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Tobacco smoke contains thousands of xenobiotics harmful to human health. Their irritant, toxic and carcinogenic potential has been well documented. Passive smoking or exposure to second-hand smoke (SHS) in public places, including workplace, poses major medical problems. Owing to this fact there is a strong need to raise workers' awareness of smoking-related hazards through educational programs and to develop and implement legislation aimed at eliminating SHS exposure. This paper presents a review of reports on passive exposure to tobacco smoke and its impact on human health and also a review of binding legal regulations regarding smoking at workplace in Poland. It has been proved that exposure to tobacco smoke during pregnancy may lead to, e.g., preterm delivery and low birth weight, sudden infant death syndrome, lung function impairment, asthma and acute respiratory illnesses in the future. Exposure to tobacco smoke, only in the adult age, is also considered as an independent risk factor of cardiovascular diseases, acute and chronic respiratory diseases and cancer. Raising public awareness of tobacco smoke harmfulness should be a top priority in the field of workers' health prevention. Occupational medicine physicians have regular contacts with occupationally active people who smoke. Thus, occupational health services have a unique opportunity to increase employees and employers' awareness of adverse health effects of smoking and their prevention., (This work is available in Open Access model and licensed under a CC BY-NC 3.0 PL license.)

This article discusses the effect of chromium(VI) (Cr(VI)) on human health under conditions of acute and chronic exposure in the workplace. Chromium(VI) compounds as carcinogens and/or mutagens pose a direct danger to people exposed to them. If carcinogens cannot be eliminated from the work and living environments, their exposure should be reduced to a minimum. In the European Union the proposed binding occupational exposure limit value (BOELV) for chromium(VI) of 0.025 mg/m³ is still associated with high cancer risk. Based on the Scientific Commitee of Occupational Exposure Limits (SCOEL) document chromium(VI) concentrations at 0.025 mg/m³ increases the risk of lung cancer in 2-14 cases per 1000 exposed workers. Exposure to chromium(VI) compounds expressed in Cr(VI) of 0.01 mg Cr(VI)/m3; is responsible for the increased number of lung cancer cases in 1-6 per 1000 people employed in this condition for the whole period of professional activity., (This work is available in Open Access model and licensed under a CC BY-NC 3.0 PL license.)

Background: The frequency of respiratory symptoms in workers exposed to water aerosol was evaluated along with the preliminary assessment of microbiological contamination of air and water used in glass processing plants., Material and Methods: A questionnaire survey was conducted in 131 workers from 9 glass processing plants. Questions focused on working conditions, respiratory symptoms and smoking habits. A pilot study of air and water microbiological contamination in one glass processing plant was performed. Water samples were tested for Legionella in accordance with EN ISO 11731-2:2008 and for total colony count according to PN-EN ISO 6222:2004. Air samples were tested for total numbers of molds and mildews., Results: During the year preceding the survey acute respiratory symptoms occurred in 28.2% of participants, while chronic symptoms were reported by 29% of respondents. Increased risks of cough and acute symptoms suggestive of pneumonia were found among the respondents working at a distance up to 20 m from the source of water aerosol compared to other workers (OR = 2.7), with no difference in the frequency of other symptoms. A microbiological analysis of water samples from selected glass plant revealed the presence of L. pneumophila, exceeding 1000 cfu/100 ml. The number of bacteria and fungi detected in air samples (above 1000 cfu/m3) suggested that water aerosol at workplaces can be one of the sources of the air microbial contamination., Conclusions: The questionnaire survey revealed an increased risk of cough and acute symptoms suggestive of pneumonia in the group working at a shortest distance form the source of water aerosol.

Introduction: Risk factors other than tobacco smoking contribute to about 20% of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease cases. Exposure to these risk factors and their influence on lung function has not been adequately studied in the population of Malopolska., Material and Methods: In random population sample of adults at least forty years old, residents of 2 districts of Malopolska, data on exposure to known and probable respiratory risk factors were collected using questionnaire. All subjects without contraindications performed pre- and post-bronchodilatator spirometry., Results: We analyzed data from 618 subjects; 94,8% subjects lived for longer than 6 months in a dwelling where stove using coal or wood has been used for cooking and/or heating. At the time of study as many as 32.5% subjects were still using coal or wood for cooking or heating. Coal or wood were used as fuel on average for more than 30 years; 67% of subjects have ever worked in professions carrying a risk of exposure to potential respiratory risk factors. We have identified an independent relationship of farming with lower FEV1/FVC values as well as increased chronic obstructive pulmonary disease risk., Conclusions: Significant proportion of Malopolska inhabitants has been exposed to risks associated with cooking or heating with coal or wood. In the studied population farming was related to increased risk of chronic obstructive respiratory disease.

Background: This paper presents the results of the identification of chemical substances present in the air in the workplace of painting restorer., Material and Methods: Identification tests were carried out in university and museum easel paintings conservation studios. Air samples were taken for testing at various stages of restoration works. In the qualitative analysis chemical substances in the air samples were measured by GC-MSD and HPLC-DAD methods., Results: In the air samples collected during the cleaning of paintings, such substances as aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, acetone, ethanol and terpenes were mainly identified. While the painting was doubled toluene and while varnished, propan-2-ol, propane, butane and substances derived from turpentine and white spirit were mainly emitted., Conclusions: During the course of painting conservation numerous chemical substances that may pose a threat to the worker's health were identified in their breathing zone.

Diisocyanates are currently the most common cause of occupational asthma in industrialized countries, where its prevalence ranges from less than 5% to 15%. They are mainly used in the production of polyurethane foam, plastic packagings, laminates and polyurethane paints. The diagnosis of diisocyanate asthma is often problematic due to the lack of simple diagnostic or screening tests, uncertainty of underlying mechanisms, and a multitude of other potential occupational and environmental causes of asthma. At present, only a specific standardized challenge test with diisocyanates in concentrations not exceeding the adopted hygiene standards has been found to show a real diagnostic value. The diisocyanate-inducedsensitization, is associated with the recruitment of CD4 T lymphocytes to the lungs and the production of Th2-type cytokines, including IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13. However, clinical studies have suggested that an immunological response to diisocyanates may involve both Th1 and Th2 cells. The development of animal models has been instrumental in furthering the understanding of the pathogenesis of many diseases, including bronchial asthma. Murine models of diisocyanate-induced asthma have proved to be the most useful. Mouse models offer distinct advantages of a better-defined genome than that of guinea pigs or rats and the availability of antibody reagents and transgenic strains to investigate detailed mechanistic pathways. A better understanding of the immunopathogenesis of diisocyanate asthma will hopefully lead to early markers of sensitization and asthma, as well as to a profound comprehension of exposure and host risk factors, both of them should greatly facilitate the development of much-needed diagnostic and preventive strategies for diisocyanate asthma.

