definicji. Złożoność koncepcji adaptacji do zmian klimatu i terminologii wynika z bardzo wielu czynników (wzajemnie sprzężonych) – zróżnicowania potrzeb adaptacji czy zróżnicowania opcji i metod adaptacji – co przekłada się ma mozaikę możliwych rozwiązań adaptacyjnych. Z perspektywy polityki oraz prawa ochrony środowiska jako przedmiotu interwencji prawodawcy (jego źródeł, dynamiki rozwoju, otwartości i cech) mitygacja i adaptacja stanowią wyraźny przykład integracyjności polityki i prawa ochrony środowiska i ich pogranicza z innymi politykami oraz przedmiotami ingerencji prawodawcy. Dzieje się tak, ponieważ mitygacja i adaptacja jak w soczewce skupiają potrzebę integracyjności i przekrojowości neutralności klimatycznej jako celu polityki Unii i państw członkowskich w dziedzinie środowiska. Integracyjny wymiar mitygacji i adaptacji (zarówno w jej aspekcie zewnętrznym, jak i wewnętrznym), uzasadniający podejmowanie kompleksowych i spójnych działań w różnych obszarach, stanowi nie tylko przejaw kontynuacji zjawiska integracyjności i specjalizacji w obszarze prawa ochrony środowiska. Przekrojowy i różnorodny charakter działań przede wszystkim adaptacyjnych, podejmowanych na różnych płaszczyznach i sektorach oraz zróżnicowanie środków realizujących adaptacje wykorzystujących różne instrumenty i formy działania (także instrumenty prawne) nie uzasadnia wprawdzie ich wyłączenia z zakresu kategorii instrumentów (prawa) ochrony środowiska. Uzasadnia natomiast pytanie, czy w kontekście charakteru działań (instrumentów) adaptacyjnych oraz pojęcia ochrony środowiska rozumianego jako podjęcie lub zaniechanie działań umożliwiających zachowanie lub przywracanie równowagi przyrodniczej, które polegają w szczególności na racjonalnym kształtowaniu środowiska i gospodarowaniu zasobami środowiska zgodnie z zasadą zrównoważonego rozwoju, przeciwdziałaniu zanieczyszczeniom oraz przywracaniu elementów przyrodniczych do stanu właściwego, nie byłoby właściwe użycie pojęcia instrumentów „(prawa) zrównoważonego rozwoju”, co, wydaje się, lepiej oddawałoby istotę rzeczy.

Objectives The article is devoted to the analysis of the legal status of a special negotiations team as a temporary participating entity in the Act on companies established as a result of cross-border transformation, merger or division. Material and methods The article uses the legal dogmatic method. Results Based on the directive of contractual freedom, I am of the opinion that there are no legal barriers that might prevent the parties from including other important issues in the agreement, for example those related to the legal mechanisms of maintaining the negotiations confidential. The special negotiations team may also include in the agreement a consent for limiting the employees’ participation rights in a company created as a result of trans-border transformation, merger or division of companies. Conclusions The special negotiations team as an entity of a participatory nature has a temporary status, because its main task is to enter in the participatory agreement with the competent body of the company. Upon concluding the agreement, the team is dissolved ex lege.

Section IIC of the Labour Code that was adopted by the Parliament in December 2022 introduces new regulations concerning remote work to Polish labour legislation. Thus, the binding legal provisions included in the anti-Covid legislation were repealed. The legislation authority established a new model of remote work. The aim of this study is to provide a general characteristic of this model. For the purposes of this article, I will focus mainly on the subjective and objective issues. The essence of remote work consists in performing this work at a location specified by the employee and agreed with the employer. The results of remote work are submitted with the use of means of remote communication. De lege lata, two types may be distinguished: contractual remote work and remote work that is designated unilaterally. This allows the parties to the employment relationship to adapt it in a flexible way to the diverse conditions of the work environment at the dawn of the post-industrial era. ASJC: 3308, JEL:K31

The Authors presented accounts of two trips under the international Erasmus+ programme. One was a Staff Week for librarians organized at the libraries of the University of Algarve in Faro, Portugal, held on 20-24 June 2022. The other was a study trip to selected units of the university library system at Sassari, Italy. Both events provided an excellent opportunity for librarians from Europe, representing libraries of different types and with different characteristics, to share their experiences. In addition, they made it possible to network and get inspired by solutions used in other libraries. The accounts were supplemented with the Authors' observations and conclusions about participation in the programme.

