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In the article, a problem of translation of the old Serbian literary texts into Polish is discussed together with the basic mechanisms of the reception process of creativity revealed by the Orthodox Slavs from the Balkan region, that is, in other words, the works arisen in the circle of the Slaviae Orthodoxae and their presence in the Polish culture’s space which belonged to the circle of the Slaviae Latinae. The considerations regard the essence and function of translation, presence and absence of translated literature — its initial version in the target space, and their foundation is located in the collections of translations existing in the Polish reading circuit. The issue of the presence or position of the old South Slavonic literatures, namely, the old Serbian texts in their Polish translation, is featured in several possible perspectives. The problem is exposed in the aspect of these texts’ peripheral character and literary genetics.

The article analyses two works belonging to the genre of autofiction in contemporary Italian comics: Pasolini by Davide Toffolo from 2012 and La Mia Vita Disegnata Male (LMVDM) by Gipi. According to Gillian Whitlock, an American researcher of autobiographical texts, in comic books the author always has to draw themselves, creating their own “graphic avatar”. Consequently, cartoon autobiographies rarely aspire to realism, and representation becomes inseparable from manipulation. Gipi in LMVDM decides to tell two parallel stories, using a completely different graphic style for each of them. He tells a retrospective, oneiric story about his childhood and youth, using simple, offhand drawings (the title of this comic book can be translated as “My badly drawn life”). On the other hand, with the help of watercolours typical of his previous comic books, he develops an adventure narrative about a poet imprisoned on a pirate ship. Paradoxically, in this comic book, real events are presented like fiction or dreams, while fantastic events are rendered in a more realistic style. Pasolini by Davide Toffolo tells the story of the multiple meetings between two characters who, due to chronology, could have never met: the book’s author, Davide Toffolo, and the renowned Italian writer and director, Pier Paolo Pasolini. The author uses a realistic drawing style to capture these unbelievable events. This is another example of the blurring of the boundary between fiction and reality. According to Raffaele Donnarumma, autofiction is characterised by the fact that the author, hero and narrator are the same person, but events that are recognizable as having happened are mixed with events that clearly never happened. In the graphic novel, the issue of probability and improbability of events is further complicated by the fact that the figure of the author/hero/narrator is represented by a drawing which, in itself, distances this medium from seemingly realistic representation. In addition, the authors of the autobiographical comics discussed in this article decide to play with different graphic styles in order to further blur the boundary between fiction and reality.

W artykule podjęto próbę przybliżenia obowiązków, jakie w zakresie handlu derywatami towarowymi nakłada na spółki obrotu rozporządzenie MAR. Poruszono w nim kwestię wpływu rozporządzenia MAR na rynek towarowy i relacji tego rozporządzenia do pozostałych regulacji mających wpływ na rynek energii i gazu (REMIT, EMIR, MiFID II). Przedstawiono wątpliwości i konsekwencje skutków tak ukształtowanego zakresu przedmiotowego regulacji. Zasygnalizowano także zagadnienia związane z planowanym harmonogramem wdrażania rozporządzenia MAR, jak również wyzwania dla podmiotów działających na rynku energii.

Discussed Translation: On the Status and Function of Paratext in the series Library of European Spirituality The article discusses the status and function of paratext based on theseries of trans lations titled Biblioteka Duchowości Europejskiej (Library of European Spirituality). The series itself has been initiated by the Polish Paleo-Slavic community and was published more than ten years ago. The article’s authoress refers to the definition and classification of paratext elaborated on by Gérard Genette, which has been applied to considerations over translation studies for a long time and served as the basis for distinguishing strategies selected by translators as well as identifying the reception space. In the discussion on paratext, the role of the author of a translation is also taken into account, especially the issue of his or her presence, namely: the translator’s visibility, intentionality, and subjectivity revealed by his or her choices. The reflection made on paratexts, which regards only one series, does not exploit the complicated matter of the problem — it rather inscribes itself into the broader discussion which seems neither to exhaust the subject nor to provide satisfaction, since it forces the researcher to face the field demanding other explorations and contemplations. Yet even this general or superficial outline of the problem exposes or confirms the academic arrangements concerning usefulness and functionality of paratext in the process of translating literary works from one system to another. The article also postulates that translation should be incorporated in the space of destination culture, which may assure the translator (the secondary author) full reception of their text, thus allowing the translator’s work to come nearer to the primary reception namely, to assimilate to the process occurring in the realm of departure culture. Keywords: translation, paratext, reception space, translator, series, Library of European Spirituality, Slaviae Orthodoxae

