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Copyright of Ethos (0860-8024) is the property of John Paul II Institute, Faculty of Philosophy, John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article analyses methods of presenting the relationships between China and the West in The Overseas Devil by Wacław Sieroszewski. The novel presents factors that shape the negative image of relationships between the Chinese and the Europeans, such as stereotyping and fetishization of the Chinese culture by Western people, their lack of will to engage in contact with Chinese as well as their colonialist attitude, visible both at the level of the economic practices and the symbolic definitions of terms such as progress and civilisation. The article also analyses different versions of the conclusion of the novel and their influence on the moral of the story. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

“Black Skin, White Masks” – the famous work of Franz Fanon is an elaborate analysis of the “Black-White” relationship, with the assumed emancipatory goal of releasing the coloured man from himself. His “black soul” is a white man’s social construct and it is impossible to get rid of it due to economic and political conditions and cultural subordination. Subsequent generations reproduced and/or superseded the problems of colonial subordination in various ways, but there is no doubt that identity attitudes still continue shaping the relationship between post-colonial communities and Western countries. I present the conclusions from Fanon’s reflections against the background of a short introduction to the issue of collective identities and the importance of their analysis for the study of international relations. The research goal of the article is to show how civilisational subordination disrupted the shaping of identity processes in colonised communities at the individual and collective level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Litteraria Polonica is the property of Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Lodzkiego and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Polish Nursing / Pielegniarstwo Polskie is the property of Poznan University of Medical Sciences Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In her article, Magdalena Horodecka analyzes Jarosław Mikołajewski’s literary reportage Wielki przypływ [High Tide] (2015), approaching the text in the perspective of literary journalism studies and literary anthropology. Key in Horodecka’s interpretation are the tools of journalistic epistemology, particularly the concept of transparency. She also examines ethical issues and the problem of migration. In Mikołajewski’s book, an important role is played by the characteristics of the Italian people who help the refugees. A crucial aspect of his narration and perception is the art of dialogue with the direct witnesses of events. Horodecka also stresses the importance of his reflective attitude, which is stimulated by the landscape of the Lampedusa island. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the review article, I focus on selected axi-ological and ethical issues, such as the value of care, mindfulness and hope in Jane Goodall's reflection, as well as on almost half a century of Jane Goodall's ecological and educational activism, the intellectual summary of which is the published The Book of Hope: A Survival Guide for an Endangered Planet. I analyze the hypothesis that the secret of the impressive effectiveness of several decades of Goodall's activities is the result of a consistently implemented strategy of ecological and social intersectionalism. The main method, successfully used by Goodall, is gentle persuasion, which appeals to the recipient's emotions, combined with motivating narratives about precisely selected, interpenetrating problems on the border of natural sciences, political, socio-economic sciences and humanities. I aim to that Jane Goodall's scientific and social activity fits into the framework of contemporary so-called prefigurative ethics, i.e. reflection and attitude announcing a higher moral good and arousing empathy, local involvement and a sense of agency in the recipients of Goo-dall's narrative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Studia Socjologiczne is the property of Studia Socjologiczne and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The rapid growth in the number of individual tourist trips to the towns and villages of Podhale, observed nowadays in combination with changes in visitor preferences, in particular the growing share of short stays, higher expectations in terms of standards offered by accommodation facilities and a greater interest in renting separate apartments, coincides with the growing demand for properties to be purchased in tourist resorts in Poland for investment purposes. These processes trigger the expansion of accommodation opportunities, particularly by increasing the number of facilities that offer apartments: houses for rent, self-catering apartment buildings, and aparthotels. Recognising the new trends in the development of accommodation facilities in Tatra County that lead to spatial, social, and economic changes, a study was carried out, aiming to: 1) verify the availability of accommodation facilities, in particular including the scale of the phenomenon of apartment rental of apartments (the data were obtained from available statistical and spatial databases, a field inventory and the Booking.com website), and 2) examine the problems caused by the contemporary development of the accommodation infrastructure in local communities (the data were obtained during interviews with representatives of local communities, n = 74). The study demonstrated well-developed accommodation facilities in Tatra County, characterised by uneven spatial distribution, a large share of informally operating facilities and a rich offer of apartments for rent. The development of accommodation facilities, triggered