Search

Exploring and understanding emotions when treating children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) is of fundamental importance for both therapists and children themselves. People with ASD often use specific communication methods, which may make it difficult to express their feelings using conventional verbal and non-verbal techniques. Therefore, a deep analysis of the subtle aspects of their speech, intonation, rhythm, and other auditory forms of expression can provide valuable clues about their emotions, needs, and reactions to therapeutic activities. Children's emotional responses can manifest in many ways, including voice modulation, which can signal anger, sadness, or happiness. Therapists can better interpret the child's intentions and reactions to surrounding stimuli using voice analysis methods. For example, a flat tone of voice may indicate apathy or anxiety, while a high volume may indicate excitement or tension. Additionally, various unconventional sounds a child makes can provide valuable information about their emotional and mental state. To capture these signals, therapists can use advanced equipment for recording and analyzing sounds and robots equipped with image and sound recording functions, which help in therapy.

Emotion analysis is a key component in understanding the unique communication patterns and emotional states of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). These children often struggle with traditional forms of expressing emotions, which presents a challenge for themselves and their therapists. Facial expression analysis techniques, supported by modern technologies such as machine learning and artificial intelligence, enable more accurate identification of subtle signals that may go unnoticed by human observers. The introduction of rehabilitation robots and emotion analysis software based on the analysis of facial expressions and gestures opens up new possibilities for individualizing therapy, adapting it to the child's specific reactions and needs. In this way, the use of these tools not only increases the effectiveness of treatment but also helps build more trusting therapeutic relationships, which is the basis for adequate support for the development of children with ASD. Regular monitoring of progress and modifying therapeutic approaches, supported by automation and data analysis, is essential to more effective and empathetic care for children with developmental disorders. However, the journey does not end here. Further research is necessary to develop and improve emotion analysis techniques for use in rehabilitation robots and their impact on the effectiveness of therapy for young patients

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex neuro-developmental disorder that is characterised by considerable heterogeneity and the occurrence of secondary symptoms, including motor function disorders and disturbances in motor development. The study's main objective was to assess the coexistence of motor and functional language deficits (FL), scaled according to ICD-11 criteria, and standardised evaluation using the motor test for children: The Movement Assessment Battery for Children, 2nd edition (MABC-2). In the research sample (n = 47; 39 boys, 8 girls; age 7-10 years, average age = 8.49; SD = 1.12), the results revealed that 74.5% of the participants had significant motor problems and delays in motor development. Among the participants, 44.7% had no or a slight disability of FL, 21.3% had disturbed FL, and 34.0% had complete or almost complete absence of FL. The results showed a significant positive relationship (R = 0.64; p = 0.005) between the Total Test Score (MABC-2) and the FL involvement, according to the ICD-11 criteria. In this study, better motor performance was significantly associated with smaller FL deficits.

Research focused on the human emotional sphere is primarily carried out by psychologists. However, evaluating emotion naming competence is an interdisciplinary issue, and it is vital also for speech therapy. Researchers have observed that many children with neurodevelopmental disorders, e.g., autism spectrum disorder (ASD), experience difficulties in recognising and understanding emotions, as well as naming them. The lateer is also challenging for many neurotypical children. Nonetheless, linguistic studies into emotion naming competence are still insufficiently undertaken. The objective of this paper is to present problems encountered while constructing tasks that assess the level of proficiency in emotion naming under test conditions. It also offers preliminary results of a pilot study involving neurotypical kindergarten children. The paper constitutes part of a more extensive research project on the naming and expression of emotions in children with ASD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Badania dotyczące sfery emocjonalnej człowieka prowadzone są zasadniczo na gruncie psychologii. Ocena umiejętności nazywania emocji jest jednak problemem interdyscyplinarnym, ważnym również z punktu widzenia logopedii. Zdaniem badaczy wiele dzieci z zaburzeniami neurorozwojowymi - takimi jak zaburzenia ze spektrum autyzmu (ASD), ma trudności z rozpoznawaniem i rozumieniem emocji oraz ich nazywaniem. Ta umiejętność stanowi wyzwanie również dla wielu dzieci neurotypowych. Mimo to kwestie dotyczące umiejętności nazywania emocji nadal są dość rzadko podejmowane na gruncie lingwistyki. Celem prezentowanego artykułu jest przedstawienie trudności związanych z konstruowaniem prób mających na celu ocenę umiejętności nazywania emocji w warunkach testowych, a także przedstawienie wstępnych wyników badań w tym zakresie (o charakterze pilotażowym) prowadzonych wśród neurotypowych dzieci w wieku przedszkolnym. Prezentowany temat jest częścią szerszego projektu dotyczącego umiejętności nazywania i wyrażania emocji przez dzieci z ASD.