Introduction: The first hospice was established in 1967 by Cicely Saunders. Another important event was the establishment of a day centre for terminally ill patients in Sheffield at St Luke’s Hospice. In Poland, hospice care was developed on the initiative of Hanna Chrzanowska. A special type of this institution are children’s hospices. One of them is the Podkarpackie Hospice for Children Foundation, established in 2006. Research Aim: The aim of the research was to present the history of the establishment and development of the Podkarpackie Hospice for Children Foundation, as well as analyse examples of patient care and educational activities undertaken by the management, employees and teachers cooperating with the Foundation in the period 2006–2021. The methodology used involved a critical analysis of documents and source materials and a review of the literature on hospice care. Evidence-based Facts: Two periods can be identified in the history of the Podkarpackie Hospice for Children Foundation between 2006 and 2021. From 2006 to 2011, patient care was provided under the at-home hospice care system. Simultaneously, efforts were undertaken to organise a separate location to expand the assistance provided, which resulted in the establishment of an in-patient hospice in 2011, which implements a broader range of tasks of the Foundation, including Perinatal Hospice, which was created in response to public demand. Summary: Patient care and educational activity of the Foundation is carried out through its individual units, including the at-home, in-patient and perinatal hospice, as well as the regional care and therapy centre “Tęczowy Domek”, which implement the goals and tasks of the Foundation. In addition, the educational activity of the Volunteer Centre helps to breaking down stereotypes related to hospices.

Objectives The right to obtain information from the employer is fundamental for the activity of trade unions. In the Polish labour law system, a pluralism of normative approaches functions in this matter. As a result, in practice we are dealing with a specific interference of competences of trade unions. In order to obtain specific information, they have to reference different legal bases. The aim of this study is to provide a comprehensive presentation of this complex issue. Material and methods Analysis of regulation Results introduced in this matter, as well. Conclusions To sum up this discussion on the right of trade unions to information, I would like to conclude that, in the Polish labour law system, we are dealing with a pluralism of normative solutions in this matter. Individual provisions regulate the issue of access to information in various ways, not only in the subjective, but also in the procedural aspect. In this respect, we are dealing with a specific interference of competences of trade unions. In order to obtain specific information, they have to reference different legal bases. Due to that, I recommend, de lege ferenda to unify the legal regulations in a single legal standard, which should ideally be included in the Act on trade unions. Another disadvantage of the currently existing legal regulations is the lack of universal prerequisites for the refusal to provide information by the employer. In its consequences, it leads to chaos and various conflicts with trade unions. Due to the above, I suggest that specific material law and procedural regulations should be introduced in this matter, as well.

Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic has lasted for over 2 years and has resulted in more than 486 million cases and over 6 million deaths worldwide. Pregnant women are a special group of society exposed to severe or unpredictable course of infection. Purpose of work: Assessment of awareness and willingness to vaccinate pregnant women against COVID-19 and reasons influencing this decision. Materials and methods: The proprietary online survey addressed to women in Poland during pregnancy and women who were pregnant in the period from December 27, 2020 (introduction of the vaccine in Poland) to 20.03.2022. The study included a total of 518 respondents of reproductive age, among which 398 have a university degree and 108 have secondary education. 376 respondents got vaccinated against COVID-19 — 120 before getting pregnant, 199 during pregnancy and 57 after giving birth. Summary: Most of the surveyed women (321) hadn’t had a positive PCR test for COVID-19 until the day of the survey, but 38% had a positive PCR test. Asked about reasons for getting vaccinated during pregnancy, most of the respondents stated that people should get vaccinated against COVID-19 in general, they got vaccinated because of the baby’s health, and that they acted according to the recommendations of The Polish Society of Gynecologists and Obstetricians and the World’s Health Organization. On the other hand, most of the women didn’t get vaccinated because they were afraid of the side effects, there is not enough research on the topic, and they believe that the vaccination is ineffective. Additionally, 154 respondents were encouraged by the doctors to get vaccinated in opposite to 21 who were discouraged by the doctor. The majority of the respondents are aware of the great risk of COVID-19 infection during pregnancy. Therefore, they got vaccinated against COVID-19 to minimize the risks of the infection.