Background: Indoor air is contaminated with microorganisms coming from both the atmospheric air and sources present in premises. The aim of this study was to analyze the concentrations of biological agents in office buildings, dependending on ventilation/air conditioning system and season., Materials and Methods: The study covered office buildings (different in the system of ventila-tion/air conditioning). Air samples for assessing the levels of inhalable dust, endotoxins and (1-->3)-beta-D-glucans, were taken at the selected stationary points of each building during summer and winter. The air was sampled for 6 h, using portable sets consisting of the GilAir 5 pump and the head filled with a filter of fiber glass. The samples for the presence of airborne bacteria and fungi were collected twice during the day using the impaction method., Results: Average concentrations of inhalable dust, bacteria, fungi, endotoxins and (1-->3)-beta-D-glucans in office premises were 0.09 mg/m3, 6.00 x 10(2) cfu/m3, 4.59 x 10(1) cfu/m3, 0.42 ng/m3 and 3.91 ng/m3, respectively. Higher concentrations of the investigated agents were found in summer. In premises with air conditioning concentrations of airborne fungi, (1-->3)-beta-D-glucans and inhalable dust were significantly lower in winter. In summer the trend was reverse except for (1-->3)-beta-D-glucans., Conclusions: Concentrations of biological agents were affected by the season and the presence of air conditioning. Concentrations of inhalable dust, bacteria, fungi, endotoxins and (1-->3)-beta-D-glucans, observed inside the office buildings, were significantly higher in summer than in winter. The presence of the air conditioning system modified in various ways the levels of biological agents. Its influence was greater on the concentration of fungi and (1-->3)-beta-D-glucans than on that of bacteria and endotoxins.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) can be induced by hazardous agents present in the work environment. It is estimated that employment in exposure to dust and irritant gases is responsible for 10 to 20% of COPD cases. The paper reviews the etiology (particularly the occupational risk factors) of the disease, its clinical symptoms, and diagnostic procedures. The significance of COPD in occupational medicine, especially in terms of prophylactic care of workers is also presented.

Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure induces serious negative health consequences, of which the increased risk of cardiovascular diseases, cancer, respiratory symptoms and poor pregnancy outcomes appear to be most important. Taking into account those health consequences of ETS exposure most countries have introduced legislation to ban or restrict smoking in public places. In this paper the effectiveness of the introduced legislation was analyzed with regard to the protection of hospitality workers from ETS exposure in the workplace. The analysis of 12 papers published after 2000 covered the year of publication, type of legislation, study population, hospitality venue (pub, bar, restaurant, disco) and type of markers or self-reported perception of exposure to ETS. The analysis indicates that the legislation to ban smoking in hospitality venues protects workers from ETS exposure when the venues are 100% tobacco smoke free. The reduction of the cotinine level in biological samples after the implementation of smoke free law was 57-89%, comparing to the biomarker level in the samples taken before the new law was introduced. About 90% of reduction in nicotine and PM levels was also noted. In addition, the positive self perception reported by workers proved the effectiveness of new legislation protecting them from ETS exposure.

Background: The aim of the study was to analyze the data obtained during the diagnostic process and their real values in the final diagnosis of patients exposed to diisocyanates amd suspected of occupational allergic disease of the respiratory system The patients have been hospitalized in the Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine over recent 11 years., Material and Methods: In 1999-2009 we hospitalized 37 patients exposed to diisocyanates and suspected of occupational asthma., Results: Test results of 37 patients were analyzed. The patients were divided into three groups of those with diagnosed occupational asthma, with diagnosed non-occupational asthma and those without any allergic airway disease. 40.0% of patients with occupational asthma, 64.3% of patients with non-occupational asthma and 15.4% of patients without any allergic disease were sensitized to at least one of common allergens. We did not find any specific IgE to diisocyanates. Specific challenge tests were performed in all the 37 subjects. We observed positive results of SIT with diisocyanates in 10 patients., Conclusions: Only specific challenge test with diisocyanates showed the real diagnostic value in case of a 7.5-year cessation of exposure. Determination of serum specific IgE to diisocyanates does not seem to be of clinical value in the diagnosis of diisocyanate-induced asthma in case of a 7.5 year cessation of exposure. Atopy is not the risk factor in diisocyanate-induced asthma.

Introduction: Acquired reversible dyschromatopsia has been associated with occupational exposure to mercury vapor. Early-detected impairments in color discrimination precede adverse permanent effects of mercury, so they may help to monitor the health of the exposed workers. The aim of this study was to evaluate the color discrimination ability in this group of workers, using Lanthony D-15d test., Material and Methods: Employed in a chloralkali plant, 27 male workers exposed to mercury vapor and 27 healthy white-collar workers (control group) were qualified for the study. To assess color discrimination, the Lanthony 15-Hue desaturated test (Lanthony D-15) was used. In order to investigate quantitative and qualitative results, the Lanthony D-15d scoring software was performed. Urinary mercury was determined using flameless atomic absorption spectrometry., Results: In the workers exposed to mercury vapor, urine mercury concentration was 117.4 +/- 62.6 microg/g creatinine on average compared with 0.279 +/- 0.224 mg/g creatinine in the control group (p < 0.0001). In 18 exposed persons (66.7%), the results of the Lanthony D-15d test showed qualitative changes, which are borderline corresponding to the early stage of developing dyschromatopsia type III. The quantitative analysis of the test findings indicated a significantly higher value of the Color Confusion Index (CCI) in the right eye in the exposed group compared to the control group (p = 0.01), with no significant difference in the CCI in the left eye. In the exposed group, the CCI in the right eye was significantly higher than the CCI in the left eye (p = 0.0005). There was neither correlation between CCI and the level of urinary mercury, nor between CCI and duration of exposure., Conclusions: The results showed that the Lanthony D-15d test is useful in the detection of early toxic effects in the eyesight of the workers exposed to mercury vapor. The observed color vision impairments are borderline corresponding to the early stage of developing dyschromatopsia type III.

Amendment to the Act on health protection against consequences of using tobacco and tobacco products, in force since 15 November 2010, has introduced a number of changes by extending the range of population protection against tobacco smoke exposure, of which the most controversial one for public was placing more restrictive ban on smoking in bars and restaurants. The changes in question caused that current legal bans, although more restrictive than earlier, are still not completely sufficient as far as the protection of all groups of workers against environmental tobacco smoke exposure is concerned. The text of WHO Framework Convention on Tobbacco Control, ratified by Poland, was discussed in the article together with the detailed WHO guidelines on the convention implementation in the field of workers' protection against tobacco smoke. In this paper the most important acts of EU, one of the convention parties, and current legislative situation in Poland were presented. Particular attention was paid to occupational groups, not yet fully protected against environmental tobacco smoke exposure and need to be the subject of future legislation.