Autism is an abnormality in functioning that influences how people interact with others, communicate, learn new things and behave. According to the WHO, autism already occurs in 1 in 100 children. Although it affects people of all ages it is mostly diagnosed in children. This makes the essence of autism management to support the child's development. Autism Syndrome Disorder (ASD) has become a target of research and interest in modern medicine, especially psychiatry pediatrics and psychology. Help and support during the development of a child with ASD have big influence in alleviating symptoms and developing functioning. The multitude of modern therapies makes it available to provide comprehensive care for the child. According to a recent analysis, therapies such as music therapy have positive effects. They can boost a child's communication, interpersonal, social and language skills. They improve the child's overall functioning which converts into his quality of life in adulthood. The profits of occupational or individual therapies are a new case in the context of people with ASD. It requires more extensive randomized studies, but it offers great hope and optimism for the improvement of therapies and a multifaceted support system for children with ASD.

Introduction and purpose: This publication is a review of research on potential risk factors for the development of autism and autistic behaviour in children. The purpose of this review is to spread knowledge and awareness of autism syndrome disorder. Brief description of the state of knowledge: Autism syndrome disorder is a neurological and developmental brain disorder. It is characterized by problems with social relationships and communication as well as narrow and repetitive behaviours and interests. The causes of autism spectrum disorder are still not fully understood and pose a challenge to modern medicine. Numerous studies find causes in fetal life and the course of pregnancy, genetic conditions and mutations, environmental risk factors or vaccination. Many theories about the causes of autism require more extensive and thorough research, for which some beliefs have been overturned, such as the search for links between autism spectrum disorder and childhood vaccination. At this point, the role of genetic mutations in the occurrence of autism in children can be confirmed with certainty. Causes are particularly looked for in fetal life and prenatal factors. One theory relates to the activation of the mother's immune system, her production of cytokine and pro-inflammatory factors that affect the development of the fetal nervous system. Results and conclusions: In our review, we aim to present the risk factors that can most significantly influence the development of ASD. These factors include genetics, prenatal diet, smoking during pregnancy, maternal intake of antidepressants, infections during pregnancy, other pregnancy and maternal factors, parental age, various paternal risk factors, lack of breastfeeding, and environmental factors. Some factors need more research for a comprehensive understanding, while others, like breastfeeding and non-smoking during pregnancy, are well-studied and require promotion to reduce the risk of the disorder.

This article presents empirical analysis of selected issues related to autonomy of persons with ASD, along with the psychosocial conditions of its development. This analysis is an attempt to determine direct causes and particular types of conditions necessary for the development of autonomy in people with autism, manifested in the capacity of coping with stress. The theoretical basis for the research is the three-component model of autonomy, under which autonomy is an internal attribute of each person, manifesting itself in the qualities of authorship (the person feels to be the author of his/her own behaviour), interest-taking (reflection on internal and external events), and absence of the perceived sense of pressure or control. The research problems in this study concern the level of autonomy in people with ASD, the level of their psychosocial functioning in the dimension of coping with stress, and the potential correlations between the two parameters. A diagnostic survey method was used to obtain the research material, which employed the following research tools: Index of Autonomous Functioning, The Autism-Spectrum Quotient, Coping Inventory, the author’s own Interview Questionnaire, developed for the purposes of our study regarding age, gender, marital status, residence, education, income, past therapy and current health conditions.

