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The paper discusses the book entitled The Hijacked War. The Story of Chinese POWs in the Korean War by David Cheng Chang (Stanford University Press, Stanford 2020, pp. 476). The critical analysis of Cheng Chang's work situates the book in a new trend seen among western historians interested in the Korean War, which is the tendency to focus on prisoners of war instead of focusing only on the political and military issues of the conflict. Cheng Chang claims that a few thousand Chinese non-communist POWs forced many fellow prisoners held in captivity by United Nations Command to oppose repatriation to the People's Republic of China and, in the aftermath, those determined POWs "hijacked" the war. This was possible because their stance encouraged the Americans to propose voluntary repatriation. To the Americans' surprise, the Communists refused to accept it, and the war waged on for more than one year longer. The paper underlines the main thesis by Cheng Chang and points out the most valuable information provided by the historian that contributes to a deepening of our knowledge and understanding of the Korean War. Moreover, the paper indicates that there are a few minor disadvantages in Cheng Chang's study, such as the short description of the so-called explanations and interviews conducted under the supervision of the Neutral Nations Repatriation Commission between October 1953 and January 1954. This is a gap that could be filled, for example, after studying Polish and Czech archival diplomatic and intelligence documents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Muzealnictwo is the property of Index Copernicus International and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Studies in Law & Economics / Studia Prawno-Ekonomiczne is the property of Lodz Scientific Society / Lodzkie Towarzystwo Naukowe and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Universitatis Lodziensis: Kształcenie Polonistyczne Cudzoziemców is the property of Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Lodzkiego and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Brasileira de Estudos Urbanos e Regionais is the property of Associacao Nacional de Pos-Graduacao e Pesquisa em Planejamento Urbano e Regional and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper presents the derivatives market in China. The constantly expanded, wide and standardized range of derivatives offered has increased in attractiveness to both local and foreign investors. Among the range of quoted derivatives on Chinese stock exchanges, we can distinguish financial and commodity products. Derivatives which are based on stocks and bonds are quoted on the following stockexchange markets: the China Financial Futures Exchange and the Shanghai Stock Exchange. Derivatives based on commodities are quoted on three stock-exchange markets: the Shanghai Futures Exchange (eighteen futures and three options); the Dalian Commodity Exchange (nineteen futures and three options); and the Zhengzhou Commodity Exchange (twenty futures and four options). In spite of their complex and complicated form, derivatives are gaining more and more popularity in the PRC. Data from stock-exchange market reports regarding derivatives trading show a strong upward trend and great interest among investors. The rapidly developing Chinese economy requires more and more new hedging methods, which favors the extension of stock-exchange offers with derivatives. The PRC achieves above-average turnover increases in derivatives in terms of quantity. Only the financial crisis in 2017 caused the level of interest in derivatives to decrease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cultural heritage is used to promote political ideas and economic initiatives these days. It is not only a political construct but also a useful tool in both reaching domestic political goals (for instance, building one's national identity) and developing international relationships (building soft power). This case study focuses on the cooperation of public and private institutions over the project of revitalisation of the Chinese Alley and building a Chinese garden in the Royal Łazienki Museum in Poland between 2012 and 2014. Using the concept of 'heritage diplomacy' coined by Tim Winter (2015), this paper analyses the relationship between the key actors that participated in the project and those who have been benefi tting from its results. The analysis shows how cultural heritage becomes an element of strategy in foreign relations in order to strengthen international and interinstitutional relations and how the political actors benefi t from the outcomes of conservation and promotion of cultural heritage. It also makes it possible to identify the motivation of various actors while engaging in conservation of heritage on domestic and international levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goals of the paper are: to analyse the scale and nature of foreign direct investments (FDI) in the economic cooperation between France and China; to explain the main reasons for the Chinese capital commitment in the form of FDI in the European Union (EU) and France as well as French one in China; and to identify the conditions and barriers in the fl ow of FDI and the main activities undertaken by France and the EU to introduce more symmetry in relations with China. The following research hypothesis has been adopted: FDI are an important element of the economic cooperation between France and China, which is developed despite barriers including differences in potentials and asymmetry in market access. In the face of China's growing activity in the global economy, noticing the benefi ts, France does not question the bilateral relations but puts more emphasis on the need to create coherent and coordinated strategy towards China at the EU level. This analysis allowed formulation of a few main conclusions. The recent dynamic infl ow of Chinese FDI to the EU (including France) is closely connected with China's measures aimed at reinforcing its position in the global economy. The dynamic and nature of Chinese FDI coming to France and other EU countries, asymmetry in access to markets, the Belt and Road Initiative, changes in the US trade policy and divisions among EU member countries pose challenges to the EU. France is fully committed to creating a common EU strategy towards China and restoring the balance within the EU-China strategic partnership. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main issue of the paper is the analysis of the key factors which affect the development of the Polish language in China. Each of these factors has been discussed in this article against the background of language policy and power of Polish language in mainland China. The author, starting with a review of important concepts on this subject, tries to indicate the factors determining the creation of new Polish studies faculties and Polish studies centres in mainland China. Political and economic factors, the task-oriented approach of Chinese institutions in combination with a far-reaching profit planning strategy, factors related to regional cooperation between Poland and China, as well as sentimental and historical ones are considered to be the most significant aspects. The author tries to find a common denominator for the actions of Polish public diplomacy and often arbitrary decisions of the Chinese authorities in promoting Polish language in China. He points out some challenges and threats related to the dynamic development of Polish in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Polish Sexology / Seksuologia Polska is the property of VM Medica-VM Group (Via Medica) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ekonomia XXI Wieku is the property of Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny we Wroclawiu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Research Papers of the Wroclaw University of Economics / Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wroclawiu is the property of Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny we Wroclawiu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The paper is an attempt at presenting some problems concerning current situation of the D’rung ethnic minority in the area of Dulongjiang in north-west Yunnan province, China. The primary objective of the research was documentation of the current situation of D’rungs people. The results of the fieldwork became the pretext for the discussion of Chinese “internal colonialism”. D’rungs were recognized by the Chinese authorities as “primitive communist” which, with the help of Communist government should make smooth transition to the next stage, which was a “modern” Chinese communism. Unfortunately in the process, they fell into dependence on the Chinese government. The main markers of their identity: the practice of tattooing, language and beliefs are gradually disappearing. Noticeable is the lack of continuity in the transmission of knowledge and traditions. The progressive decrease in the number of D’rung people raises serious questions about their future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Research Papers of the Wroclaw University of Economics / Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wroclawiu is the property of Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny we Wroclawiu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of International Business & Global Economy is the property of Jagiellonian University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Research Papers of the Wroclaw University of Economics / Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wroclawiu is the property of Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny we Wroclawiu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Zeszyty Teoretyczne Rachunkowości is the property of Stowarzyszenie Ksiegowych w Polsce Rada Naukowa and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The Space Economy means the entire range of actions and exploitation of resources that are of value and use to humans in the course of the exploration, understanding, management, and use of space. The article discusses the economic role of the moon in the context of the race between China and the USA for its resources and for hegemony in space. An expression of China’s growing importance in terms of technological and economic primacy in space is The Space Silk Road, the aim of which is to extend Chinese influence not just on earth. Within the framework of The Space Silk Road, priorities include areas such as quantum communication, robotics, AI, flight, and the promotion of civilian-military cooperation. The BeiDou constellation of satellites is a key aspect of the Space Silk Road. The moon is an important element in The Space Silk Road, as it is to be a point of departure for further space exploration. It also is in itself an element of the space economy because of its raw materials. China plans to establish a research station on the moon by 2030. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article concerns silk clothing fabrics with hand-painted patterns. They were fashionable in eighteenth-century Europe. The original design of these fabrics competed with silk fabrics with woven patterns. Painted silks were produced in China (for the European market) and in Europe. They were more or less in the chinoiserie style. Examples of these fabrics and costumes made of these materials have survived. The article focuses on taffeta with a painted pattern. One of the fabrics is subjected to a deeper analysis in terms of the manufacturing technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims, first, to present means of protecting fashion design offered by intellectual property law in the People's Republic of China. The author briefly discusses the intellectual property law system in China, detailing the instruments that help protect fashion designs. Second, examples show how the protection mechanisms of intellectual property rights are applied in practice. The author also briefly describes the characteristics of the