Background: Occupational exposure to welding fumes is a known health hazard. The aim of this study was to determine concentrations of welding fumes components such as: iron, manganese, nickel and chromium (including chromium speciation) to assess exposure of stainless steel welders., Materials and Methods: The survey covered 14 workers of two metallurgic plants engaged in welding stainless steel (18% Cr and 8% Ni) by different techniques: manual metal arc (MMA), metal inert gas (MIG) and tungsten inert gas (TIG). Personal air samples were collected in the welders' breathing zone over a period of about 6-7 h (dust was collected on a membrane and glass filter) to determine time weighted average (TWA) concentration of welding fumes and its components. The concentrations of welding fumes (total particulate) were determined with use of the gravimetric method. Concentrations and welding fume components, such as: iron, manganese, nickel and chromium were determined by ICP-MS technique. The total hexavalent chromium was analyzed by applying the spectrophotometry method according to NIOSH. The water-soluble chromium species were analyzed by HPLC-ICP-MS., Results: Time weighted average concentrations of the welding fumes and its components at the worker's breathing zone were (mg/m3): dust, 0.14-10.7; iron, 0.004-2.9; manganese, 0.001-1.12; nickel, < 0.001-0.2; and chromium <0.002-0.85 (mainly Cr(III) and insoluble Cr(VI)). The maximum admissible limits for workplace pollutants (TLV-TWA) were exceeded for manganese and for insoluble chromium Cr (VI). For Cr (III) the limit was exceeded in individual cases., Conclusions: The assessment of the workers' occupational exposure, based on the determined time weighted average (TWA) of fumes and their components, shows that the stainless steel welders worked in conditions harmful to their health owing to the significantly exceeded maximum admissible limits for manganese and the exceeded TLV value for insoluble chromium (VI).

Environmental tobacco smoke exposure (ETS) is a significant risk factor for the development of many diseases, including lung cancer, lower respiratory tract infections, asthma and eye, throat and nasal irritations. Hospitality workers form an occupational group with high exposure to ETS in their workplace. Taking into account the health consequences of ETS exposure and high prevalence of exposure in public places, including workplaces, many countries have implemented the smoking ban that prohibits or restricts smoking in workplaces, including restaurants and bars. The epidemiological studies have indicated a significant reduction in the exposure level after implementation of the smoking ban. Most studies have also indicated a significant reduction in respiratory and sensory symptoms. The impact of the smoking ban on the lung function measurements is still not clear.

The occupational group particularly exposed to contact with birds are zoo keepers, animal shop workers, individual bird's keepers and food industry workers. Work associated with contact with birds may contribute to the development of different symptoms and diseases, including allergic and contagious ones. This paper reviews the most common allergens occurring in the environment of bird's keepers, namely: feathers, egg proteins, allergens of plant origin, acarinae, allergens from latex and disinfectants. The most common health effects associated with occupational exposure to birds are also presented. Taking account of not fully understood pathogenesis of allergy to these allergens, complexity of occupational exposure and a possible coincidence of non-specific irritant effects of factors present in work environment, the diagnostic and certification procedures for occupational allergic diseases require highly specialized investigations. Objective and subjective medical examinations, taken medical history and physical examination also play a significant role in diagnostics of contagious diseases, whereas different laboratory tests are used in searching for their etiologic factors. The prevention of diseases associated with occupational exposure to birds comprises educational work, technical actions (hygiene prophylaxis) and medical prophylaxis.

Background: In this paper the exposure assessment to airborne biohazards (organic dust, microorganisms, endotoxins and ((1 --> 3)-beta-D-glucans) as well as to ammonia and hydrogen sulfide among CAFO (swine farms) workers is presented., Materials and Methods: Occupational exposure assessment was carried out on 30 swine farms. Personal dosimetry was carried out among 90 swine farm workers to assess the exposure to organic dust, endotoxins and glucans. Concentrations of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide were measured using Draeger pipes. Endotoxins were assayed with the LAL test in a kinetic, chromogenic version and ((1 --> 3)-beta-D-glucans with the Glucatell test in a kinetic version., Results: Concentrations of inhalable dust ranged from 0.16 to 37.2 mg/m3, with AM = 3.65 mg/m3, whereas AM for respirable fraction was 0.39 mg/m3 with the range from zero to 4.28 mg/m3. Mean concentration of culturable bacteria was 4.79 x 10 (5) jtk/m3, and fungi concentration was ten times lower - 1.55 x 10(4) jtk/m3. Exposure to endotoxins with high degree of differentiation ranged from 95 to 147 885 EU/m3 in inhalable and from 5.5 to 18 708 EU/m3 in respirable fractions. Glucan concentrations ranged from 6 to > 5200 ng/m3 in unhalable and from 1 to 800 ng/m3 in respirable fraction. Ammonia concentrations in the workplace air ranged from 1.78 mg/m3 (2.50 ppm) to 30.1 mg/m3 (42.4 ppm). Hydrogen sulfide did not exceed the level of 4.1 mg/m3., Conclusion: Work conditions found in CAFOs may induce adverse effects on workers' respiratory system and should be considered as an important harmful agent. The protection of workers respiratory airways should be recommended.

Crystalline silica is an agent harmful to human health, and quite frequently present in occupational environments. Occupational groups exposed to crystalline silica dust include mostly workers of the mineral and coal mining as well as metallurgical, chemical and construction industries. In the European Union (EU), the number of those exposed to this agent is estimated at over 2 million persons. In Poland, the number of people employed under conditions of excessive silica dust exposure exceeds 50 thousand. The assessment of occupational exposure to crystalline silica comprises several steps: primarily workplace determinations, quantitative sample analyses and comparisons of the obtained results with admissible values. This work describes a set of instruments that enables direct comparison of the study results with admissible values binding in almost 40 countries. It also highlights the consequences resulting from the classification of quartz and cristobalite, the most common forms of crystalline silica, as carcinogens by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). A survey of air sampling and dust determination methods used in various countries to measure airborne dust concentrations of crystalline silica in occupational environments are presented along with relevant tables. The GESTIS data base, specifying the methods considered by EU as suitable for measuring and assessing harmful agents, was used as the selection criterion. Particular attention was paid to the methods used to determine crystalline silica; the effect of analytical methods applied, sample preparation procedures, and reference materials on the results of determinations was also analyzed. Main parameters of method validation, such as detection and determination limits, and precision of the analysis were compared.

Food-processing is one of the industries characterized by high exposure to occupational allergens. Exposure to allergens of plant or animal origin is most extensive during food processing, including meat, fish, fruit, vegetables, dairy products, and grain products as well as during production of animal feed and other foodstuffs. Respiratory diseases are the major problem in the food processing industry. It is essential to better recognize the structure of food allergens and mechanisms by which they induce diseases to identify risk factors and health problems which may occur in workers. The authors describe the most essential food allergens responsible for occupational diseases, reactions resulting from exposure to food allergens in the occupational context, their diagnosis and prevention in food processing workers.