“This collection will not be a useless burden for the book trade” that is, Serbian folk Songs selected and translated by Roman Zmorski In the article, the collection of Serbian folklore song translations, entitled Serbian Folk Songs, is regarded. The collection itself was prepared and published in 1853 and 1855 by Roman Zmorski. Located in the centre of consideration, it also becomes a pretext for a reflection on the essence of a literary text’s translation along with its communicational aspect and the role of the translator in the process of the fusion concerning two axiological systems, two cultural horizons — the initial one and the final one. Furthermore, the article serves to present a traditional translation in the nineteenth century: the reception of South Slavonic (Serbian) folklore poetry. The considerations dedicated to the translation theme and the translator’s role concentrate not on the philological issues themselves, but rather on the broadly comprehended intercultural phenomenon which means a process and the result of a transposition of the text from one cultural realm to the other. Besides the exposition of the translation meaning in the relational, dialogical aspect, its fundamental conditions are emphasized. They refer to the historical and cultural contexts, sources’ selection, and intentional operation on the primary text together with its translation understood as a specific sort of interpretation and communication. Key words: Serbian folklore songs, folklore poetry, translations, translator, reception, collection

Biblical component of Old Church Slavonic text – the example of the Old Serbian inscriptions The paper deals with the problem of the presence of biblical material in Old Church Slavonic texts. While this question has indeed already been broadly and repeatedly discussed by palaeo-Slavists, the developments in medieval studies and the achievements in textological and editorial fields have once again made it an open issue still demanding further elaborations and clarifications. In the discourse of the discipline, the topical question concerns not so much frequency or participation as of the modes of usage of the canonical corpus, that is its concrete and conscious application, whereby it becomes an intrinsic and recognizable component of the literary work. My deliberations are intentionally limited to the example of brief literary forms, namely the Old Serbian inscriptions, which have not yet been considered or even marginalized, although they constitute lofty artistic and autonomous forms of expression, mirroring the whole repertoire of ideas, motifs, constructions and reserves of proceedings and operational strategies characteristic of the Old Church Slavonic literature. Biblijny komponent tekstu cerkiewnosłowiańskiego (przykład staroserbskich zapisów) W artykule podjęto problem obecności materiału biblijnego w tekstach cerkiewnosło­wiańskich, który wprawdzie był już wielokrotnie i szeroko omawiany przez paleoslawistów, lecz wraz z rozwojem refleksji mediewistycznej, osiągnięciami na polu tekstologicznym i edytorskim, nadal wydaje się zagadnieniem otwartym, wymagającym dalszych dopełnień i doprecyzowań. W nauce wciąż aktualne jest pytanie nie tyle o frekwencję czy partycypację, ile o modus wykorzystania kanonicznego korpusu, czyli jego konkretne i świadome użycie, takie zastosowanie, że staje się on nieodłącznym i rozpoznawalnym komponentem utworu literackiego. Rozważania na temat biblijnego tworzywa tekstu świadomie ograniczają się do przykładu krótkich form literackich – staroserbskich zapisów, które były dotąd niezauważane czy wręcz marginalizowane, a które stanowią wysoko artystyczne i autonomiczne jednostki wyrazu, odzwierciedlające cały repertuar idei, motywów, konstrukcji oraz charakterystyczny dla literatury cerkiewnosłowiańskiej zasób procedur i strategii operacyjnych.