fashion industry as a specific market and the potential threats to it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The contemporary development of science and technology in the field of biomedicine has influenced the development of innovative research tools in modern diagnostics and therapies. Many Asian countries are currently interested in genetic research and biobanks, in response to increasing competitiveness on the global biotechnology market. Establishing of a modern research infrastructure in China, Japan, and South Korea is essential for future research on the etiology of genetic diseases and the development of effective methods of their treatment. Undertaking concerted legislative work is a response to numerous challenges related to the collection, processing, and sharing of biological material and related genetic information. The main problems in the field of genetic research and biobanks are the concept of informed consent, the protection of genetic data, and the commercialization of genetic material. Bio-law in China, Japan, and South Korea is the result of the search for consensus between protecting the fundamental rights of individuals and the freedom of research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

General George Catlett Marshall, a soldier and diplomat, went down in history as the US secretary of state and the author of the famous Marshall Plan. In the years 1945-1947, he conducted a mediation mission in China which ended in a total fiasco. It is usually indicated that the reason for such a catastrophic conclusion was the inability to reach a compromise on the part of the Nationalist and Communist parties. The article points out that the actual goal of the Marshall Mission was to avoid America's political and military entanglement in China. The Truman administration's attention was focused on Europe. Real support for the KMT - which might have changed the outcome of the civil war - was not considered at all. The purpose of Marshall Mission was to provide an excuse to withdraw. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Sino-American trade war has become a symbol of rivalry for leadership in the international system. It also attracts growing attention to the problem of possible change to the regional and global hegemony. The debate with its possible ramifications is clear to academics, the media and political elites. However, it has focused on a limited scope of factors and mostly at the leadership level of, most notably, the United States of America. Considering its complexity, the issue of US policy towards China should be analyzed at various levels. These include the presidents, their collaborators, domestic politics and US strategy, and, finally, the international system as it experiences the relative change of power distribution. The main goal of this article is to analyze the recent US administrations’ strategy towards the People’s Republic of China. This is in the context of changes to the international system, focusing on the relative change of power distribution. The hypothesis driving this article states that the US strategy towards China is a response to the changing relative distribution of power in the regional and global system. It follows that American administrations differ rather in methods than in goals of foreign policy. This text is prepared with reference to the Power Transition Theory of A. Organski and J. Kugler, and the research is based on the US strategic documents’ analysis and statistical analysis of the power distribution in the system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Restitution of cultural goods is a very complicated issue in practice, encountering many problems on its way. Most international conventions, including the 1970 UNESCO Convention and the 1995 UNIDROIT Convention, provide for non-retroactivity of their provisions and a limited time to bring claims for reimbursement. Another problem is the still low number of ratifications of both conventions, especially the one from 1995. Also, the national legislation of many countries still does not contain regulations in this area and appropriate restitution instruments. Once the Chinese government realized the value of its cultural heritage treasures as a source of national and political identity, it began the process of restoring looted cultural assets. This is not an easy task, because a large part of the objects was stolen a long time ago, which directly prevents the application of international legal regimes resulting from conventions on the return of stolen or illegally exported goods. The case of bronze statues from the Yuanming Yuan shows another way to recover looted cultural goods. It is based primarily on the national identity of Chinese society, which treats looted artifacts as an important element of their history and culture. Thanks to private collectors and entrepreneurs who had bought such objects and then donated them to Chinese museums and institutions, it was possible to regain many of the lost cultural goods. The aim of article is to provide a general overview of the People's Republic of China's restitution policy, its methods and effects, using the example of the recovery of Chinese bronze heads stolen from Yuanming Yuan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China is not only a country of cheap production ("Made in China"). China is becoming more and more innovative, as evidenced by its growing position in the annual Global Innovation Index (GII) ranking. Over the past decade, China has become an emerging superpower while the economic position of the United States and the European Union has weakened. The purpose of this article is to answer the question of whether the US innovation supremacy becoming the past. The role of China is growing as a result of departing from "Made in China" and illegally obtained technological solutions in favor of innovation and technologically advanced production "Created in China." Huawei is one of the most innovative companies in the world. The analysis is carried out in the context of the significance