Background: The major objective of the study was to compare and investigate the usefulness of quantitative analyses of free crystalline silica (FCS) in the assessment of dust exposure in samples of total dust of varied composition, using three methods: chemical method in common use in Poland; infrared spectrometry; and x-ray powder diffraction., Materials and Methods: Mineral composition and FCS contents were investigated in 9 laboratory samples of raw materials, materials, and industrial wastes, containing from about 2 to over 80% of crystalline silica and reduced to particles of size corresponding with that of total dust. Sample components were identified using XRD and FT-IR methods. Ten independent determinations of FCS with each of the three study methods were performed in dust samples. An analysis of linear correlation was applied to investigate interrelationship between mean FCS determinations., Results: In analyzed dust samples, along with silica dust there were numerous minerals interfering with silica during the quantitative analysis. Comparison of mean results of FCS determinations showed that the results obtained using the FT-IR method were by 12-13% lower than those obtained with two other methods. However, the differences observed were within the limits of changeability of results associated with their precision and dependence on reference materials used., Conclusions: Assessment of occupational exposure to dusts containing crystalline silica can be performed on the basis of quantitative analysis of FCS in total dusts using each of the compared methods. The FT-IR method is most appropriate for the FCS determination in samples of small amount of silica or collected at low dust concentrations; the XRD method for the analysis of multicomponent samples; and the chemical method in the case of medium and high FCS contents in samples or high concentrations of dusts in the work environment.

Background: Studies conducted to assess aluminum (Al)-induced toxicity to humans and environment. It has been implicated that Al is involved in the etiology of Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative disorders, though this is controversial. The aim of the present study was to assess Al effects on the nervous system functions in workers chronically exposed to this metal., Methods and Materials: The study covered a selected group of 67 male workers (mean age, 38.7 +/- 10.3 years; range 23-55 years) involved in aluminum production. Their employment duration ranged between 2 and 34 years (mean, 14.6 +/- 8.9 years). Aluminum oxide (Al2O3) concentrations varied from 0.2 to 1.95 mg/m3 (arithmetic mean, 0.40 mg/m3, geometric mean, 0.35 mg/m3, SD = 0.29). Urine aluminum concentrations found in smelters ranged from 8.5 to 93.0microg/l (mean, 42.9 +/- 20.5 microg/l). The control group consisted of 57 men non-occupationally exposed to Al matched by gender, age and work shifts., Results: Clinically, headache (41,8%), increased emotional irritability (56,7%), concentration difficulty (22,4%), insomnia (22,4%) and mood lability (14,9%) predominated among functional disorders of the nervous system in workers chronically exposed to Al. The objective neurological examinations did not reveal organic lesions in the central or peripheral nervous system. In EEG classified as abnormal, generalized and paroxysmal changes were most common. Examinations of visual evoked potentials (VEP) revealed abnormalities, primarily in the latency of the response evoked., Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that exposure to Al2O3 at concentrations within MAC values induces subclinical effect in the nervous system.

The authors describe specific hazards occurring at workplaces of dental technicians. Exposure to chemical and biological factors in particular and their health effects are presented in detail. Among chemical factors, a specific danger is associated with allergens (methyl metacrylate, metals, latex, tiurams), which may lead to the development of pneumoconiosis. In the authors' opinion, exposures to biological hazards need an extensive analysis. A thorough, hygiene and epidemiological study of occupational exposure and its health effects among dental technicians in Poland would be also very useful.

Nitric oxide (NO) is an endogenous, soluble gas whose highly reactive molecules are involved in many biological and pathophysiological organic processes. It is generated from arginine through the action of the enzyme nitric oxide synthase (NOS). Over the recent years, accurate and non-invasive diagnostic methods have been searched for illustrating the allergic airway inflammation. Lately, great hopes have been associated with the use of measurements of exhaled nitric oxide (FENO) in the estimation of bronchial inflammation in asthmatic subjects. This method is non-invasive and can be frequently repeated. Furthermore, positive correlation between FENO and blood eosinophilia and induced sputum in atopic children and asthmatic adults has been observed. A significant increase in FENO after specific challenge test has also been shown. Therefore, determination of this parameter can be an additional source of information useful in the interpretation of occupational challenge tests in cases with boderline functional changes.

Background: The purpose of the study was to evaluate exposure to biological and chemical agents in a sewage treatment plant., Materials and Methods: Sampling was carried out in the summer and wintertime at the morning workshift. Ninety-nine sewage workers taking part in the study were divided into four occupational subgroups: mechanical treatment, biological treatment, sewage sludge treatment, and operation control workers. Exposure to: H2S, SO2, Pb, Cd, Cr3+, Cr6+, endotoxins, (1 --> 3)-beta-D glucans, and microorganisms was evaluated with special identification of Gram-negative rods., Results: The concentrations of dust containing heavy metals and concentrations of gases from all stations did not exceed MAC values. Concentrations of endotoxins ranged from 0.08 to 223 ng/m3, and glucans from 0.00 to 163 ng/m3. The highest concentrations were found among sewage sludge treatment workers, in the summertime (geometric mean value = 37 ng/m3). In the winter, concentrations were almost ten times lower. Over sixty percent of all results exceeded the proposed reference value for airborne endotoxins (10 ng/m3). Concentrations of airborne bacteria in the sewage plant were at low level (10(2)( cfu/m3), except the sludge lagoon and sludge concentration building, where the results exceeded the proposed reference value for mesophilic bacteria (10(5) cfu/m3) "Environmental" bacteria (Pseudomonas, Burkholderia, Shewanella) predominated in the samples. There were also found enterobacteria genus (Enterococcus, family Enterobacteriaceae)--good indicators of hygienic cleanliness of the air., Conclusions: The study proved that the exposure varied and depended on the stage of sewage treatment. The sewage sludge treatment process was characterized by the highest emission of bioaerosols. All microorganisms found in the sewage plant belong to the second occupational risk group, under the ordinance of the Ministry of Health.

Pneumoconiosis is the most common occupational disease of the respiratory system. The aim of this paper is presentation of case of pneumoconiosis coexisting with myelodysplastic syndrome in a former coal miner occupationally exposed to coal dust. In a mineral coal miner, aged 56 year, with a 15-year duration of work underneath, suffering from pneumoconiosis, pancytopenia was detected. He was admitted to the hospital, where myelodysplastic syndrome was diagnosed. The patient's condition was gradually worsening, even though chemotherapy was applied, he died from thrombocytopenia manifested by bleeding from the digestive tract in a relatively short time since diagnosis. The presented case seems to be interesting not only in view of possible development of pneumoconiosis as a result of occupational exposure to coal dust, typical in this case, but also in view of the occurrence of clonal disease of blood several years after cessation of exposure.

Chronic exposure to nitrous oxide and volatile anaesthetics can threat the health of the operation theatre personnel. In Poland there are no regulations determining the maximum concentration of anaesthetic gases in the air. The results of measurement of N2O pollution of theatre atmosphere presented in the article exceed European and North American standards. Lack of appropriate technical facilities in operation rooms is aggravated by incompetence of the technical supervision staff and negligence of the anaesthesiological personnel. It is important to enforce European law and standards of work safety in operation rooms. It is of double impact, health protecting and ecological. The authors suggest introducing activities aiming toward the improvement of work conditions in operation rooms and the reduction of uncontrolled release of harmful anaesthetics.

The paper briefly reviews available data on occupational exposure to nitrous oxide and health consequences in medical staff. Special attention is paid on causes of nitrous oxide contamination in occupational environment and monitoring its concentrations. On the basis of the epidemiological studies it was ascertained that nitrous oxide exerts multiple deleterious effects on human organism, especially on fertility, pregnancy, central nervous system and bone marrow.