Innowacje zarządzania – uważane za trudne do powielenia – mogą stanowić źródło względnie trwałej przewagi konkurencyjnej, zwiększonej wydajności, poprawy produktywności, a także wyników finansowych przedsiębiorstw. Choć innowacje te zyskują coraz większą powszechność i uznanie, metody i procesy ich rozwoju wciąż pozostają niewystarczająco zbadane i rozpoznane. Słaby rozwój teorii zarządzania w wymiarze jej praktycznej przydatności i rzeczywistego wpływu na codzienne decyzje i działania menedżerów wobec przybierającej na sile transformacji w wymiarze społecznym i technologicznym jest ważnym argumentem za poszukiwaniem nowego podejścia do innowacji zarządzania. Celem podjętych badań jest w związku z powyższym rozpoznanie stosunkowo nowego podejścia do innowacji opartego na metodologii i praktyce projektowania oraz sformułowanie podstawowych przesłanek wykorzystania tego podejścia do badania innowacji zarządzania. Metodą zastosowaną do rozwiązania problemu naukowego była metoda dedukcji odniesiona do pogłębionego i krytycznego studium literatury z zakresu innowacji zarządzania, współczesnych podejść opartych na projektowaniu oraz epistemologii i metodologii nauk o zarządzaniu określanych jako nauki praktyczne. Głównym rezultatem badań jest sformułowanie podstawowych przesłanek wykorzystania założeń podejścia opartego na projektowaniu do badania innowacji zarządzania wraz z wyjaśnieniem ich implikacji dla nauk o zarządzaniu.

Lichen planus (LP) is a chronic skin, mucous membrane, and nail disease. Lichen planus is a rare skin condition occurring in less than 1% of the general population, affecting both children and adults. Oral lichen planus (OLP) involvement is much more common. It is an autoimmune disease caused by T lymphocytes, with epigenetic factors playing a significant role in the development of autoimmune skin diseases. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), a group of non-coding RNAs, play a substantial role in regulating the immune response.1 The etiology of lichen planus in not fully understood. It can be triggered by antihypertensive drugs, beta-blockers, infections, viral hepatitis, psychological stress, and others. Cases of lichen planus appearing after recovering from COVID-19 have been reported, as well as a significant increase in cases after COVID-19 vaccination.2–5 Diagnosis is based on clinical presenstation and characteristic histopathological findings. The disease is often self-limiting, accompanied by persistent itching and painful erosions of the mucous membrane, affecting the patient’s quality of life and mental well-being. First-line treatments inculde topical corticosteroids and/or oral corticosteroids. There are reports of new potential treatments, such as biologic drugs (anti-IL12/13, anti-IL17) and Janus kinase inhibitors. Consequently, a dramatic change in lichen planus treatment can be expected in the near future. The majority of patients suffering from lichen planus develop metabolic syndrome which is the cause of other diseases. This article provides a comprehensive overview of current knowledge about lichen planus and its variants.

The article discusses the redistributive (distributive) function of labour law. Labour law standards are a fundamental instrument in the primary distribution of national income and are of vital importance for the quality of life of wide groups of employees. Their formation is an important factor in maintaining the homeostasis in employment relationships. ASJC: 3308 ,JEL: K31

Objectives The article presents issues related to the first-instance jurisprudence in disciplinary cases of soldiers in the perspective of the provisions of the Act on Defense of the Homeland. The publication attempts to characterize disciplinary judgments in the proceedings in question. Both the formal and substantive aspects of decisions made in disciplinary proceedings against soldiers issued in the first instance cases were analysed. Material and methods The research was based on the dogmatic method. Results Summing up the considerations on the first-instance rulings in military disciplinary proceedings, the statement that the principle of an appropriate disciplinary response is of central importance in this matter is justified. Conclusions An appropriate disciplinary response is responsible for the implementation of universal justice for all repressive procedures within the meaning of iustitia communitativa. It allows for an appropriate reaction of the disciplinary superior to pathological behavior of soldiers in service, which dysfunctionalize or diffuse the activities of the Polish Armed Forces. It also allows for the protection of the legitimate interests of the accused soldier.