The objective of the investigation was to observe the effect of selected plants on the development of the population of soil microbes in rhizosphere of these plants. Specialattention was paid to microflora of the domestic plants valued as animal fodder and also of great ecological importance in the removal of toxic substances from the environment, e.g. Sida hermaphrodita, Helianthus tuberosus, Konopianka osier, and American osier. Soil samples for microbiological analyses were collected from the rhizosphere and fallow soil in 2003, three times during the vegetation season. The analyses included determination of the total number of bacteria and fungi as well as the number of amylolitic, lipolytic, proteolitic, and ammonification bacteria and were conducted using dilution plate method. The number of cellulolitic and nitrifying bacteria was determined on the basis of the titre. Their most probable number was taken from Mc Crady tables. The content of ammonium nitrogen was determined by the nesslerisation method, nitrate nitrogen by the brucine method, and the respiration activity measured by the amount of liberated CO2 by Rühling method. Soil reaction was also determined potentiometrically (pH in KCl). Monthly and annual mean values for precipitation, temperature, and relative air humidity in the year of the research have also been presented in the paper. According to the findings, the papilionaceous plants used in the experiment acidified the soil environment, which favoured the development of filamentous fungi. These plants also provided suitable conditions for the development of proteolitic, ammonification, amylolitic, and lipolitic bacteria as well as for the increase of the total number of the bacteria. The greatest amount of liberated CO2 was stated under the aforementioned plants as well as in the rhizosphere of American osier. Both species of osier and Helianthus tuberosus, stimulated the development of cellulolitic bacteria, and American osier stimulated the development

The objective of the investigation was to observe the effect of selected plants on the number and activity of soil microorganisms. Soil samples for analyses were collected from the rhizosphere, and control samples were taken from fallow soil. The total number of bacteria and the total number of fungi as well as the number of ammonification bacteria and the number of lipolytic bacteria were determined by using dilution plate technique. The number of cellulolytic bacteria and the number of nitrifying bacteria were determined on the basis of the titre. The most probable number of bacteria was taken from Mc Crady tables. The respiratory activity was measured on the basis of the quantity of emitted CO2 according to Rühling et al. The highest respiratory activity was stated under Sida heramphrodita and Helianthus tuberosus. In general, more CO2 was emitted in autumn, which is the period of increased mineralization of organic matter in soil. Both vetch and chickling vetch, despite their acid reaction, were found to stimulate the development of ammonification, nitrifying, cellulolytic, and lipolytic bacteria. The highest total number of bacteria and the relatively high number of fungi were stated in the soil under these plants. The smallest number of fungi was stated in the fallow soil. Thus, the relation of bacteria to fungi was the highest there. Kaszubska vetch and chickling vetch proved to the most positive effect on the soil microbial communities studied. They may therefore be used to improve the biological activity of degraded soils.

The aim of the studies was to record the influence of selected plants on the population and activity of some physiological groups of soil microorganisms. Studies were performed on a model of plot experiment (Department of Detailed Plant Cultivation, University of Agriculture in Lublin) set in 1999 on brown soil developed from loess-like dusts at the Experimental Station in Felin. The following plants were cultivated: kaszubska vetch (Polish origin), Siberian vetch, chickling vetch, Sida hermaphrodita, Helianthus tuberosus, konopianka osier and American osier. Soil samples for analyses were taken from the rhizosphere zone. Microbial and biochemical analyses were carried out three times at plant’s different developmental stages. It was found that in general the studied plants favored the development of cellulolytic bacteria, reduced the growth of amylolytic and lypolytic ones and diminished the total number of bacteria. They stimulated the development of hypha fungi, with the exception of Helianthus tuberosus and American osier that inhibited their growth. Therefore, the most favorable ratio of bacteria to fungi was recorded under these plants. It was the worst under papilionaceous plants and Sida hermaphrodita . Probably the development of hypha fungi, which had optimum conditions for growing due to the acidic reaction, was the reason. Fairy great oscillations of released carbon dioxide amounts were observed. Therefore, Helianthus tuberosus and American osier showed the most favorable influence on useful communities of soil microorganisms.

Studies were performed on a model of plot experiment (Department of Detailed Plant Cultivation, University of Agriculture in Lublin) set on brown soil developed from loess-like dusts at the Experimental Station in Felin. The following plants were cultivated: kaszubska vetch (Polish origin), Siberian vetch, chickling vetch, Sida hermaphrodita, Helianthus tuberosus, konopianka osier and American osier. Soil samples for analyses were taken three times at different developmental stages of plants from their rhizosphere zone. It was found, that in general, plants used in the experiment favored the development of proteolytic and nitrifying bacteria but reduced the growth of ammonifying ones. Papilionaceous plants enriched the soil environment in nitrogen with strong acidification. It made perfect conditions for hypha fungi development. The highest amounts of nitrates were found under papilionaceous plants. Ammonium nitrogen occurred in larger quantities under konopianka osier. The highest levels of both nitrogen forms were recorded under chickling vetch and in control soil, the lowest – under Sida hermaphrodita and Helianthus tuberosus. Thus, the studied plants exerted variable influence on bacteria entering nitrogen transformations.