Background: Industrial development increases the threat to human health caused by chemical contamination of the environment. Occupational neoplasms induced by exposure to carcinogenic factors present in workplaces are one of its effects. Heavy metals, especially arsenic, play an important role in this process. The aim of the study was to assess potential carcinogenic effects of arsenic and other heavy metals and the relation between their concentrations in organic fluids and the level of specific neoplastic markers, which might indicate the risk of the development of occupation-related neoplastic diseases., Materials and Methods: Over two years, 224 men employed in the "Legnica" Copper Foundry, Divisions of Furnace Charge Preparing and Metallurgy, were examined. Plasma and urine concentrations of some metals and neoplastic markers were measured. We analyzed a possible correlations between metals and markers concentrations., Results and Conclusions: The study allowed to establish a strong positive correlation between urine arsenic concentration, blood cadmium concentration and some serum neoplastic markers (CEA, SCC-Ag, PSA). There was a distinct synergistic reaction between the levels of arsenic, cadmium and lead intoxication and the number of smoked cigarettes, so that smoking copper smelters exposed to these metals form a high cancer risk group. Significant positive correlation between blood lead concentration, free erythrocyte protoporphyrins and the level of arsenic in copper smelters might indicate the increased risk of late effects of intoxication in persons under combined exposure to these metals.

Background: In the process of heavy metals refining, workers are first of all exposed to metals, metalloids (As, Se) and their compounds. Moreover, they are exposed to sulphuric acid and dusts (about 2% SiO2)., Materials and Methods: Several dozen workers in two Polish plants were studied (Cu, Pb, Cd, Zn, and Ag refining processes, production of Ni sulphate and production of Se). Cd, Ni, Se, Cu, Pb, As and Ag were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) with graphite tube, whereas ZnO (as Zn) by AAS with air-acetylene flame. Sulphuric acid was determined by the method given in PN-91/Z-04056/02, and dust (total and respirable fraction) by gravimetric methods., Results: High concentrations of lead were found in the workplace air in both plants. Occupational exposure indicators for lead were much higher than the Polish MAC value. Exposure to arsenic and its compounds was a serious problem in one of the plants. Concentrations of the other chemical agents were generally below the Polish MAC values., Conclusions: Even though in many cases no risk is posed by individual metals and metalloids, total exposure is another matter. The total exposure indicator for present metals and metalloids at most workstations in both plants was higher than 1. In general, risk posed by metals and metalloids is high or even very high in the heavy metal refining industry.

Based on the literature review, the authors discuss problems concerning differentiated exposure of workers to dust and fumes of aluminum and its compounds and describe the observed toxic effect on the respiratory tract. Long- term occupational exposure to the above factors leads to changes in lungs of the pneumoconiotic nature. Other disorders presented in the literature include: pulmonary fibrosis, pulmonary alveolitis and alveolar proteinosis, asthma, chronic bronchitis, and chronic pneumonia. The respiratory effect depends to some extent on the form of aluminum or the stage of processing in which exposure occurs. Numerous studies of workers occupationally exposed to aluminum dust and fumes have demonstrated the increase in the incidence of pulmonary fibrosis, depending on the air concentration of respirable fraction of dust.

Background: The aim of the study was to define the frequency of menstrual disorders and identify risk factors, especially those associated with the work environment., Materials and Methods: The study group was composed of 142 women, aged 22-45 years. Some of them were employed in a cosmetics manufacture plant and a bank, others were hospital and ambulatory nurses and auxiliary personnel., Results and Conclusions: The study revealed irregular cycles in one third and prolonged bleeding in one fourth of the women. Long cycles were observed in one fifth of the women and short cycles were noted in every tenth women. It was found that occasional or frequent contact with ethylene oxide increased the risk of irregular cycles and oligomenorrhea, whereas work around X-ray apparatus was responsible for the risk of long cycles and heavy bleeding. Long rest pauses during work (in this study correlated with work load) were regarded as a factor inducing the risk of oligomenorrhea and prolonged bleeding. A randomly sampled group of 33 women measured morning temperature during two consecutive cycles. Of this number, 15 women (45.5%) showed ovulation in both cycles, 11 (33.3%) in one cycle only, and 7 both anovulatory cycles. The risk of ovulation disorders was enhanced by a two-shift work system (mostly night shift) and strong job stress. Energy expenditure for leisure time activity > 1000 kcal/week and smoking also contributed to an enhanced risk. In summing up, it should be stressed that because of varied frequency of irregular cycles determined by the intensity of environmental factors, occupational medicine physicians should gather data on the occurrence of such disorders and undertake relevant preventive measures.

In chemical plant workers producing pesticides chronic bronchitis and disturbed pulmonary ventilation are frequent. The aim of the examination of the staff (sewage-treatment plant, waste combustion plant, waste storage, industrial water pumping station)--16 males aged 21-53 years--was to assess: 1. Connective tissue metabolism--serum concentration of type I and III procollagen propeptides, collagen I telopeptide, hydroxyproline, alpha1-AP and alpha2-M antiproteases, interstitial collagenase (MMP-1) activity, as well as urine hydroxyproline and desmosine. 2. Free radical damage--serum malonic dialdehyde (TBARS) and ceruloplasmin concentration, erythrocyte antioxidant enzymes activity (SOD, catalase, GPx, GR), and neutrophils myeloperoxidase reaction. 3. Humoral (serum IgG, A and M, C3 complement component and the circulating immune complexes) and cellular (percentage of CD3, CD4 and CD8 lymphocytes) immunity rates. As compared to controls the following changes were found: 1. decreased MMP-1 activity and increased alpha2-M serum concentration; 2. increased erythrocyte SOD and GPx activities; 3. decreased percentage of T lymphocytes (CD3), increased serum concentration of the C3 complement component and the circulating immune complexes. The results were compared with those in workers of the departments producing liquid pesticides, dust pesticides and chlorfenvinphose, the changes of the investigated parameters were found to be less expressed.

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic, progressive, and usually fatal lung disease of no identifiable etiology, which is characterised by fibroblast proliferation and extracellular matrix accumulation resulting in irreversible distortion of the architecture of the lung. Some studies suggest the role of various environmental exposure and occupational pollutants in the etiopathogenesis of IPF. However, other studies fail to confirm these observations. This article is a review of studies searching for potential etiological factors of IPF in the environment in the place of living and place of working. It seems, that conflicting results of these studies make impossible to determine the potential role of environmental and occupational pollutants in the pathogenesis of IPF.