The essence of the irenic function of labor law is the amicable settlement of disputes in the work environment. It applies to both individual and collective disputes. In the system of Polish labor law, there are not only settlements but also other collective agreements. Scrutinizing this problem is the crucial issue of the given paper. ASJC: 3308, JEL: K31

Inspirację do napisania artykułu stanowiły problemy wywołane przejściem na edukację zdalną przez placówki oświatowe. Szkoły od wielu lat zwracają uwagę na negatywne aspekty związane z użytkowaniem Internetu; dostęp do pornografii, uzależnienie od mediów społecznościowych, syndrom FOMO, cyberprzemoc, phishing, deepfake, fake, itp. Cyberprzestrzeń stała się częścią życia dzieci i nastolatków, dlatego nauczyciele powinni przygotować najmłodszych do korzystania z sieci w sposób, który będzie stymulował rozwój. W dobie cyfryzacji program nauczania musi zostać wzbogacony o zagadnienia takie jak weryfikacja fake newsów, posługiwanie się aplikacjami mobilnymi, bycie e-obywatelem, e-wolontariat czy uzyskiwanie i selekcjonowanie informacji naukowych ze stron internetowych. Kształcenie w powyższych obszarach może sprawić, że wychowankowie zaczną postrzegać szkołę jako miejsce nowoczesne, będące w stanie wyposażyć ich zarówno w treści teoretyczne, jak i praktyczne pozwalające na łatwiejsze wkroczenie w dorosłość.

Prace dyplomowe (doktorskie, licencjackie i magisterskie) napisane po kierunkiem ks. prof. dr. hab. Antoniego Żurka.

Introduction and purpose: Kombucha is a fermented beverage, usually made by fermenting sugared black or green tea with the symbiotic culture of bacteria and yeast (SCOBY). Kombucha has gained increasing popularity in recent years, mainly due to the fact that it has been associated with some health effects. The aim of the study is to review the articles available in the PubMed database in order to learn about the health benefits of Kombucha consumption. State of knowledge: Kombucha is a source of phenolic compounds, vitamins and minerals, amino acids, enzymes, proteins and other compounds which influence biological activity. Scientific research on Kombucha has shown that it exhibits antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancerogenic and antidiabetic properties. It also has a good influence on the digestive system. Kombucha consumption helps to lower cholesterol level, stimulates liver detoxification processes and also supports the proper functioning of the immune system. These properties depend on the various factors such as used products, concentration of bacteria and yeast, duration of fermentation or temperature. Summary: Kombucha tea is known as a nutraceutical. It could be used as a dietary supplement. Most of the trials have been conducted on rats or mice. Kombucha has only been involved or tested in a few human trials. It is important to spread awareness among the population about this product and its impact on people’s health, conduct more research and standardise the production methods of this beverage.

Introduction and purpose Art-therapy is a therapeutic method which uses art as a tool to achieve benefits in physical and mental health. This kind of psychotherapy uses artistic media as a basic form of communication. As an additional form of treatment, combined with medication, it helps not only to explore a patient’s difficulties and problems but also to overcome them. Art-therapy is playing an increasing role in the context of health in individuals struggling with different diseases, especially with the mental ones. This is a growing field of research and the aim of this brief review is to provide an update on the positive effects of art-therapy and to list health problems in which it would be significant to use this kind of therapy. Materials and methods A search was conducted using PubMed and GoogleScholar data bases. Articles were searched in English using the following key words: “art therapy”, “psychodrama”, “dance movement therapy”, “music therapy”, “creative art therapy”. Description of the state of knowledge Art-therapy has a wide range of benefits in chronically ill patients. Most common are the awareness of the emotions and behaviors and helping to deal with them, helping to deal with the process of treatment. The literature also draws attention to other results such as increasing self- esteem and improving the quality of life. Summary Art-therapy is associated with health benefits in people struggling with different health problems. Art-therapy has great potential to participate in future basic and adjunctive therapy but further research is needed in this area.

Introduction and purpose Traditional Chinese herbal medicine is an integral component of a comprehensive healing system known as Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). Within TCM, herbs are utilized to rebalance the energy forces of Yin and Yang, which flow through imperceptible channels within the body with the aim of restoring energy equilibrium. It is important to acknowledge that herbs have the potential to exert significant effects on the body comparable to pharmaceutical drugs, and therefore, should be approached with equal caution and respect The aim of the study was to present the current state of knowledge about the potential use of Chinese herbs in the treatment of certain dermatological and endocrine diseases. State of the knowledge Chinese medicine has found application in various diseases and health conditions, both physical and mental. In the studies delving into dermatological diseases, Chinese medicine therapy resulted in a reduction in chronic urticaria activity and psoriasis area severity index. In addition, Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) effectively improved the response rate and reduced the maximum nodule diameter of benign thyroid nodules. Furthermore it was reported that certain Chinese herbs improve the functioning of mitochondria in β-cells contributing to better management of patients with diabetes mellitus. Conclusion Chinese medicine seems to be a valuable supplement to conventional medicine in the treatment of some chronic diseases. Simultaneously, our focus should be on the development of a new wave of pharmaceutical products that guarantee high efficacy and low toxicity conforming to international standards. It is imperative to enhance research in Chinese medicine and advance engineering technologies to ensure the superior quality of TCM preparations.