Copyright of Kultura Slowian is the property of Jagiellonian University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The studies were conducted on the model of a plot experiment of the Chair of Detailed Cultivation of Plants at the University of Agriculture in Lublin. The plot was established in 1999 at the Agricultural Experimental Farm Felin. The following plants were cultivated on the plots: Vicia cassubica of Polish origin, vetch brought from Siberia, chickling vetch, Sida hermaphrodita Rusby, topinambur (Helianthus tuberosus), osier willow and Salix americana. The soil samples were taken for analysis from the sphere where the plant roots were active, while the control consisted of the soil distant from the root system of plants. Microbiological and biochemical analyses were carried out three times in 2001 in different periods of plant vegetation. The studies showed that the examined papilionaceous acidified the soil environment, which was accompanied by stimulation of the development of filament fungi. The other experimental plants inhibited the development of these microorganisms only a little. The studies plants stimulated the total number of bacteria and ammonification bacteria in a small degree at the same time inhibiting the development of cellulolytic bacteria a little. The occurrence of nitrification bacteria was differentiated. Some of the examined plants stimulated their development while others, for example Sida hermaphrodita Rusby and Lathyrus sativus, inhibited it. The greatest quantity of both studied forms of nitrogen was found in the soil under the papilionaceous. All the examined plants only slightly stimulated the amount of exudated CO2. Bacilla, especially isolated from under chickling vetch and both species of osier, proved to be the strongest ammonifiers out of the distinguished strains of bacteria. On the other hand, the strains of caryopses, especially isolated from the soil from under chickling vetch, were the poorest ammonifiers. All the examined plants had a differentiated effect on the number of the analyzed communities of soil microorganisms and their activity. Some of these plants stimulated, and some inhibited the growth of the studied microorganisms.

The effect of heavy metals on microorganisms was studied considering various as-pects. Although the effect of heavy metals belonging to the grey and black groups on the vegetation forms is commonly known, the knowledge of their effect on germinating conidia is insufficient. The studies aimed to determine the effect of cadmium (5 µg/ml) and copper (200 µg/ml) ions on the germination process of streptomycetes conidia. A wild type strain was selected, and the germina-tion process of the conidia was observed using a light microscope and measuring absorbency by a nephelometer. The results are presented in tables and figures. Given the data one may found that cadmium ions inhibited germination of conidia when they were added to a medium after 0 or 2 hours of the incubation time. The later introduction of cadmium ions to the medium did not show significant effect on the germination process. In contrast, copper ions introduced at the tested concentration did not affect this process.