Introduction and objective: The aim of the presented research was to analyse the differentiation of clinical diagnoses of autism spectrum disorder, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder with the use of diagnostic tools. Materials and methods: The study involved 110 carers of 2–10-olds, patients of a psychiatric treatment ward. Medical records were assessed for the diagnosis obtained by the child in the course of treatment, then parents were interviewed. The usefulness of individual methods for differentiating clinical diagnoses of autism, Asperger’s syndrome, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder was assessed using ROC (receiver operating characteristic) curves. Results: In many cases, the diagnoses obtained by the children were found to be different from those indicated by the tools. In addition, the tools themselves were in some cases found to be ineffective in diagnosing the disorder for which they were designed. The analyses also showed that crisis experiences can moderate the symptoms observed in childr en, thus influencing the diagnosis and the clinical picture. Conclusions: The presented analyses confirmed the thesis that the differential diagnosis of children is not an easy task, and that a potentially traumatic factor can affect the clinical picture of a disorder, as well as be its cause. The issues of unreliability of some tools used in the diagnosis and/or their inconsistency with the diagnoses obtained in the course of treatment were also found to be signific [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In December 2023, the Lower Silesian Mental Health Center (DCZP) conducted a campaign called „You Are Not a Victim of Your Trauma — You Are the Hero of Your Story.” The campaign featured residents of Lower Silesia who had neglected to address their traumas until the effects of these experiences began to significantly disrupt their lives. Their life stories demonstrated that trauma doesn’t have to destroy — it can instead build a better and more fulfilling life if recognized and treated. As part of the campaign, DCZP organized a series of innovative workshops aimed at professional groups often dealing with individuals affected by trauma, such as social workers, teachers, and medical personnel. Over eight four-hour sessions, DCZP specialists — psychiatrists and psychologists — not only provided knowledge but also taught practical skills to help participants recognize and effectively respond to acute stress reactions and post-traumatic stress disorder. Educational materials on assisting trauma survivors were made available on the Lower Silesian Mental Health Center website. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, the use of the hydrotherapy method in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a little-known phenomenon. The aim of this article is an attempt to discuss hydrotherapy as an example of a supporting method that can be used in children and adolescents with ASD. This paper presents the most important issues related to the method of hydrotherapy. Research shows that children and adolescents with ASD are less likely to engage in physical activity than their healthy peers. As a result, it can lead to health problems. Regular exercise and physical activity contribute to a better mental and physical well-being of the individual. The use of hydrotherapy brings many positive eff ects, so it is worth getting to know it better. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zmiany w terminologii ujęte w największych systemach klasyfikacyjnych oraz najnowsze wyniki badań dotyczących językowego funkcjonowania osób z DLD (SLI) oraz ASD wska­zują na konieczność rewizji logopedycznej diagnozy różnicowej oraz terminologii używanej do opisu tych zaburzeń. W prezentowanym artykule przedstawiono zarówno historyczne spojrzenia na SLI i autyzm, jak i współczesne ujęcia oraz nowe terminy (DLD i ASD). Wska­zano również, jakie zmiany zaistniały w sposobie definiowania tych zaburzeń w ostatnich latach.

The role of diet and supplementation in the prevention and treatment of autism spectrum disorders There is evidence indicating the positive effects of dietary intervention in the prevention and treatment of autism spectrum disorders. There are studies linking maternal vitamin D deficiency with ASD in offspring. Children and adolescents on the autism spectrum are also supposed to have significantly lower concentrations of vitamin D than healthy children and adolescents. This indicates the role of vitamin D supplementation in the prevention and treatment of ASD(5). Diets most commonly used in the therapy of autism spectrum disorders are: dairy-free and gluten-free, specific carbohydrate diet, low phenol, low oxalate and ketogenic diet(4). The most popular of them are dairy-free and gluten-free. However, studies conducted by Dr. James Adams attribute the highest effectiveness to a diet of specific carbohydrates(7). After applying the ketogenic diet, improvements in concentration, learning ability and social behavior were observed(1,26). However, it should be remembered that the scientific literature contains a small number of reliably conducted studies confirming the effectiveness of individual diets and supplementation in the prevention and treatment of ASD. Therefore, the positive impact of dietary intervention is still referred to as "potential". In addition, the use of certain diets may be associated with side effects, such as vomiting and hypoglycemia in the case of a ketogenic diet (1,28) and underweight in the case of elimination diets(16). Therefore, the introduction of dietary changes for therapeutic purposes should be carried out under the constant supervision of doctors and dieticians.