Introduction and purpose: For all skin types, micro-needle radiofrequency (FMR) can be a safe and effective aesthetic medicine procedure for the treatment of various dermatological and aesthetic conditions. The aim of the study is to present the mechanism of action and assess safety, treatment efficacy, and possible side effects on the basis of a review of the scientific literature. Description of the state of knowledge: FMR uses micro-needles to penetrate the skin to a depth of up to 4.5 mm and deliver radiofrequency current in a fractional manner, producing the controlled fractions of micro-injuries in the dermis, inducing neocollagenesis, neoelastinogenesis, and angiogenesis. FMR has a wide range of positive effects such as skin rejuvenation, skin tightening, facial and body scar remodeling, and hair growth through transdermal collagen induction. Summary: Increasingly, patients are looking for minimally invasive methods of skin tightening and fat remodeling. In response, Aesthetic Medicine has proposed a combination of two techniques, micro-needling and radiofrequency. As more and more studies are showing the effectiveness and efficiency of this procedure, also emphasizing its safety, minimal risk of serious side effects, and ease of use, micro-needle radiofrequency is being proposed as an attractive answer to people's desires for a less invasive method of skin rejuvenation. However, further research in this area is needed to optimize the parameters of the treatment to achieve the best results.

Introduction and purpose: Varicose veins of the lower limbs are quite common and common disease. Their presence may be associated with the occurrence of a number of symptoms that negatively affect the quality and comfort of life, such as swelling, leg pain and cosmetic defect.The aim of the study is to review the available literature and articles available in the PubMed database in order to learn about the pathophysiology of varicose veins, methods of diagnosis and the most popular methods of their treatment. State of the knowledge: Varicose veins are described as fusiform dilatation of superficial veins with accompanying elongation and characteristic twisting. The main cause of their formation is insufficiency of the venous valve apparatus. Genetic and individual factors such as sex, age, and excessive body weight also have an impact. The diagnosis is based primarily on the physical examination of the patient and the Doppler ultrasound examination of the veins. Management options for varicose veins range from conservative management including pharmacotherapy to invasive and surgical methods, each of which has both advantages and disadvantages. Summary: Making a diagnosis of varicose veins usually does not cause many difficulties. There is no one-size-fits-all treatment method. When choosing it, many aspects should be taken into account, such as the patient's preferences, severity of disease symptoms, and the patient's general condition.

Introduction and purpose: Microneedle mesotherapy is a non-surgical method consisting in controlled micropuncture of the skin with very thin needles, associated with the insertion of active substances into it. It is used in many fields of medicine, diseases, as well as cosmetic defects associated with the symptoms of skin aging. The aim of this review is to summarize the side effects described in the literature that may associated microneedle mesotherapy. The review was based on the available data collected in the PubMed database searched using the keywords "mesotherapy", "adverse effects", "side effects". Description of the state of knowledge: Complications of mesotherapy can be divided into infectious and non-infectious as well as local and systemic. The most common and best known are bruises and swelling caused by local inflammation caused by certain substances. More serious complications include anaphylaxis, skin necrosis, granulomas, cellulitis, and infectious complications. Summary: Mesotherapy is a commonly performed procedure not only by doctors, but also by non-medical people. Both patients and operators tend to underestimate the potential side effects of this method. We hope that raising awareness and paying attention to the errors made will contribute to reducing the complications associated with this procedure, as well as to its standardization.