Copyright of Athenaeum: Polskie Studia Politologiczne is the property of Faculty of Political Science & Security Studies Nicolaus Copernicus University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the article, a phenomenon of promotion and marketing in the medieval Serbia was discussed, as well as the strategies of creating a specific, desired and functional image of the ruling dynasties. Due to this, the basic communication practices were recalled that is, a management of impression, building the so-called brand (social, political, cultural property of the dynasty, its family pattern), and also specifically conceived branding itself (that is, a management of consciousness and value of the dynastic brand), what ultimately proved that the lineage of social-cultural usage of images, along with the models and devices serving the politics of public relations is deeply rooted in the middle ages. The phenomenon of promotion and marketing in the medieval Serbia was presented on the basis of the medieval Serbian literature, hagiography, hymnography, historiography, and iconographic implementations were also included. The article presents images of rulers and dynasties prevailing in the historical, religious and ideological context, the phenomenon of promotion and marketing in the context of characteristic ideological structures, such as state and church tradition, imperial-monastic tradition, charismatic dynasty, sanctity of the ruling family, land and the Serbian nation e.t.c. The timeless phenomenon of promotion and marketing has been presented as a lasting component of shaping the culture model of the medieval Serbia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Autobiografia is the property of Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Szczecinskiego / University of Szczecin Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article refers to Józef Wittlin's diary-unpublished and unknown to readers. The text, composed of notes taken from the 1920s to the year 1976 (the year of the author's death), is of paraliterary and syncretic character, and bears the title "Raptus Europae. Dziennik" ("Raptus Europae. A Diary"). Wittlin's daughter, Elżbieta Wittlin Lipton, the poet's only heiress, made it available for inspection and publication only to a few literary historians. Among the diary's notes we find, inter alia, a handwritten fragment of "Sól ziemi" ("The Salt of the Earth"), notes to second part and a project of third part of "Powieść o cierpliwym piechurze" ("Story of a Patient Infantryman"), detailed plans of intended novels, rough drafts of the drama "Barabasz" ("Barabbas"), notes from travels to Europe and sketches of unfinished poems. The present paper focuses on Wittlin diary's autobiographical character. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Polimery is the property of Industrial Chemistry Research Institute and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The paper deals with the problem of the presence of biblical material in Old Church Slavonic texts. While this question has indeed already been broadly and repeatedly discussed by palaeo-Slavists, the developments in medieval studies and the achievements in textological and editorial fields have once again made it an open issue still demanding further elaborations and clarifications. In the discourse of the discipline, the topical question concerns not so much frequency or participation as of the modes of usage of the canonical corpus, that is its concrete and conscious application, whereby it becomes an intrinsic and recognizable component of the literary work. My deliberations are intentionally limited to the example of brief literary forms, namely the Old Serbian inscriptions, which have not yet been considered or even marginalized, although they constitute lofty artistic and autonomous forms of expression, mirroring the whole repertoire of ideas, motifs, constructions and reserves of proceedings and operational strategies characteristic of the Old Church Slavonic literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The concave mirror with a central aperture in it was for the first time used by Hofmann in 1841 as the ideal instrument that allowed reflecting and focussing light into the external auditory canal and inspecting the tympanic membrane. The physiologist Helmholtz devised the ophtalmoscope and observed the retina of a living human. He recommended this type of illumination also for otosopy. The history of the concave mirror with the central aperture is already 170 years long. Its further modifications, such as e.g. reflector fixed to the forehead have been applied to relieve the hand and make it operative. It is the instrument of choice in otoscopy, rhinoscopy, laryngoscopy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The health related quality of life is increasingly used as an outcome in clinical trials, for evaluation of efectiveness of treatment and health care. What is the best questionnaire? The choice of assessment method depends on the purpose of the study. The use of health-related quality of life measures facilitates the choice of optimal treatment for individual patients and enables economic analysis. The general methods are useful to document the severity of disability in the general population or in a patient group. Specific methods focus on problems associated with single disease states (rhinosinusits, asthma), patient groups (age), function (sleep disorders) or a problem (pain). Assessment of quality of life enables to extend the evaluation of inal outcome of a treatment by the aspect of patient's subjective sensations; it should constitute an integral part of medical procedures also in otolaryngology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Polimery is the property of Industrial Chemistry Research Institute and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Polimery is the property of Industrial Chemistry Research Institute and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Unlabelled: Cyclophosphamide is a cytostatic drug, widely used in therapy of secondary glomerulonephritis. Because pulse therapy bears less side effects than oral one we aimed to follow the cyclophosphamide effect on the course of patients with primary glomerulonephritis. We observed 20 pts (7 women and 13 men), mean age 33 +/- 10.0 yrs, age range 18-50 yrs with primary glomerulonephritis and proteinuria more than 3.5 g. 12 patients also had erythro-cyturia. In all pts kidney biopsy was performed, but in one woman the biopsy was not diagnostic. Renal biopsy revealed: FSG in 2 pts, membranous glomerulonephritis in 2 pts, in 9 pts mesangial proliferative changes and in 6--mesangiocapillary lesions. In 5 pts renal failure was observed. Cyclophosphamide was administered i.v. in the dose 0.75 g/m2 b.s., no more than 1.0 g per dose, in renal failure 0.5 g/m2. During the first six months patients received cyclophosphamide every month and then every three months. Before cyclophosphamide pulse therapy all patients were pretreated with steroids, 3 pulses of 1.0 g Methylprednisolone and then oral prednisone in the dose 20 mg/m2 body surface., Results: In 3 patients we obtained remission of proteinuria, in 11 patients decrease of proteinuria but 6 patients didn't answer to the introduced treatment. In whole group of examined patients we obtained the statistically significant decrease of proteinuria from 12.2 +/- 10.5 to 5.3 +/- 5.2 g (p < 0.05) after the treatment. The creatinine clearance did not change in the time of the treatment and any special complications during the treatment were observed. We suggest that cyclophosphamide pulse therapy could be an effective treatment in pts with primary glomerulonephritis. Our results showed that the answer of proposed treatment was independent of the type to the changes found in kidney biopsy.