by mechanisms of the free market, helps to satisfy the fluctuating tourist demand, and consequently to maintain the economic function of tourism in the region. However, on the other hand, it causes numerous spatial and social conflicts. In particular, it leads to excessive intensification of development, dwindling of landscape values, and destruction of cultural heritage (including the vanishing of traditional architecture). Furthermore, it may result in reduced availability of accommodation facilities operated by local residents, as well as in tourism gentrification of Zakopane and loss of the traditional highland character of villages of the Podhale region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Studia Paedagogica Ignatiana is the property of Jesuit University Ignatianum in Krakow and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Bohemistyka is the property of Instytut Filologii Slowianskiej Uniwersytetu im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Polish Nursing / Pielegniarstwo Polskie is the property of Poznan University of Medical Sciences Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The paper attempts to reconstruct the views on realism and its semantic content formulated by two novelists, namely Zygmunt Kaczkowski and Józef Ignacy Kraszewski. Their understanding of the realism in the discussed period--1850s and 1860s--is a conglomerate of several approaches to the various kinds of art (as it tells not only about literature, but also, presumably, first and foremost, about fine arts), as well as of discourses. What counts here is both the then literary-critical discourse, and the philosophical, economical, as well as political one. Ultimately, realism is viewed not as a variety of a literary presentation, but also as an attitude towards the world, art, politics, associated with liberalism and situated between Romanticism and naturalism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this article is to show the reader what the attitudes of mercy and reason of state are characterized in the context of the events taking place on the Polish-Belarusian borderland, which is broadly referred to as a humanitarian crisis. Motivations behind these attitudes will be presented. The article will verify the hypothesis that the attitude of mercy is not always possible to implement when the state and its citizens are at risk, because the authority at the head of these citizens is supposed to protect them, and only then provide possible help to others. Both attitudes are juxtaposed with each other. The research method used in writing this article was the empirical method. The article has been divided into individual chapters. The article presents the results of research in which it was established that mercy is possible only by individual people, and the reason of state is the attitude followed by the rulers, under which they strive for the security of citizens and the state. State authorities can only support the actions of individual people made in the thought of mercy. However, it should be emphasized that currently there are two attitudes of mercy - factual and superficial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The heroic myth is one of the most common literary tropes around the world. In different cultural circles, the plot of a myth may take a different form, but it always oscillates around the same events. Examples of the realization of the heroic myth are both the series about the witcher by Andrzej Sapkowski and the manga Berserk by Kentarō Miura. Geralt and Guts exhibit similar traits and behaviours on the way to understanding their identity and destiny. The article presents different attitudes of the protagonists who implement the aforementioned heroic myth. Comparative considerations have been enriched with the context of the concept of archetypes by Carl Gustav Jung [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is devoted to the anthropological "man of feelings" project. This pattern, formed in the 18th century, found its most well-rounded form in Franciszek Karpiński's work. However, it is worth considering how the "man of feelings" project functioned in the late Enlightenment. This kind of perspective may give an opportunity to show "the long duration" of sentimentalism, defined not only as a literary movement but also a set of anthropological attitudes and ideas, playing a crucial role in Polish culture in the first decades of the 21st century. Kazimierz Brodziński's literary legacy is one of the most important examples of this phenomenon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Prace Filologiczne. Literaturoznawstwo is the property of University of Warsaw and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Res Rhetorica is the property of Polish Rhetoric Society and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ethos (0860-8024) is the property of John Paul II Institute, Faculty of Philosophy, John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ethos (0860-8024) is the property of John Paul II Institute, Faculty of Philosophy, John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article aims to fill in a research gap -- the lack of a sufficiently comprehensive description of the transposition of myth in the works of Zbigniew Herbert. The pair of gods selected by Hejniak primarily serves as a symbolic representation of Herbert's own attitude to reality. A chronological analysis of his works leads to a conclusion that the poet is more tender towards Dionysus. By contrast, Apollo is the god in whom Herbert placed the greatest hopes, and, paradoxically, it was through this mythical figure that he expressed his strong faith in modernity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is an attempt to find elements of the concept of the absurd man presented by Albert Camus in the essay The Myth of Sisyphus in selected texts of polish rural prose. The heroes of Kamień na Kamieniu and Sońka, in a way similar to the mythical Sisyphus, whom