Copyright of Z Teorii I Praktyki Dydaktycznej Języka Polskiego is the property of Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Slaskiego and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction: Autism is defined as difficulties in relating and communicating with other people and repetitive, specific behaviors. It is a developmental disorder, manifested before the age of 3. Increasingly, parents' awareness is resulting in reaching for a variety of therapies to help children on the spectrum develop properly. The interdisciplinary method that is hippotherapy stimulates physical and mental contact with the horse. Therefore, it can be assumed that this is a method that significantly helps the development and such children. Aim of the study: Compile publicly available studies and publications and determine whether hippotherapy has a beneficial effect on the development of children with autism. Materials and methods: A review of publications and studies available on Google Scholar and PubMed was made, using the phrases "autism" ; autism hippotherapy" ; "development of children with autism " ; "hippotherapy". Results: The higher standard of living nowadays and the deeper interest in the methods available for the therapy of children with ASD, allows parents to reach for non-standard solutions such as hippotherapy. Demonstrating the positive impact of activities with horses is the subject of many scientific studies. Studies conducted allow us to believe that, it has a beneficial effect on the development of people on the spectrum, through stimulation in the emotional, physical and social areas. Based on a review of the literature for the purpose of this article, it can be concluded that hippotherapy has a positive effect as an accompaniment to therapy for children with autism. Conclusion: Pharmacological treatment is the easiest way to deal with the symptoms of autism, but does not eliminate social deficits and emotional disorders. A number of therapies have emerged to help children on the spectrum develop: art therapy, Biofeedback, Brain Gymnastics, Logorytime . Incorporating hippotherapy into the child's treatment process allows the therapy to be complementary on many levels. Many studies have emerged confirming the positive impact on the development of a child on the spectrum, but there is no golden mean to cure this type of disorder.

Copyright of Szkoła Specjalna is the property of Akademia Pedagogiki Specjalnej im Marii Grzegorzewskiej and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Man - Disability - Society / Człowiek – Niepełnosprawność – Społeczeństwo is the property of Akademia Pedagogiki Specjalnej im Marii Grzegorzewskiej and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Logopaedica Lodziensia is the property of Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Lodzkiego and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The aim of this paper is to present the names for people with diagnosed autism that are used in the literature dedicated to logopaedics. The analysed expressions are as follows: autystyk (an autistic), osoba z autyzmem (a person with autism), osoba z ASD (a person with ASD), osoba autystyczna (an autistic person), dziecko autystyczne (an autistic child), osoba cierpiąca z powodu autyzmu (a person who suffers from autism), osoba ze spectrum (a person on the spectrum), osoba ze spektrum autyzmu (a person on the spectrum of autism), osoba wysoko i nisko funkcjonująca (a high- and low-functioning person). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Explanation of pathogenesis and selection of an effective therapeutic form to treat children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) is still one of today's challenges. The aim of the study:Review the research regarding the content of individual trace elements and toxic elements in the hair and in the serum of autistic children. Material and method:Standard criteria were used to review the literature data. The search of articles in the PubMed database was carried out using the following keywords: autism, ASD, trace elements, toxic elements. Description: There are significant differences in the concentrations of essential trace elements and levels of toxic metals in hair and serum in children with autism spectrum disorders compared to healthy children. Many children with autism spectrum disorders suffer from a deficiency of essential trace elements (including Zn, Cu, Mn, Mo, J, Ni, Cr and others) and high toxic metal loads (Pb, Hg, Cd, Al.). Summary: The deficiency of essential trace elements and the presence of toxic heavy metals seem to play an important role in the pathogenesis and severity of autistic disorders.