The values of pneumoconiosis risk in welders calculated against the dust doses that induce this pathology do not show linear relationship. In the group of electrical welders, relative risk (RR) was found statistically significant at the doses of 251-500 g; 1001-1500 g and 5501-6000 g. In the group of semi-automatic welders, similar results were observed. Odd ratio, calculated at workposts of semi-automatic welding with CO2 shield, showed that, depending on the size of a daily dose of dust, statistically significant RR was found at the doses of 1.6-2.0; 2.1-2.5; and 2.6-3.0 mg/kg/day. In the group of electric welders, statistically significant RR was observed at the doses of 2.1-2.5; 6.1-6.5; and 9.1-9.5 mg/kg/day. This may suggest that welding dust at workposts of semi-automatic welding is more aggressive. The division of welders by their dates of birth showed that in the group of welders born by 1945, the mean age at which they developed pneumoconiosis was almost 50 +/- 0.4 years, and the mean duration of occupational exposure was 25 +/- 0.3 years. In the group of welders born after 1945, these values were 36 +/- 0.6 years and 12.8 +/- 0.2 years, respectively.

Chemical and biological hazards and health effects of exposure to some selected agents on the workers of municipal wastewater treatment plants are reported. This issue has not as yet been thoroughly analyzed in Poland. The workers of wastewater treatment plants are exposed to: heavy metals (Pb, Cu, Zn, Cd, Cr, Ni), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), volatile organic matter, hydrogen sulfide, organic agents, including bacteria, viruses and fungi, organic-produced endotoxins and glucans. The most frequent disorders reported by the wastewater--treatment workers comprise respiratory and gastrointestinal infections, ocular and dermal irritations, headache and discomfort. The assessment of hygienic conditions at individual workplaces is difficult because of lack of hygiene standards for airborne microorganisms and endotoxins. Up to now, the exposure of workers employed in municipal wastewater treatment plants has not been assessed in Poland. The number of the affected workers is estimated at 11,000-19,000 people.

The importance of occupational exposure to airborne agents in the development of obstructive lung disease is uncertain. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of smoking and of occupational exposure on the lung function and chronic respiratory symptoms. I studied a group of 1239 adults (766 men and 473 women; mean age 44.9 +/- 8.6 yrs; current smokers 42.1%, lifetime nonsmokers 41.6%) working in 5 factories in the Bielsko-Biala area. Simple spirometric test (FEV1, FVC, FEV1%FVC) and a questionnaire on chronic respiratory symptoms, smoking habits and occupational exposures were applied. Respiratory symptoms and lung function were studied in relation to years of occupational exposure and adjusted for smoking habit. Occupational exposure was reported by 35.7% (n = 442) participants (dust 20.6%; gases or fumes 27.6%; mixed exposure 51.8%), with a mean duration of 20.9 +/- 9.2 years. In all cases concentrations of noxious agents did not exceed allowed levels. The symptoms of chronic bronchitis (cough and phlegm) were present in 12.3% and airflow limitation (FEV1% FVC < 0.7) in 6.9% of subjects. The significant relation of respiratory symptoms and bronchial obstruction to smoking was confirmed. No significant association between occupational exposure and ventilatory function or respiratory symptoms was found in a whole group. Smoking--specific analysis showed that current smokers appeared to be more susceptible to the effects of professional exposure. It was expressed in lower lung function indices and significantly higher odds ratios for airflow limitation or chronic respiratory symptoms for smokers exposed compared to nonexposed. Sufficient evidence of health selection processes known as a "healthy smoker" and a "healthy worker" effects were revealed.

Workplace exposure may be an important cause of both new-onset occupational asthma and exacerbations of preexisting disease. In the paper, the risk factors and mechanisms of occupational asthma development are discussed.

The aim of this paper is to present a case of acute occupational mercury poisoning treated at the Clinical Department of Occupational Diseases. A welder, forty years old was employed at a large chemical plant in the dissembling department involved in the production of acetaldehyde. The patient was referred to the hospital by an occupational physician. During his shift; dissembling mercury-covered tubes a nausea, abdominal pain and elevated temperature occurred. He was also complaining of headache and symptoms of gingivitis, which lasted two weeks before hospitalization. Before admission to the Clinical Department, mercury concentrations in urine were measured twice. The urine mercury levels were very high, impossible to determine precisely. During hospitalization, the patient was complaining of head and gingiva pains. Since the symptoms persisted and high urine mercury levels (830 micrograms/l) were determined--DMPS--Heyl was administered. After treatment symptoms subsided and the concentration of mercury in urine was gradually returning to normal. The results of laboratory tests did not reveal any impairment of internal organs. Consultant in neurology found the presence of nystagmus and positive Romberg test in the patient. Neurological signs disappeared after a month. The measurements performed by the Department of Work Safety revealed high exceeded hygiene permissible limits of mercury vapors in the air. The information provided by the employer's technical services also showed that the patient was working with the face mask, but its absorber was not readjusted to mercury vapors. A control ambulatory examination (one and a half year later) did not reveal health effects of acute exposure to mercury vapors.

An appropriate evaluation of exposure to dust containing both crystalline silica and asbestos (e.g., some mines of rock materials, installation and disassembly of thermal insulation and frictional products etc.) requires that the presence of these two potentially carcinogenic dust components should be taken into account. In Poland, the present legal regulations provide for rather extensive freedom in both defining the scope of studies performed and interpreting their results. In consequences, the evaluation of dust exposure at similar workposts in different plant is based on different criteria, which means that in some cases the presence of free crystalline silica (MAC value for dust containing from 2 to 50% of SiO2--is 4 mg/m3 for total dust and 1 mg/m3 for respirable dust) is taken into account, and in others the presence of mineral fibers such as chrysotile and other fibrous mineral except for crocidolite (MAC value--1 mg/m3 and 0.2 f/cm3, respectively). The evaluation of exposure usually involves only one factor, i.e. free silica crystalline (more favorable for the administration of a given plant). The present study reveals that depending on the criterion adopted for evaluating the exposure at a given workpost (e.g. exchange of thermal insulation), the working conditions may be classified as safe (criterion for the presence of SiO2) or as harmful to workers' health if a complete composition of mineral dust (chrysotile, amosite, quartz) is considered. In order to clarify the present situation, the authors present in this paper the proposals on the scope of required studies (measurements of total and respirable dust, as well as respirable mineral fibers concentrations, determination of SiO2 contents, identification of dust crystalline phases) and the principles on which the interpretation of results should be based.

In one of the pottery plants in which pneumoconiosis was the only certified occupational disease (16 cases during the years 1984-1997), the concentrations of dust in inhalable, thoracic and respirable fractions were measured at most characteristic workplaces. The highest concentrations in all the three fractions was found in the slip house; the mean concentrations were as follows: inhalable dust-7231.8 mg/m3; thoracic fraction--4834.9 mg/m3; and respirable fraction 1402.2 mg/m3. High concentrations of all the dust fractions were also observed at the workplace of the intershop transport worker who removed the waste body from cast and throw shops. The largest number of pneumoconiosis (7) cases was found among the workers of the slip house (20 persons employed); this was followed by the intershop transport workers-4 cases (4 persons employed). At the other workplaces (cast shop, throw shop and firing), concentrations of inhalable dust ranged from 1175 to 3232 mg/m3; thoracic from 726 to 2001 mg/m3; and respirable from 146 to 549 mg/m3. The contents of free crystalline silica (SiO2) in the air dust ranged from 3% in firing to 50% in slip house, in the latter mostly in the form of quartz or cristobalite. The main fraction of inhalable dust was the tracheobronchial fraction, ranging from 43.1 to 48.2%, the extrathoracic fraction ranged from 32.8 to 42.3% and respirable fraction from 11.8 to 21.6%. On the basis of the graphic record, such activities as pouring of raw materials into grinding mill and reloading of the waste body were identified at the workplaces of slip making and internship transport as those associated with the highest dust emission.