Camus presents as a model of a person overcoming the absurdity of existence, deal with the nonsense of existence. The attitudes presented by the characters presented are driven by quiet, inconspicuous heroism, the symptom of which is the disagreement with the lack of a deeper meaning that accompanies their existence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Political Science Studies / Studia Politologiczne is the property of University of Warsaw and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The paper compares prescriptive recommendations contained in the linguistic feature articles published in Życie Warszawy in the period 1992-1997 with the state of the Polish language (as regards the usage and the norm) in late 2010s. The findings concern the present status of language components that were evaluated both negatively and positively at that time. It is indicated that the negative attitude of a linguist--prescriptivist to new words and linguistic structures of that day has virtually no effect on the status of such components in the Polish language after a quarter of a century, while the approving attitude is confirmed in the further fate of such components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Universitatis Lodziensis: Folia Litteraria Romanica is the property of Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Lodzkiego and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Slavica Litteraria is the property of Masaryk University, Faculty of Arts and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Annals of Philosophy / Roczniki Filozoficzne is the property of John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Faculty of Philosophy and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Komunikaty Mazursko-Warminskie is the property of Komunikaty Mazursko-Warminskie and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Res Rhetorica is the property of Polish Rhetoric Society and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Culture Context / Konteksty Kultury is the property of Jagiellonian University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Forum Dermatologicum is the property of VM Medica-VM Group (Via Medica) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Anti-vaccine attitudes against COVID-19 are a common phenomenon, but rarely understood as a medical problem. In patients who are already under psychiatric treatment, it is worth paying attention to diagnosis and starting of psychotherapy of this problem. The association of the anti-vaccine issue with anxiety, obsession and paranoia is an opportunity to achieve solution and may lead to the progress of psychotherapy. The problem with the right choice of authority seems to be one of most important challenges for psychiatry these days. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Filozofia i Nauka is the property of Institute of Philosophy & Sociology of the Polish Academy of Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Annales UMCS, Sectio K (Politologia) is the property of Maria Curie-Sklodowska University in Lublin and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Human Resource Management / Zarzadzanie Zasobami Ludzkimi is the property of Institute of Labour & Social / Instytut Pracy i Spraw Socjalnych and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Baltico-Slavica is the property of Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Slavic Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article discusses the works of Stanisław Makowski: Świat "Sonetów krymskich" Adama Mickiewicza, W szwajcarskich górach. Krajobrazy alpejskie Słowackiego and Okopy Świętej Trójcy. These monographs are informed by the researcher's intention to travel in the footsteps of the poets (Mickiewicz, Słowacki, Krasiński), and they juxtapose the topographic realities with their literary mapping. Since the idea of such a trip taken by a literary scholar comes directly from the tradition of genetic research, the author of the article examines Makowski's attitude to this methodology and to the principle of combining it with ergocentric research. He also investigates Makowski's way of implementing and combining various goals: editorial goals, goals related to literary studies, and his intention to create a guidebook or a reportage about the places visited by the poets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Autobiografia is the property of University of Szczecin Press / Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Szczecinskiego and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The present article describes Franciszek Bieliński’s attitude towards tithes. He was the Grand Marshal of the Polish Crown and initiated a conflict about tithes between the Masovian nobility and the Catholic clergy, that began in the early 1750’s. In the article I analyse the manifesto that was published under Bieliński’s auspices, along with his correspondence with other dignitaries of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, as well as their speeches during the Sejm of 1752 in Grodno. It was no secret that Bieliński initiated this conflict mainly for personal reasons. However, his activity perpetuated the evolution of the practice that courts for nobility were competent to examine cases concerning tithes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Culture Context / Konteksty Kultury is the property of Jagiellonian University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Horizons of Politics / Horyzonty Polityki is the property of Jesuit University Ignatianum in Krakow and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Annals of Philosophy / Roczniki Filozoficzne is the property of John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Faculty of Philosophy and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Komunikaty Mazursko-Warminskie is the property of Komunikaty Mazursko-Warminskie and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ethos (0860-8024) is