Copyright of Advances in Biochemistry / Postepy Biochemii is the property of Polish Biochemical Society / Acta Biochimica Polonica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Zaburzenia ze spektrum autyzmu należą do najczęściej występujących zaburzeń neurorozwojowych i stanowią wyzwanie zarówno diagnostyczne, jak i terapeutyczne. Objawy obserwowane są od wczesnego dzieciństwa, co przekłada się na konieczność właściwego szkolenia lekarzy pediatrów. Badania ujawniają wieloczynnikową etiologię zaburzeń, co utrudnia poszukiwania jednoznacznej przyczyny autyzmu, a w konsekwencji – opracowanie odpowiedniego leczenia. Coraz więcej uwagi poświęca się badaniom zaburzeń towarzyszących, takich jak zespół nadpobudliwości ruchowej z zaburzeniami koncentracji uwagi, zaburzenia odżywiania, tiki, padaczka, agresja i autoagresja czy zaburzenia snu. Szacuje się, że problem zaburzeń rytmów okołodobowych (mowa tu głównie o bezsenności, lękach nocnych, koszmarach sennych, wczesnym wybudzaniu i wzmożonej senności w ciągu dnia) dotyczy 50–80% dzieci z zaburzeniami ze spektrum autyzmu. W tej grupie pacjentów częściej obserwuje się trudności z koncentracją, obniżoną sprawność intelektualną, zaburzenia zachowania, a także problemy z efektywną terapią napadów padaczkowych. Badania wskazują na wieloczynnikową etiologię nieprawidłowości w strukturze snu, obejmującą zaburzenia funkcjonowania neurotransmiterów i gospodarki hormonalnej, przede wszystkim melatoniny i kortyzolu, zaburzenia pracy przewodu pokarmowego czy nieprawidłowe nawyki związane z higieną snu. Wśród pacjentów, u których wdrożono terapię zaburzeń rytmów okołodobowych, odnotowano redukcję zaburzeń zachowania, agresji i autoagresji oraz poprawę pamięci i koncentracji. Obiecujące wyniki uzyskano w badaniach, w których przeprowadzono psychoedukację i szkolenie rodziców w celu wdrożenia dobrych nawyków dotyczących przygotowań do snu. W trakcie wizyt diagnostycznych należy ustalić, czy u pacjenta występują nieprawidłowości związane ze snem. Rozpowszechnienie omawianego problemu w populacji dzieci i młodzieży z zaburzeniami ze spektrum autyzmu oraz jego wpływ na codzienne funkcjonowanie jednoznacznie wskazują na konieczność ustalenia właściwych form oddziaływań – zarówno pozafarmakologicznych, jak i farmakologicznych – w toku dalszych badań.

Development of self-representation is vitally important for internalizing typical behavior and for building interpersonal relationships. Taking into account the neuronal underpinnings of cognitive functions, symptoms of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) have been related to impairments of neuronal systems underlying self-perception. The present paper reviews research implementing functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and electroencephalography (EEG) to study the neural mechanisms of self-related information processing in persons with ASD. These experiments address the psychological aspects of self-representation associated with the appraisal of one's own traits and of the symbolic, as well as physical, representation of self in response to the perception of one's own name and face. Furthermore, results of a study that employed fMRI to assess the perception of changeability of personal traits across time among subjects with ASD are also included. The studies under review support the hypotheses of atypical neuronal mechanisms of cognitive self-representation and anomalous perception of social feedback in persons diagnosed with ASD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Child Neurology / Neurologia Dziecięca is the property of BiFolium and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

For many years the spectrum of gluten-related disorders had been limited only to celiac disease and its typical gastrointestinal symptoms. In the last few years, not only new disorders like non-celiac gluten sensitivity have been described, but also pathogeneses of celiac disease and wheat allergy have been better understood. It is also known that impaired gluten tolerance in many cases leads to appearance of extraintestinal symptoms that may affect any organ or system of the human body including the nervous system that may be the cause of some neurological disorders such as ataxia, neuropathy, autism spectrum disorder (ASD) or schizophrenia. In this paper we present the spectrum of neurological disorders, whose pathogeneses may depend on gluten ingestion and some proposed mechanisms elucidating those pathogeneses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Atrial septal defect may be seen under few forms. The most common is ASD secundarum – about 70% of defects. Coexistent non-obstructed foramen ovale with atrial septal defect venosus type IVC – SV is very rare. Untreated atrial septal defect can be associated with numerous complications and with significantly shortened life expectancy. Patients with the increased left-to-right shunting may occasionally present congestive heart failure with pulmonary hypertension in their fourth to sixth decades of life. Late problems in untreated patients also include the risk of paradoxical embolus as well as atrial fibrillation, pulmonary hypertension and right heart failure. The presented medical case is an example of a very rare clinical disease in which a complex heart defect within the atrial septum is asymptomatic, does not give any complications and does not require treatment.