of the Thucydides trap in the technological war between the United States and China and the location of changes in the innovativeness of both countries in the aspect of the Kondratiev cycle. Additionally, China may come out stronger from the pandemic that has changed the whole world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article shows the beginnings of forensic medical opinions in China in antiquity and the Middle Ages. The issues of the participation of experts - experts in matters related to the assessment of health and life were discussed. In addition, the length and tradition of Chinese forensic medicine that has developed since the dawn of time is highlighted. For hundreds of years, inspections and forensic examinations were carried out by government officials - not by doctors. Significant changes in this matter were introduced by Song Ci - a doctor and a judge who is considered to be the "father" of forensics around the world. His work, The Washing Away of Wrongs, changed the fate of forensic and medical opinion in the history of China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the importance of market mechanisms and state intervention in the field of regional development policy, in particular on the dominant process of development differentiation. The aim of the article is to verify to what extent market mechanisms are the driving force in China’s regional development policy, and to what extent state intervention is the driving force. It is also important because of the fact that regional policy is an amalgam of the public intervention and presence of market forces, regardless of the country’s political regime. The article identifies the elements that determine the differentiation of regional development due to the operation of market mechanisms and state intervention in China’s regional policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this article is to describe the main directions for developing the global technology and innovation cluster Greater Bay Area (gba) in China. Strengthening productivity and enhancing innovation have become focal points of the country’s next phase of economic growth. Under the conditions of the depleting traditional sources of growth and economic development in China, the initiatives aimed at the development of cluster structures play an important role in improving competitiveness, innovation and innovativeness of the economy. Among them, attention should be paid to the ambitious project to connect the major cities from the southern coast of China with Hong Kong and Macau into a cluster to provide an integrated economic and business centre of modern China. The main research question is: What are the opportunities and challenges in making the cluster concept at the initial stage of development a reality? A descriptive, comparative and analytical method has been used. The analysis has led to a few main conclusions. The gba cluster has a great development potential. Creating a fully integrated region under the conditions of a collision between different legal, administrative systems and currency and business practices is a challenge. In order for a cluster to grow, it is essential to strengthen regional cooperation and to continue efforts to eliminate institutional and legal barriers in the region, to introduce incentives to encourage the establishment and development of cooperation between cluster participants, to provide reliable information and data on changes in the legal sphere and economic forecasts, and to create high quality local relationships to build and strengthen mutual partnership and trust. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Three Seas Initiative brings together countries that share a number of similarities in their economic structure, demography and place in the global and European division of labour. The intensifying rivalry between China and the United States and the transformation within the European Union (EU) create a need for greater regional coordination. A suitable use of the opportunities in the emerging new geopolitical context may contribute to eliminating the main development barriers in the region, as well as escaping from the peripheral position within the global economy. This can be achieved by strengthening economic connections within the region and between regional and non-European markets. This will require funds for significant investment in infrastructure. The Three Seas Initiative has the potential to be a platform not only to coordinate the region’s activities, but also to use the advantages of its geographic location to maintain its position as a driving force for EU development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Gdansk Journal of East Asian Studies / Gdanskie Studia Azji Wschodniej is the property of Jagiellonian University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

At the time of growing economic competition between the superpowers, including the European Union and China, the Central Asia (CA) region, comprising the countries of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan (Kyrgyz Republic), Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, is gaining special importance. In recent years, it is in particular China that has been very active in this region, also due to the implementation of its flagship Belt and Road Initiative. The purpose of the article is: 1) to establish the importance of the EU and China as export markets for goods from the countries of Central Asia, 2) to determine the competitive profiles of CA countries, 3) to identify potential areas of cooperation and/or competition in CA countries' trade relations with the EU and China. The article shows that the international trade competitiveness of CA countries is relatively low and very limited to the structure of their comparative advantages. Yet, being complementary to one another, the comparative advantages possessed by the CA countries and by the EU and China provide grounds to assume that there are objective premises for the development and intensification of mutual trade cooperation, which will be beneficial to each of the parties concerned. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The subject of the article is the security and defence policy of Australia in the 2010s in view of the rapidly growing power of the People's Republic of China. The article analyses issues such as the potential, values, interests and threats of Australia; strategic dimension of Australia's security and defence policy; Australia's cooperation with the United States in the context of the rise of China; and Australia's attitude towards China's assertive actions in the Asia- Pacifi c. The aim of the article is to analyse and evaluate Australia's security and defence policy towards the growing power of China. The main research problem is included in the question of whether Australia adequately and suffi ciently responds to the increasing military potential of the Middle Kingdom. The thesis of the article assumes that while the directions of Australian policy are justifi ed, its scale is insuffi cient. The most important elements in securing interests in the context of China's growing power is increasing its own defence capabilities and deepening multi-faceted cooperation with allies and partners of the Pacifi c region. This must be accompanied by caring for the correctness of relations with China and efforts to reduce tensions between the People's Republic of China and the United States. The article is based on the theory of structural realism of the defensive type. The article uses the method of source text analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Safety & Fire Technology / Bezpieczeństwo i Technika Pożarnicza is the property of Centrum Naukowo-Badawcze Ochrony Przeciwpozarowej and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Harriet Low Hilliard's memories were written in the first half of the 19th century during her four year stay in the Portuguese Macau, on the southern coast of China. She was twenty years old when her aunt Abigail Low and uncle William Henry Low invited her to travel to Macau. It was time when women were not allowed to enter Canton which she visited thanks to the position of her uncle. In her memories, Harriet Low Hilliard describes everyday life of foreigners in Macau, bringing up such subjects as accommodation, food, fashion and customs of Europeans in that small Portuguese colony, as well as customs of the local people working and living in Macau and its suburbs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, „responsibility to protect“ -- international security and human rights norm addressed to the international community -- failure to prevent and stop genocides, war crimes, ethnic cleansing and crimes against humanity has caused remarkable controversy in the international arena. As a permanent member of the UN Security Council, China advocated: „responsible protection“. Ruan Zongze proposed new concept which in his point of view can more authentically reflect the purposes and principles of the UN Charter and the basic norms of international relations, and is more in line with the trend for peace and development. The idea of "responsible protection" is an endeavor made by China in actively participating in the solution of hotspot issues and in building a reasonable new international political order based on Confucianism as an ethical and philosophical system. China shall continue to undertake its due responsibilities in upholding, together with the vast developing countries, the purposes of the UN Charter, and the basic norms governing international relations, but in the same time we have to consider if RP is not just a hybrid of R2P, as well as Brazilian RwP. Both concepts indicate that de lege ferenda governments should contribute to the global promotion of appropriate behavior towards its citizens and the organizations responsible for international peace to critical appraisal of events. In the future, instead of criticizing the theoretical shortcomings of the responsibility to protect international community should effectively seek a diplomatic solution to the tense situations, and seat earlier at the negotiating table. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Russian‑Sino relationships are constantly improving which lead a significant amount of scholars to focus on their cultural similarities. This is true particularly to Russian academicians who try to point out civilizational and cultural closeness between Russia and China as a counterweight to the Western model. Indeed, there are some similarities, like predominance of collectivism over individualism and the need for a strong leadership. Nevertheless, if we take the risk of venturing into deeper space of cultural background and take into account not only political issues but also Russia’s and China’s identity and consciousness, then striking differences appear. On this level we can clearly see that similarities between Russia and China are superficial and they exist only on the surface. On the deeper, cultural level, however, those two “civilizations that became countries” have very little in common. They are – as we said – different civilizations incomparable to each other due to several historical, cultural and social reasons. This thesis leads to a conclusion that a successful cooperation and interaction between Russia and China is possible only on political, tactical issues, but there could be no real “melting pot” between them. This does not mean they are bound to conflict, but it clearly shows the artificiality of their “everlasting friendship”. Political conjunctures are bound to change whereas civilizational factors lasts longer and this explains why Russia and China will never become as close as the try to show. For similarities between them are of tactical, political importance, whereas differences are of strategic, ontological nature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Polish Journal of Sports Medicine / Medycyna Sportowa is the property of Agencja Wydawnicza Medsportpress Sp. z o. o. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)