Blood lead level, urinary delta-aminolevulinic acid level, blood pressure, age, time of exposure, BMI were measured in zinc and lead foundry workers (n = 249) occupationally exposed to lead. Arterial hypertension was defined as the blood pressure over 140/90 and/or early diagnosed hypertension. Logistic regression analysis and correlation show that there is a relationship between ALA concentration and arterial hypertension (R = 0.12, p < 0.05). Workers were divided into a study group (ALA > or = 4 mg/l) and a control group (ALA < 4 mg/l). Both groups did not differ in age (mean 44.0 years in study group vs 45.3 in control group), time of exposure to lead (mean 21.1 years vs 21.7 years) and BMI (26.5 kg/m2 vs 26.7 kg/m2). Blood lead level was statistically significantly higher in the study group (23.5 micrograms/dl vs 16.8 micrograms/dl, p < 0.001) as well as urinary delta-aminolevulinic acid level (5.35 mg/l vs 2.79 mg/l < 0.001). In the study group there was a two fold increase in higher blood pressure in comparison with control group (OR = 1.90; 95% CI: 1.09-3.32). Exposure to lead even in small doses may increase arterial blood pressure and it seems to be associated with prooxidant effects of delta-aminolevulinic acid.

Unlabelled: Tobacco dust contains various immunologically active as well as toxic substances. However the relationship between allergic reactivity or lung function with chronic exposure to tobacco dust remains unclear. Accordingly the aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between occupational chronic exposition to tobacco dust, respiratory function and some allergic reaction parameters., Methods: 40 tobacco factory workers (47.5% women and 52.5% men) aged 25-59 years (mean 36.5) chronically (5-31 years, mean 12.6) exposed to tobacco dust were included into the study. Control group consisted of 30 subjects (46.7% women, 53.3% men) aged 25-60 years (mean 36.6) not exposed to tobacco leaves' dust. Detailed epidemiological data was collected. Additionally total IgE, specific (tobacco) IgE, eosinophil blood counts, skin tests (mixed grass and weed pollens, house dust, feather, tobacco extracts), basophil degranulation and neutrophil destruction tests with tobacco extracts as well as spirometry were studied in these groups. We found that FEV1/VC was significantly lower in tobacco industry workers chronically exposed to tobacco dust than in the control group (91.5 +/- 11.6% vs. 101.7 +/- 10.7% n; p = 0.0004). These subjects were also characterized by higher occurrence of mild bronchial obturation (FEV1/VC < 88% and FEV1 > 70%) which was present in 30% tobacco factory workers and in 6.7% of control group (p = 0.035). Levels of total IgE and tobacco-specific IgE, eosinophil counts, skin test reactivity, basophil degranulation and neutrophil destruction tests were not different between groups., Conclusions: Occupational chronic exposition to the dust of tobacco leaves is associated with significant increase in the occurrence of mild obturative ventilatory disturbances. Simultaneously no increased frequency of allergization to tobacco or other allergens was observed in tobacco industry workers.

The aim of the work was to analyze the incidence of occupational asbestosis. The analysis covered all cases of asbestosis reported to the Central Register of Occupational Diseases during the years 1970-2001. The cases were classified by patients' gender, age, place of employment, duration and magnitude of exposure to asbestos dust. In all, 1779 cases of asbestosis were registered, including 1200 male cases. During the period under study, a growing number of diagnosed cases were observed (from several cases in the early 1970s to several dozens in the 1990s). During the period of 32 years, the average incidence was 0.5 cases per 100,000 employees, and asbestosis contributed in 5.4% to all occupational pneumoconioses. The majority of asbestosis cases was diagnosed in workers employed in the plants of asbestos processing (38.3%) and asbestos-cement products, followed by foundries (13.1%) and shipyards (10.5) workers. The mean age of asbestosis patients was 55 years, and the average duration of employment under exposure to asbestos was about 21 years. The data recorded in the certificates of occupational disease show that asbestos dust concentrations at workplaces ranged from 1.4 to 38.3 mg/m3 (median, 3.8 mg/m3). Shipyard workers were exposed to the highest (Me = 8.0 mg/m3) and asbestos-cement workers to the lowest (Me = 2.8 mg/m3) concentrations.

1192 employees of the ceramic factory were included in the study. They were divided into six groups according to the environmental exposure: 1--dustiness exceeding the allowable values, 2--noise exceeding the allowable values, 3--ceramic paints and organic solvents, 4--shift and night work, 5 and 6 non-occupational factors. After through medical examinations the morbidity rates were estimated (general and specific) for each population group. The morbidity rates were standardised for age. Besides, the odds ratio (OR) and the population attribute risk (PAR%) were calculated for each group. Differences in general morbidity and the incidence of particular diseases were observed between the groups. Analysis of the results with the help of OR and PAR% showed that non-occupational factors played a more important role in general morbidity than occupational ones.

This paper presents the results of the identification and determination of alive microorganisms in the air samples collected from the breath zone of workers employed in the waste collection and disposal. Samples were taken during waste collection and in the waste reloading, sorting and composting plants. In addition, samples were taken at stationary sites: in the city and inside flats. Different kinds of species of Gram-positive bacteria (Micrococcus, Staphylococcus, Enterococcus, Bacillus, Listeria, Corynebacterium, Rhodococcus) and Gram-negative rods (Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas and other aerobic bacteria) were found. On every work site, there were fecal bacteria (Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium). The city areas and flats were free from this kind of bacteria. The number of mesophilic bacteria and thread-like fungi exceeding 10(4) cfu/m3 of air was counted on every work site. The largest number of mesophilic bacteria and Actinomycetes were found in the waste composting plant (10(4)-10(6) and 10(3)-10(5) cfu/m3, respectively), whereas the majority of fungal spores were counted during waste collection and sorting. (10(4)-10(5) cfu/m3). On the city streets there were no Actinomycetes and the number of fungal spores (10(4)/m3 of air) was similar to that observed in the waste reloading and composting plants. The amount of mesophilic bacteria in the city and flat samples was below 10(2)-10(3) cfu/m3. As to the number of fungal spores and Actinomycetes there was a limit of determination (10(1)-10(2) cfu/m3). The majority of mesopholic bacteria identified in the air were classified as the second group of occupational risk in the Council Directive 54/2000/EU. Bearing in mind that Gram-negative rods (especially intestinal) were identified in all samples, it is suggested to use endotoxin concentration as one of possible criteria for assessing the hygiene conditions at workplaces.