Objectives: Clinical effects observed in cases of oxytocin deficiency can also manifest themselves in disorders of mechanisms responsible, for example, for its secretion. For oxytocin, this function is played by - among others - the cluster of differentiation antigen 38 (CD38). Existing literature along with the correlation between protein CD38 and oxytocin secretion raise interest in the context of their possible relation to the clinical picture and development of the autism spectrum disorders (ASD). The aim of the study was to analyze the correlations between polymorphisms rs3796863 and rs6449197 in gene CD38, the level of gene expression and the clinical picture and the risk of ASD diagnosis., Methods: The study included 59 individuals with the mean age of 15.05 years with IQ > 90. The participants were divided into two groups: the studied group consisting of 37 persons with confirmed ASD diagnoses and the control group including 22 neurotypical individuals. Diagnosis verification was carried out via the ADOS-2 protocol., Results: The comparative analysis with the standardized population based on the 1000Genomes database with the presence of clinically significant intensification of ASD traits showed the correlation of alleles "T" of polymorphisms rs3796863 and rs6449197, which are more frequent in the general population and are treated as "wild". In the inter-group analysis, this type of dependency was weaker, and the genotype of the control group was somehow intermediate between the studied group and the standardized population. In the ΔΔCt analysis, the normalized value of the relative expression level of gene CD38 showed that in the studied group the expression level was around 1.1-1.2 times higher than in the control group., Conclusions: The obtained results show that a significant correlation with the severity of autism spectrum disorder traits is mainly observed in the carriers of wild variants of the studied polymorphisms, in which the related increase in the expression level of gene CD38 is also observed.