Unlabelled: Bacterial endocarditis (BE) is one of the most severe complications of hemodialysis (HD). The aim of the study was to analyse frequency and severity of BE in patients treated with HD in our dialysis unit. During the period 1969-1993276 patients were treated with HD in Gdańsk. In 23 cases (9F, 14M) HD treatment was complicated with BE. Patients were divided into two groups on basis of diagnostic criteria: I-13 patients (5F,8M) with BE diagnosed by means of clinical picture and positive blood culture.; II-10 (4F, 10M) with diagnosis additionally confirmed by echocardiography. In patients from group I BE was observed more often during the first 2 years of HD. In group II during 3-5 years of dialysis therapy, gram negative microorganisms were the most frequent etiological factors. The mean period of antibiotic therapy was 35 days. In all patients from group II changes in the bicuspid valve, in 60% of them additionally in aortic valve and in one patient also in the tricuspid valve were observed. In five patients changes in the parietal endocardium were also present. Development of organic valvular changes was observed in nine patients. Seven of 22 patients died during the acute phase of BE and two others from complications connected with BE. The longest survival of patients after BE was over 10 years., Conclusions: 1. The threat of BE in patients treated with HD decreased between 1987 and 1993 in comparison with the initial period of our HD station operations.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Data concerning status of dialysis therapy in Poland during decade 1984-1993 were analysed. It was found that: 1. number of dialysis units increased two times (54-105), 2. number of dialysis stations raised 2.5 times (294-812), 3. number of patients treated with maintenance dialysis was increased 3.5 times (962-3783). These data showed dynamic development of this method of renal replacement therapy in Poland. However, in Poland acceptance rate dto dialysis therapy is still not satisfactory (30-35%). The Programme of the Country Committee for the Promotion of Nephrology based on the central founding system for the renal replacement therapy provides that by the end of 1995 it will be possible to treat 50% of patients with chronic uraemia. Continuous development of different methods of renal replacement therapy (hemodialysis, continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis, renal transplantation) is necessary for achieving possibilities compared with developed countries.

31 adult patients (15 male and 16 female) with chronic renal failure were treated for 6 months with 1-alfa-hydroxycholecalciferol on a dose 0.25-2.0 micrograms/24 h. 15 patients with not very advanced renal failure (serum creatinine level 176.8-442 mumol/l) received conservative therapy (group I), 16 patients with serum creatinine value 884-1326 mumol/l were treated by intermittent hemodialysis (group II). The statistically significant decrease of serum alkaline phosphatase activity in group I and II (p < 0.01), the rise of serum calcium level in group I (p < 0.005) were determined. Half of the patients from both the groups stated the relief or disappearance of bone and joint pains and muscle weakness. Besides in group I significant decrease of creatinine clearance (p < 0.001) and increase of serum urea and creatinine value (p < 0.01) were noticed. On the basis of these results we can conclude that the treatment with 1-alfa-hydroxycholecalciferol, produced by "Polfa", ought to be introduced gradually with increasing doses and frequent monitoring of calcium-phosphate metabolism and renal function parameters.

The study was aimed at investigating the predispositions of the patients chronically treated with hemodialysis to nose and skin colonization with potentially pathogenic bacteria. The study involved 41 patients chronically hemodialysed and patients treated at the Department of Renal diseases or out-patient clinic (30 individuals). Smears from the nose and throat were taken from all patients and used for bacteriologic tests. In case of hemodialysed patients material for bacteriologic tests was additionally taken from the skin at the site of arterio-venous fistula and groin. It was found, that patients chronically treated with hemodialyses are more frequently colonized with enteric bacilli and coagulase-positive staphylococci that both hospitalized patients and those treated in out-patient clinic. No relationship between the presence of coagulase-positive staphylococci in the nose and throat and on the skin was seen despite such suggestions of other authors.