Introduction and purpose: Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) also known as acne inversa is a chronic, inflammatory dermatosis with predilection to apocrine gland-rich regions. It is a multifactorial disease in which genetic and environmental factors play a key role. In this paper, we provide an overview of the current knowledge in most commonly used and emerging treatment options of HS. A brief description of the state of knowledge: The primary defect in HS pathophysiology involves follicular hyperkeratosis with occlusion of the pilosebaceous apparatus, followed by follicular rupture and immune responses. It typically develops after puberty with deep-seated painful nodules, abscesses, sinus tracts and scars. Due to the permanently painful, odorous lesions, hidradenitis suppurativa is one of the most distressing dermatological diseases with a substantial impact on patients’ quality of life. Inflammation in patients with HS is not limited to the skin but is systemic. Patients with HS frequently have significant comorbidities like metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes mellitus, spondyloarthropathy, inflammatory bowel disease and depression. Treatment is challenging and consists of pharmacological and surgical techniques, which must often be combined for best results. Materials and methods: A search was conducted using PubMed and GoogleScholar data bases. Articles were searched in English using the following key words: “hidradenitis suppurativa”, “acne invera”, “treatement”, “management”, “biological treatement”. Summary: Therapeutic options have rapidly evolved in the last decade and include the use of topical therapies, systemic antibiotics and a wide range of immunosuppressive medications such as anti-TNF-α biologics, but the number of therapies approved for HS is limited.

Artykuł przedstawia wyniki analizy wybranych reklam (marek Almette, Artresan, E. Wedel, Ultrablanc, Amol), do której zastosowano arystotelesowskie reguły preferencji. Autorka odwołuje się do wskazywanych przez Arystotelesa sposobów budowania argumentacji oraz współczesnych badań dotyczących wywierania wpływu społecznego. Analizuje konkretne rozwiązania wykorzystywane przez reklamodawców, takie jak: środki językowe (w tym frazeologiczne) i narzędzia pozawerbalne (kolorystyka, muzyka), pokazując, w jaki sposób przywołują one wybrane emocje, wartości czy symbole kulturowe.

When in the 16th century in many European states, the monarchal power began to drift toward absolutism, the Polish-Lithuanian state evolved in its constitutionalism along the Republican lines. Its monarch could be brought to accountability for the violation of the law. Likewise, he was freely elected by the nobles and held his position for life. The nation of nobles that, by the standards of the time, made up a remarkable section of the entire population of the country was protected against the monarch’s attempts against their liberties by a series of remarkable privileges. And indeed, a noble’s property was prevented from being unreasonably confiscated. Likewise, an individual of nobiliary status could not be arbitrarily imprisoned. The representatives of nobles, while sitting in the benches of the Seym, had a considerable share in exercising the state power, particularly in the area of the law-creating process and when the imposing of tax liabilities was debated. In addition, the clauses of the Henrician Articles (1573), which were a kind of Fundamental Law of the Nobiliary Republic, guaranteed the mass of the nobles’religious toleration within the Christian denominations. The spirit of this toleration in practice also applied to the non-Christians (Jews and Muslim Tartars who inhabited the Republic). The republican slogans that were responsible for forming a specific frame of mind of the nobles assumed a new dimension when the culture of Latinitas type began to be promoted. The latter started to develop on the occasion of the acceptance by the authorities of the Nobiliary Republic of the principles of the Council of Trent, which happened in the 1570s. The Republic remained within the Catholic Camp. From that time on, the young nobles used to be educated in numerous Jesuit colleges and had not only a fluent command of Latin but also a profound knowledge of the history and culture of antiquity. Hence, they looked at their state, the Respublica Polonorum as a successor of the late Respublica Romanorum with the virtues of the latter. These virtues, when filtered through the system of Christian values –pushed to the foreground the concern for the welfare of the motherland, support for the democratic ethos and egalitarian spirit within the nobiliary milieu, and also the willingness to defend the Christian world against the invasion of the barbarians (the concept of Antemurale). The republican spirit survived the era of constitutional deterioration in the country that started in the mid-17th century. With the era of reforms which began in the 1760s, the constitutional improvement reached its climax in the Constitution of 3rd May 1791. Like in the British system, king was located at the position of the monarch who could do no wrong since all his executive acts required the endorsement made by the right minister. The separation of powers was emphasized. The ministers could be brought both to their political responsibility to parliament if they lost the support of the majority in the houses and also to constitutional responsibility for their contra legem acts.