Autism spectrum disorder is among the most prevalent neurodevelopmental disorders and represent both a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. Since symptoms of autism spectrum disorder appear early in childhood, there is a need for appropriate paediatrician training. Studies reveal the multifactorial aetiology of the disorders, which hinders the identification of a definite cause of autism and, consequently, the development of appropriate treatment modality. Growing attention is currently given to studies of conditions co-occurring with autism spectrum disorder, including attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, eating disorders, tics, epilepsy, aggression and self-aggression or sleep disorders. It is estimated that circadian rhythm abnormalities (primarily insomnia, night terrors, nightmares, early waking and excessive daytime somnolence) affect 50-80% of children with autism spectrum disorder. The group of patients with autism spectrum disorder shows a higher prevalence of difficulties with concentration, an impaired intellectual capacity and problems with effective therapy of epileptic seizures. Studies point to the multifactorial aetiology of sleep structure abnormalities including neurotransmitter dysfunction and imbalance of hormones (mainly melatonin and cortisol), gastrointestinal disorders or inadequate sleep hygiene habits. Following the introduction of treatment of circadian rhythm abnormalities a lower prevalence of behavioural disorders, aggression and self-aggression, together with an improvement in memory and concentration, have been noted. Also, promising results have been obtained in studies involving psychoeducation and training of parents in the development of good bedtime routines. Inquiring about the presence of sleep disturbances in patients is always necessary during diagnostic appointments. The prevalence of the problem in the population of children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder - and its impact on daily functioning - clearly indicate the need to establish appropriate non-pharmacological and pharmacological approaches in the course of further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim. The study aims to define the differences in clinical manifestation among adolescent girls and boys with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Methods. The study group consisted of 15 adolescent girls and 16 adolescent boys with diagnosis of autism or Asperger syndrome and their parents. Adolescents were assessed with ADOS (Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule, Polish adaptation of the assessment), algorithms of ADOS and ADOS-2 (revised version) were compared. Structured interview was conducted with parents, they fulfilled AQ (Autism Quotient), ASAS (Australian Scale for Asperger Syndrome), GQ-ASC (Girls' Questionnaire for Autism Spectrum Conditions). Medical records were analyzed. Results were analyzed using statistical methods. Results. Patients were assessed with ADOS Module 4. Results indicated statistically significant differences between ASD girls and ASD boys in communication section, both verbal and gestures. The mean scores of AQ for ASD girls and ASD boys were M = 33.0 and M = 30.9, and of ASAS M = 57% and M = 61% respectively. ASD girls had more psychiatric hospitalisations than ASD boys (60% vs. 31%), and they were more often treated with antidepressants (67% vs. 31%), anxiolytics (20% vs. 6%), mood stabilizers (40% vs. 19%). ASD boys were more often treated with psychotropic medications (50% vs. 47%) and stimulants (44% vs. 20%) than ASD girls. Conclusions. ASD girls are at risk of receiving non-spectrum classification in ADOS or ADOS-2 while their developmental history and clinical manifestation confirm ASD. Clinical data suggests that ASD girls present more abnormalities in sensory profile. ASD girls are at greater risk for developing anxiety, depression, suicidal ideation, and for psychiatric hospitalization. ASD boys appear to be at greater risk for co-occurring ADHD, OCD and tics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim. The aim of the study was to assess emotional functioning and identification of temperamental traits in 4-year-old children born prematurely with birth weight ≤ 1500 grams. The second aim was evaluation of autism spectrum disorders frequency in this group of children. Method. Eighty-six 4-year-old children born prematurely (gestational age ≤ 32 weeks, birth weight ≤ 1500 grams) were evaluated. All children underwent physical examination (with the assessment of motor function, vision and hearing), anthropometric measurements and psychomotor tests: Leiter International Performance Scale P-93, Children Vocabulary Test (TSD), temperament questionnaire (EAS-C), and CAST questionnaire. Parents were asked to fill in questionnaires assessing socio-economic conditions of the family and children attendance in kindergarten or early development support. Results. In the EAS-C questionnaire hyperactivity and reduced emotionality were significantly more common comparing to population. Children with lower gestational age and lower birth weight were characterized with low emotionality score. Children with the CAST score ≥ 12 points were significantly smaller at birth, more often suffered from retinopathy of prematurity and had poorer results in neurodevelopmental tests - Leiter scale, Children Vocabulary Test. Conclusions. Children born prematurely are at greater risk of the occurrence of hyperactivity and autism spectrum symptoms. Detection of emotional disorders in children born prematurely is essential to implement the therapeutic support as early as possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by social communication deficits, restricted interests, and repetitive behaviors, according to the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. In addition to the possible subtypes of autism, several medical and behavioral conditions are known to co-exist with it. It is estimated that approximately 75% of individuals with ASD present with associated medical conditions, genetic syndromes, or mental health disorders. One of the major limitations when identifying, diagnosing, treating and understanding ASD is the fact that ASD is exclusively defined based on the observation of behaviors. The fact remains that there is no proven biological measurement (e.g., blood test or radiological scan) which can identify pathophysiological processes that can aid in the diagnosis or treatment this group of patients., (© 2020 MEDPRESS.)