The paper addresses the problem of occupational diseases induced by industrial dust (items 2-4 on the Polish list of occupational diseases) during the years 1970-89. The data were obtained from the Section of Work Hygiene of the former Sanitary and Epidemiological Station in Zielona Góra. In the population of workers under study, the incidence of chronic respiratory diseases (CRD) (items 3 and 4 on the Polish list of occupational diseases) was higher as compared with pneumoconiosis in terms of both the number of cases and the number of plants where they were observed. In case of pneumoconiosis, welding smoke and foundry dust were found to be etiologic factors responsible for its incidence, and organic dusts of plant and plastic origin together with industrial dust induced CRD. First cases of CRD were observed in the exposure interval of 6-10 years, and pneumoconiosis already in the interval of 0-5 years. The intensified incidence of both pneumoconiosis and CRD was observed after 11-25 years of occupational exposure. An upward trend in the incidence of pneumoconioses determined by the concentration of industrial dusts and the duration of exposure was found in one plant, and of CRD determined by the same factors in two plants under study.

The assessment of the exposure to bioaerosols among workers engaged in the collection and disposal of municipal waste is presented. The workers were divided into the following groups, depending on the job performed: waste collectors (loaders, drivers), composting plant workers (heavy equipment operators, waste site workers), sorters (heavy equipment operators, waste sorters) and landfill site workers (heavy equipment operators, weighers). Air samples were also collected on the city streets and in flats. They were reference points to the results obtained. Air samples were collected at the breathing zone. The concentrations of dust, viable microorganisms (mesophilic and thermophilic bacteria, and fungi), endotoxins and the total number of microbiol cells were determined. The highest, individual exposure to dust was found in composting plant workers and waste collectors. The values exceeded considerably maximum allowable concentrations (by ten times at composting plant). The mean values for the above listed groups also exceeded the concentration of 4 mg/m3. Dust concentrations at other workposts were substantially lower. The concentrations in the city streets and in flats maintained at the level of 0.1 mg/m3. Endotoxin concentration at a protecting upper airway inflammation level (10 ng/m3) was exceeded in the majority (above 50%) of samples. That is why the average concentration in individual groups was also higher than 10 ng/m3. Street and flat samples included endotoxins at the level of 1 ng/m3. Taking as a criterion the obligatory total dust and endotoxin MAC value of 10 ng/m3 for assessing work hygiene conditions, it should be stated that waste collectors and composting plant workers were employed in conditions of poor hygiene.

The objective of this work was to select optimal methods for determination of toxic gases (NOx, NO2, CO, CO2, O3) and to evaluate occupational exposure of welders to those gases. The survey covered workers employed in shipyards, and other metal product fabrication plants engaged in welding mild and stainless steel by different techniques (manual metal are, metal active gas, tungsten inert gas welding; gas, plasma, laser cutting and resistance welding). Personal and stationary air samples were collected to determine time weighted average (TWA) and short-term concentrations of gases. For determination of nitrogen oxides the following analytical techniques were employed: spectrophotometry with collection on liquid and solid sorbents and ion chromatography with collection on solid sorbents. All the gases were determined also by automatic or direct reading methods: flow or diffusion detector tubes and photometric and electrochemical analyzers. The determined TWA concentrations were below respective Maximum Allowable Concentrations (MAC) but exposure limits for short term exposure were exceeded in some cases. The average NO2 i NOx ratio was 1:4. According to Polish regulations regarding the MAC value for nitrogen oxides the analytical method should enable determination of total NOx by either direct or indirect simultaneous determination of both NO and NO2. The applicability of the spectrophotometric method of analysis of atmospheric NOx to determination of low NOx concentrations at welders working posts has been confirmed.

The paper presents the results of the studies concerning the air mould fungi concentration in the work environment during grain threshing, flax breaking and thyme cleaning. A high level of fungi was observed in the air at all workplaces with the highest concentrations during grain threshing. Of the total number of 12 farms, in 8 the air mould fungi concentration exceeded the proposed standard of 50,000 CFU/m3. Among the species containing cereals, flax and thyme, mould fungi of Alternaria alternata sp.--an etiologic factor of allergic respiratory diseases--occurred most frequently. During flax breaking, the presence of fungi of Fusarium poae sp., which affect grain husks and cause a great economic loss in agriculture, was observed. Mould fungi of Aspergillus candidus sp. were found during thyme cleaning. These fungi have been reported to be an etiologic factor of organic dust toxic syndrome among secondary school students employed in the grain dust environment polluted with the spores of Aspergillus candidus. The results obtained show that the agricultural work environment is considerably polluted with the spores of mould fungi of allergenic and immunotoxic properties, which cause a high degree of health risk to people employed in agriculture.

The aim of this work has been to assess the feasibility of using Prothrombin Time (PT) Assay before and after administration of Pelentan (Hypoprothrombinemia Provocation (HPP) Test) for early detection of subclinical toxic hepatic injuries. The proposed modification of PT Assay is based on the observation that people with slight hepatic injury receiving small doses of Pelentan (diethylcoumarol) display remarkably longer PT than healthy people receiving similar doses of the chemical. The test group comprised 37 people occupationally exposed to hepatotoxic agents, 85 males permanently abusing alcohol, while 24 clinically healthy people, not exposed occupationally to the toxic agents served as the control. In addition, 26 hepatitis B and/or C virus carriers were also examined. The results show that: 1. HPP test enables assessment of hepatic function in patients with suspected hepatic injury and in people permanently abusing alcohol; 2. low value of serum prothrombin index 24 h and 48 h after the administration of Pelentan is indicative of the positive result of the test; 3. HPP test provides more information on the functional condition of liver than single PT determination by the Quick assay.

Work place environment plays an important role in development diseases because of the time spend in and different toxic factors placed in it. The aim of study was to assess the ventilatory efficiency in individuals employed in Generating Plant (GP) in relation to the pollution of the work place and the tobacco smoking habit during 3 years. The study covered a group of 144 male individuals employed at GP. (age 39.3 +/- 8.7 yrs, period of employment 20.3 +/- 8.6 yrs, smokers 53.5%. Lung function tests consisted of VC, FVC, FEV1, FEV1%VC, PEF, FEF50 counted from flow-volume curve and TGV, Rt measured using pletysmographic method. All tests were performed using pletysmograph (Masterlab) "Jaeger" placed on the ambulance near to the work place. The measurements were taken in May 1993 and 1996. Results were compared to with normal values (acc. ECSC). The anamnesis was obtained from all workers in the form of questionnaire projected for this study. All measurements were done during work time (9.00 a.m. to 2.00 p.m.). Mean values of the ventilation indices remained within the normal range but comparing results in smokers and non-smokers group significant differences in FEV1 and TGV were found. The symptoms of chronic bronchitis were present in 20.8% of persons. Spirometric criteria for the COPD diagnosis were found in 16 persons (11%). Only 5 persons (31%) were symptomatic. The mean decrease of FEV1 was 16.2 ml/yr, in the COPD group it was 82.5 ml/yr. The greater annual loss of FEV1 was found in the smokers and symptoms groups.