Aid and loan funds are a self-help institution in the work environment. The Act of 11 August 2021 on aid and loan funds regulates their status for the first time in a comprehensive manner. The article presents issues related to their organization and functioning in the Polish legal system. ASJC: 3308, JEL: K31

Rosacea is a chronic, relapsing, inflammatory, but not infectious, skin disease. The prevalence of rosacea is relatively high in the adult population of Northern Europe. Its characteristic symptoms include recurrent flushing, erythema, telangiectasia, papules and pustules, localized on cheeks, nose, chin and forehead. At present, four, not mutually exclusive subtypes of acne are classified: erythematotelangiectatic, maculopapular, hypertrophic and ocular. The clinical presentation of this dermatosis is heterogeneous. Clinical symptoms and their severity may vary individually. For this reason, treatment should be individualized and take into consideration the type of cutaneous lesions, presence of comorbidities, patient’s occupation, impact of the disease on the quality of life, and patient’s preferences. In addition to topical and systemic medications, adequate skin care is important.

Introduction and purpose Breast cancer (BC) management includes local therapies surgery, radiotherapy and systemic – hormonotherapy, chemotherapy, targeted and immunotherapy. However, some adverse events of these treatment strategies limit their wide administration in BC therapy. The aim of the study was to present adverse effects in the management of BC, prevention and treatment of them. State of the knowledge Surgery of the breast leads to lymphedema, pain, and anatomical changes. The most characteristic adverse event of radiotherapy is radiation dermatitis which is more probable among obese, older patients, females, and smokers. Other side effects are pneumonia, cardiac and pulmonary injury. Chemotherapeutics lead to complications such as anthracyclines-induced cardiotoxicity. As a consequence of endocrine therapy, patients are affected by vasomotor, musculoskeletal, and vulvovaginal symptoms. Immune checkpoint inhibitors may cause immune-related adverse events (irAEs), which are usually mild. When severe irAEs occur, immunosuppressive drugs are used. Depending on stage, toxicities of the therapies can lead to interrupting the treatment of BC. Moreover, drug resistance is an important therapeutic obstacle in BC treatment. Conclusion The application of a diversity of drugs in the treatment of breast cancer is associated with adverse effects which limit its efficacy. It is vital to develop novel, targeted therapeutic methods to optimize outcomes of patients. Given the adverse effects of breast cancer therapies and drug resistance, it is vital to develop novel, targeted therapeutic methods.

Introduction and purpose: Ashwagandha (fam. Solanaceae) also known as Withania somnifera, is an herb commonly used in traditional Ayurvedic medicine. It is sometimes called Indian ginseng or winter cherry and it is used for its extensive health benefits for millennia as a Rasayana. Ashwagadha supplementation is playing an increasing role not only as an adaptogen, but is beneficial in the context of health in individuals struggling with obesity. This is a growing field of research and the aim of this brief review is to provide an update on the positive effects of Ashwagandha supplementation on the health of those dealing with obesity. Description of the state of knowledge: Ashwagandha has a wide range of positive effects, most common are sedative, anti-stress, immunomodulatory and anti-cancer effects. The literature also draws attention to other results such as binding insulin sensitivity, increasing endurance, effects on adipogenesis and lipogenesis. Ashwagandha lowers blood cortisol levels, inhibits fat accumulation and the expression of genes involved into excessive fat tissue accumulation. Summary: Regular intake of Ashwagandha is associated with health benefits in people struggling with obesity. As an adaptogen with adipogenic potential, Ashwagandha has great potential to participate in future adjunctive obesity therapy and the prevention of other similar and obesity-related diseases, but further research is needed in this area.

Introduction and purpose Depression is the most common mental disorder, but the exact mechanisms underlying the pathophysiology of depression remain unknown. Abundant research evidence suggests that changes in the gut microbiota play a key role in the pathophysiology of depression through the brain-gut-microbiota axis. The aim of this study was to present the current state of knowledge on the role of gut microbiota in pathogenesis and treatment of depression and discuss its potential as a therapeutic target for depression A brief description of the state of knowledge The digestive tract and the processes which are set in it as well as the inhabitting microorganisms have a significant impact on our mental health and mood. The scientific research repeatidly confirm a strict relationship between the digestive and nervous systems. A microbiome-based approach is becoming increasingly prevalent in the understanding and treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders, especially depression. Antidepressants which are today the first-line therapy in the treatment of this disease are based inter alia on the antimicrobial and immunomodulatory mechanism of action. Conclusion Immune cells which are settled in the intestines affect not only our physical health but also the mental one. Due to the relationship between depression and the gut microbiota, we have many treatment options that involve direct modification of the composition of the microbiome which include prebiotics, probiotics (psychobiotics) and faecal microbiome transplantation.