the property of John Paul II Institute, Faculty of Philosophy, John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Studia Socjologiczne is the property of Studia Socjologiczne and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Social Pedagogy / Pedagogika Społeczna is the property of PEDAGOGIUM Wyzsza Szkola Nauk Spolecznych w Warszawie and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Borrell’s visit to Moscow was a substantial political failure of the EU’s diplomacy still it was not an accident neither a surprise. The EU’ policy towards Russia has been based on illusions and the European wishful thinking since the very beginning of the mutual relations that started in 1991-1993. The Borrell’s visit to Moscow rather showed the nature of the Russian attitude towards the EU than produced it. Russia prefers to act within the “great powers concerto” i.e. to deal with both – the leading EU member states (Germany, France) and the non-EU great powers (uk, usa) and not with the EU institutions and representatives who are not respected neither treated seriously in Moscow. There is a deep division within the EU between the Eastern flank member states whose perception of Russian threat is strong and well founded and the western and southern countries the political interests and priorities are focused on other problems. Russian capacity to corrupt the numerous prominent members of the European political class makes the EU policy vis a vis Russia even less coherent and realistic. The article shows the history of the EU-Russia relations in the last 30 years and proves the fiasco of the Borrell’s visit to Moscow was not just an accident still a logical consequence of the ill based EU policy towards Russia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Slavica Litteraria is the property of Masaryk University, Faculty of Arts and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The text presents selected artistic events, related to the so called "independent movement" in the 1980s, in the former Koszalin Voivodeship. The author, quoting Jerzy Busza, emphasizes that the adopted artistic attitudes at that time constituted "a great triumph of normality over the abnormalities and burdensome inconveniences of everyday life," in the period of Martial Law and after it. After Janusz Zagrodzki, the creator of the term 'Private Art' [Sztuka Prywatna], the author draws attention to the aspect of the functioning of 'Pitch-in Culture' [Kultura Zrzuty] in the private and unofficial zones, and following the thesis of Józef Robakowski, to the sense of an individual and independent attitude as a superior element for the creation of art. The first independent initiative of artists from the Koszalin area was a three-day event After a Year [Po Roku], organized cyclically from 1982 to 1988 in mid-December, led by Andrzej Ciesielski and Andrzej Słowik. Artists invited from all over the country were to present their current achievements. Artistic Carol, Without a Slogan [Kolęda Artystyczna, Bez Hasła], organized on February 10-12 in Koszalin, 1984, was a response to the invitation of Koszalin artists to the Lodz's Pilgrimage organized a year earlier. It was the largest manifestation of the independent art movement in the region. The organizers were people participating in the Łodz event: Ewa Kowalska, Grażyna Bogusz Wolska, Andrzej Ciesielski and Stanisław Wolski. In all, 85 people from all over the country were invited, besides, many uninvited people came to the event on their own initiative, connected, among others, with the Pitch-in Culture [Kultura Zrzuty] movement. For the Koszalin community, the openair activity was also important, which was still related to the tradition of the Plein-Airs in Osieki organized since 1963, and ended after the introduction of Martial Law in 1981. This situation was to be changed by a series of open-air workshops organized under the slogan 'We invite you to work' in 1987-1989 in Karlino, and in 1990 in Darłowo. The initiators and first artistic commissioners were Andrzej Słowik and Maria Idziak, who in 1989 handed over this function to Wojciech Zamiara, and in 1990 to Andrzej Ciesielski. The gallery At The Rectory [Na Plebanii] by Andrzej Ciesielski was also important for the functioning of the Koszalin community in the national artistic community. In the years 1986-1990, 34 meetings were held as part of its activities. He continued his work at the next My Archive Gallery [Galeria Moje Archiwum], operating in the years 1993-2001. These initiatives, as well as many others undertaken in the 1980s, combined the extraordinary energy and unconventional courage of the participants. However, they did not result only from the confrontation with the political situation then, but, as in previous decades, from the immense value that permeates the spirit of art - the need for freedom. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the relationship between Edward W. Said's thoughts and a specific philological tradition in the context of the reception of postcolonial theory in Polish literary research. The author demonstrates that philology as conceptualized by Said can support postcolonial studies as well as constitute an inspiring tradition for contemporary literary studies. In the first part of the article, the author outlines the changes in the the American humanist's attitude to philology. In Orientalism, Said criticizes Renan's scientistic practice, but in all his works he highly values this discipline and perceives it as an emancipatory, humanistic activity that transcends the dynamics of knowledge and power. The author of the article shows that the ideas of Giambattista Vico and Erich Auerbach are extremely important for the Palestinian-American critic. The next part of the article demonstrates that Said uses methods characteristic of philology in his works, often in spite of the methodological declarations attributed to him (discourse theory). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]