The size of the right atrium (RA) reduces after transcatheter closure of the atrial septal defect (ASD). Inverse structural and electrical remodeling is observed., Aim: The aim of study was to analyze the parameters predisposing to the lack of normalization of enlarged RA after transcatheter closure of ASD during 6-month follow-up., Materials and Methods: A prospective study included 56 consecutive adult patients (12 men) aged from 23 to 76 years (49.8±13.3 years) with ASD, in whom transcatheter ASD closure was performed. Each patient was assessed before and 6 months after the treatment using standard 12-lead resting electrocardiogram (ECG), 24-hour Holter monitoring and echocardiography., Results: Before the procedure in 37 patients with ASD enlarged RA was observed, while after transcatheter ASD closure in 24 patients normalization of enlarged RA was noted. Patients in whom 6 months after the procedure there was no normalization of the enlarged RA were older, characterized by higher right ventricular systolic pressure (RVSP), pulmonary to systemic blood flow ratio (Qp/Qs), larger size of the occluder, interatrial septal defect, longer fluoroscopy time and lower left ventricular ejection fraction. P-wave dispersion (Pdysp) was found to be a destimulant i.e. increased Pdysp (>67 ms, P<0.000) decreased the chance of RA normalization after procedure. On the other hand, minimum P-wave duration (Pmin) was a stimulant, therefore, increased Pmin (>72ms, P<0.000) increased the chance of RA normalization. A significant association was found between the reduction of supraventricular extrasystolic beats and RA area normalization (P<0.001), and there was no association between the incidence of atrial fibrillation episodes and RA area normalization., Conclusions: Evaluation of the duration of the P-wave and its dispersion may help to assess the prognosis of the right atrium size normalization in the mid-term follow-up after transcatheter closure of ASD. There is a significant relationship between normalization of the right atrium size and reduction of supraventricular extrasystolic beats., (© 2019 MEDPRESS.)

Objectives: The study aims to define the differences in clinical manifestation among adolescent girls and boys with autism spectrum disorder (ASD)., Methods: The study group consisted of 15 adolescent girls and 16 adolescent boys with diagnosis of autismor Asperger syndrome and their parents. Adolescents were assessed with ADOS (Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule, Polish adaptation of the assessment), algorithms of ADOS and ADOS-2 (revised version) were compared. Structured interview was conducted with parents, they fulfilled AQ (Autism Quotient), ASAS (Australian Scale for Asperger Syndrome), GQ-ASC (Girls' Questionnaire for Autism Spectrum Conditions). Medical records were analyzed. Results were analyzed using statistical methods., Results: Patients were assessed with ADOS Module 4. Results indicated statistically significant differences between ASD girls and ASD boys in communication section, both verbal and gestures. The mean scores of AQ for ASD girls and ASD boys were M = 33.0 and M=30.9, and of ASAS M =57% and M =61% respectively. ASD girls had more psychiatric hospitalisations than ASD boys (60% vs. 31%), and they were more often treated with antidepressants (67% vs. 31%), anxiolytics (20% vs. 6%), mood stabilizers (40% vs. 19%). ASD boys were more often treated with psychotropic medications (50% vs. 47%) and stimulants (44% vs. 20%) than ASD girls., Conclusions: ASD girls are at risk of receiving non-spectrum classification in ADOS or ADOS-2 while their developmental history and clinical manifestation confirm ASD. Clinical data suggests that ASD girls present more abnormalities in sensory profile. ASD girls are at greater risk for developing anxiety, depression, suicidal ideation, and for psychiatric hospitalization. ASD boys appear to be at greater risk for co-occurring ADHD, OCD and tics.

Objectives: The aim of the study was to assess emotional functioning and identification of temperamental traits in 4-year-old children born prematurely with birth weight =< 1500 grams. The second aim was evaluation of autism spectrum disorders frequency in this group of children., Methods: Eighty-six 4-year-old children born prematurely (gestational age =< 32 weeks, birth weight =< 1500 grams) were evaluated. All children underwent physical examination (with the assessment of motor function, vision and hearing), anthropometric measurements and psychomotor tests: Leiter International Performance Scale P-93, Children Vocabulary Test (TSD), temperament questionnaire (EAS-C), and CAST questionnaire. Parents were asked to fill in questionnaires assessing socio-economic conditions of the family and children attendance in kindergarten or early development support., Results: In the EAS-C questionnaire hyperactivity and reduced emotionality were significantly more common comparing to population. Children with lower gestational age and lower birth weight were characterized with low emotionality score. Children with the CAST score ? 12 points were significantly smaller at birth, more often suffered from retinopathy of prematurity and had poorer results in neurodevelopmental tests - Leiter scale, Children Vocabulary Test., Conclusions: Children born prematurely are at greater risk of the occurrence of hyperactivity and autism spectrum symptoms. Detection of emotional disorders in children born prematurely is essential to implement the therapeutic support as early as possible.