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The increased recent popularity of synthetic drugs provokes a need to rethink the complex relation between humans and drugs throughout history to date. Considering the development of a drug problem predominantly based on the idea of use and abuse of both legal and illegal substances, this paper traces various functions that drugs played in human life, beginning from the earliest history of mankind. In the context of the latest developments, the analysis focuses on the emergence of new, often synthetic psychoactive substances, along with legislation and drug policies implemented in different countries. This provides a basis for considering the cultural, social and health consequences of drug abuse. Since the "synthetic turn" starting at the end of the 19th century, it seems that additional efforts need to be taken in order to meet the related challenges. This latest turn in the historical development of drugs is perceived as one of the most important moments when it comes to understanding coeval drug problems. Expanding the social awareness of the effects of drug consumption seems to lie among the crucial factors preventing societies from solving drug-related problems, including crime, health, social exclusion, poverty, overdoses, and death. The paper concludes that, while political and social endeavors are generally aimed at prevention, an equally important task may lie in the provision of high-quality, mass drug education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Przegląd Socjologii Jakościowej is the property of Redakcja Przegladu Socjologii Jakosciowej and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Przegląd Socjologii Jakościowej is the property of Redakcja Przegladu Socjologii Jakosciowej and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Prices of reimbursed drugs in Poland are regulated by law and closely monitored, which has been specified in reimbursement act. It contains, among others, rules regarding drug pricing, payments, limit groups and it also defines mechanisms of access to reimbursed medicines. In addition to aforementioned reimbursement act, the important role in drug policy in Poland plays the Economic Commission operating at the Ministry of Health and the European Commission. Current rules of drug financing from public funds in Poland are precisely detailed, and therefore may be incomprehensible to a large part of society. The aim of this publication is to present theoretical aspects of drug reimbursement and associated with this most common problems in practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A very important new law (the Reimbursement Law) has been implemented in Poland on turn of years 2011 and 2012 and it has deeply changed the national pharmaceutical pricing and reimbursement policy. The aim of this paper is to characterize the current status of affairs in this area and also to analyze the influence of changes on relationship between physicians and patients. The implementation of the Reimbursement Law has had a multifaceted impact on the Polish health care system and it has interfered relationships among its stakeholders. Several amendments to the new law are being expected in the forthcoming years, so all relevant experiences of the various stakeholders should be taken into due consideration during further pharmaceutical policy reforms. Appropriate preparations should be made beforehand, involving not only the state regulator and the public payer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Studia Socjologiczne is the property of Studia Socjologiczne and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The role of a pharmacy consists not only in the distribution of drugs and wound-dressing materials, but most of all in the monitoring of the consumption of drugs prescribed by doctors and applied by the patients on their own. The article presents the rules of promotion of pharmacies against the background of general regulations concerning the tasks of the pharmacy. The authors set forth to show the negative influence of the current strategy of advertising (communication) in the pharmaceutics market, and simultaneously to indicate the advantages of new regulations concernig the possibility to communicate with patients by means of pharmacies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]