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Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is defined as abnormalities of kidney structure or function, present for >3 months, with implications for health. Amongst CKD complications the most fatal is cardiovascular disease, which together with Chronic Kidney Disease Mineral and Bone Disorder (CKD-MBD) share a possible origin in Wnt signaling pathway disturbances. Sclerostin, a potent Wnt signaling inhibitor may possibly be used as a potential new marker of exercise influence on vascular calcification and mineral and bone disorder in hemodialysed adults.

Introduction: Human body posture is an individual feature influenced by environmental conditions and the type of performed work. The curvatures change with age, quality and style of life. Civilizational development has led to a sedentary lifestyle, which has an influence on postural defects formation. The aim of this study was to verify the effect of length of time for taxi drivers on spine curvature formation compared to people who adopt a sitting position. Materials and methods: The study comprised 60 subjects: 30 controls and 30 study subjects (taxi drivers), all with work history longer than 10 years. Triplicate measurements of spinal curvatures were taken using the Rippstein Plurimeter in a relaxed position, and results were saved according to the SFTR system. In addition, body height and weight were measured to calculate body mass index (BMI). Results: The average work time in the examined group was 57.7 and the control group 6.8 hours per week. The mean values of thoracic kyphosis and lumbar lordosis in the examined group were 36.3 and 17.9 degrees, respectively, versus 30.3 and 20.8 in the control group. Age and length of service had an impact on the shaping of the spinal curvatures. Greater value of BMI was associated with deeper thoracic kyphosis, but not with shallower lumbar lordosis. Conclusions: Adverse changes in shaping spinal curvatures progress with increasing age and length of the employment performed in the sitting position. Body mass index and body weight above the normal level contribute to deepening thoracic kyphosis.

Introduction: Human body posture is an individual feature influenced by environmental conditions and the type of performed work. The curvatures change with age, quality and style of life. Civilizational development has led to a sedentary lifestyle, which has an influence on postural defects formation. The aim of this study was to verify the effect of length of time for taxi drivers on spine curvature formation compared to people who adopt a sitting position. Materials and methods: The study comprised 60 subjects: 30 controls and 30 study subjects (taxi drivers), all with work history longer than 10 years. Triplicate measurements of spinal curvatures were taken using the Rippstein Plurimeter in a relaxed position, and results were saved according to the SFTR system. In addition, body height and weight were measured to calculate body mass index (BMI). Results: The average work time in the examined group was 57.7 and the control group 6.8 hours per week. The mean values of thoracic kyphosis and lumbar lordosis in the examined group were 36.3 and 17.9 degrees, respectively, versus 30.3 and 20.8 in the control group. Age and length of service had an impact on the shaping of the spinal curvatures. Greater value of BMI was associated with deeper thoracic kyphosis, but not with shallower lumbar lordosis. Conclusions: Adverse changes in shaping spinal curvatures progress with increasing age and length of the employment performed in the sitting position. Body mass index and body weight above the normal level contribute to deepening thoracic kyphosis.

Hypermobility is defined as ability to actively or passively perform a move, which exceed the norm for range of movement for each joint. In any case of hypermobility it is crucial to determine if it is a sign of pathological process. Join hypermobility is a frequent abnormality in a general population and may be caused by a numerous genetic disorders. The aim of this paper is to compare the most important diseases which may manifest in generalized joint hypermobility. This study include available knowledge about hypermobility in particular diseases and syndromes which are: Joint Hypermobility Syndrome, Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome Hypermobility Type, Marfan Syndrome, Loeys - Dietz Syndrome, Down Syndrome, Fragile X Sydrome.

Hypermobility is defined as ability to actively or passively perform a move, which exceed the norm for range of movement for each joint. In any case of hypermobility it is crucial to determine if it is a sign of pathological process. Join hypermobility is a frequent abnormality in a general population and may be caused by a numerous genetic disorders. The aim of this paper is to compare the most important diseases which may manifest in generalized joint hypermobility. This study include available knowledge about hypermobility in particular diseases and syndromes which are: Joint Hypermobility Syndrome, Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome Hypermobility Type, Marfan Syndrome, Loeys - Dietz Syndrome, Down Syndrome, Fragile X Sydrome.