ABSTRACT Subject of study Colostrum is a special type of secretion produced by the mammary glands of mammals only for the first few days after birth. It is a rich source of nutrients and components supporting the immune system. Colostrum is considered to be one of the strongest natural immunostimulants, which contains immunologically active factors and antibodies (especially IgA) responsible for passive immunity. The colostrum also includes immunomodulatory components, including lactoferrin (LF), α-lactalbumin, lysozyme, lactoperoxidase and proline-rich polypeptide (PRP). Colostrum is capable to modify the functioning of the immune system by regulating the secretion of inflammatory mediators. Aim of study The aim of the study was to determine the effect of bovine colostrum on the expression of inflammatory mediators by gingival cells in response to lipopolysaccharides (LPS) or lipopolysaccharides and colostrum stimulation. Material and methods To evaluate the effect of colostrum on periodontal disease, a culture model of cells isolated from the gingiva of a patient with periodontal disease was used. In cultures of gingival cells isolated from a patient with periodontal disease, the effect of colostrum on the expression of selected cytokines involved in the inflammatory process was assessed. such as IL1β, IL6, IL10, IL15, IL23A, and the activity of IL21R, TNFR1 and TNFR2 receptors. Gum cell cultures from a patient with periodontal disease was stimulated with lipopolysaccharides (LPS), and then 5% bovine colostrum was added. The control was gingival cells stimulated only by lipopolysaccharides, without the addition of colostrum, then the expression of selected cytokines was assessed on the mRNA level. Results Preliminary results suggest that bovine colostrum affect the expression of cytokines IL1β, IL6, IL10, IL15, IL23A, and the activity of IL21R, TNFR1 and TNFR2 receptors in lipopolysaccharides -stimulated gingival cell cultures. Conclusions The presented results indicate that bovine colostrum is of significant immunological importance not only for newborns for whom it is a wholesome food, but also for adults, as it supports the prevention and treatment of many diseases, including the treatment of periodontal diseases.

Artykuł zawiera podstawowe informacje na temat działalności Koła Towarzystwa Szkoły Ludowej w Rzeszowie w latach 1892-1939. W wyniku przeprowadzonej analizy historyczno-pedagogicznej rękopisów protokołów zebrań zarządu Koła oraz innych materiałów archiwalnych określono główne formy jego pracy oświatowej. Ustalono, że działalność Koła inicjowali ludzie, którzy w oświacie, religii i wychowaniu moralnym dostrzegali ważny element rozwoju człowieka. Najbardziej popularną formą pracy oświatowej Koła w Rzeszowie były odczyty, kursy dla analfabetów oraz dokształcające zawodowo.

This article aims to identify the normative relationships between the notion of employer defined in individual labour law and collective labour law. The paper covers problems relating to both theoretical and practical problems. ASJC: 3308, JEL: K31

У статті на основі оцінки стану справ із залученням і утриманням талантів у вітчизняній сфері публічного управління зроблено висновок, що ця проблема в Україні знаходиться тільки на початковій стадії свого вирішення, в зв’язку з чим в якості ключової умовиїї позитивного вирішення сформульовано і обґрунтовано рекомендації щодо виправлення ситуації шляхомвнесення доцільних змін в панівну парадигму традиційного мислення вітчизняних державних службовців як виконавців керівних вказівок. На основі аналізу відомих моделей інтелектуальної активності особистості та врахування потреби українського суспільства в трансформації зразків мислення публічних управлінців обґрунтовано доцільність доповнення існуючого процесу відбору кандидатів на посади в системі за рівнем компетентності додатковими тестами на виявлення та оцінку їх мисленнєвих характеристик. В якості рекомендованої для цього моделі запропоновано оригінальну інтерпретаціюмоделі множинного мислення особи як комбінації конвергентного, дивергентного і латерального мислення, якаможе і повиннастати основоюдля виявлення і залучення, навчання і розвитку, використання і утримання в системі публічного управліннянайбільш кваліфікованих і талановитих особистостей.Сформульовано необхідні для масштабної зміни парадигми мислення державних службовців умови поширення рекомендованої моделі мислення працівника системи публічного управління, а також її наукового і навчально-методичного супроводу.