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The purpose of this article is to present the results of an analysis of the content of strategic documents on national security adopted by the United States and Poland between 2001 and 2020. The choice of the research field was determined by the place these documents occupy in the hierarchy of strategic texts related to state security. Due to the cooperation between both states and the Polish perception of the United States as the most important ally, the research task is to determine whether there is a convergence in the content of strategic documents issued by the Rzeczpospolita in relation to US documents. Furthermore, the paper examines to what extent the links between the two countries are reflected in the form and content of official strategic documents and in the description of threats. The text consists of three parts. The first is theoretical and focuses on describing the hierarchy of strategic documents in both countries. The second section presents a comparative analysis of the formal aspect and, therefore, how documents are adopted in the United States and in Poland. The last part of the article contains the conclusions of the analysis of the threats identified in the documents of both countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The issue of climate change has started to be implemented in official strategic documents of the United States (US) in the first decade of the 21st century. This paper describes briefly the hierarchy of the US national security documents and climate change-related definitions. In the main part it makes an analysis of how climate change-related issues were introduced into the US national security strategic documents by the three 21st century American presidents. The paper comes to a conclusion, that climate change is treated as a national security threat and therefore reflected in a number of the US strategic documents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A model approach to local democracy is proposed through this paper. It also refers to four models of local democracy - representative, hybrid, semi-direct, and direct. Each model is illustrated by an example anchored in one of the European nation states, with special attention payed to the referendum and its role in local decision making. The author formulates the hypothesis that the role of a referendum in American municipal corporations situates them in a model of semi-direct democracy and discusses the constitutional and statutory conditions of the local referendum in American states. The article also analyses the scope of referendum, in reference to the initiating players, issues put to the vote and procedures through several examples. It stresses upon the importance of judicial review. In conclusion, the author refers to the hybrid democracy model that emerges in state politics and juxtaposes it with semi-direct democracy in localities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In December 2013 Devyani Khobragade, deputy consul general of the Consulate General of India in New York, was charged with committing visa fraud and providing false statements in order to obtain a visa for her Indian domestic servant, whom she had paid illegally low wages. She was arrested the next day by agents of the State Department's Diplomatic Security Service and transferred into the custody of the U.S. Marshals Service. There she was subjected to a body‑cavity search and placed in a holding cell with common criminals, before being released on bond later the same day. She had to surrender her passport and was barred from leaving New York. Her arrest and treatment received much public attention, causing angry protests in India, and sparked a full‑scale diplomatic crisis between India and the United States. Indian authorities fully backed the diplomat, demanding an apology from the US State Department, and proceeded to retaliate against American diplomats when she was indicted. The crisis ended in May 2014 when the BJP party won national elections in India. This paper provides an in‑depth analysis of this complex and unusual incident, including its causes and direct consequences for Indo‑American relations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper aims at assessing United States foreign policy during Barack Obama's first term in office. While acknowledging many possible conceptual frameworks, the author uses continuity and change approach. Thus, the following areas are covered: implementation of selected foreign policy decisions, personal dimension, relations with Congress and some projection for future development. Surprisingly, notwithstanding rhetoric of change, it seems to be evident that the United States foreign policy between 2009 and 2012 may be described with considerable amount of continuity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, the authors assesses the scope of the use of artificial intelligence technology in the management of the US federal public finance system in the years 2019-2022, with particular emphasis on public finance control. This assessment is indispensable in answering the question of whether artificial intelligence, which is a relatively new technology, is used in the area in question, and to what extent, and most importantly whether, it enables the US federal administration to control public finances. In order to answer this question, a holistic review was carried out of American law standards from the last decade and government documents that directly regulate the issue of artificial intelligence, including the definition of artificial intelligence adopted for the first time in American law, but also a number of other hard law and soft law standards. Law files that are directly or indirectly related to AI. The above allowed the determination of the scope of the political and legal approach to artificial intelligence in the United States of America, as well as the extraction of many conclusions about the use of artificial intelligence and the challenges facing its development. In the opinion of the author, the added value of this publication is the preliminary answer to the question of whether artificial intelligence can change the paradigm of the essence of managing the public finance system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Zeszyty Teoretyczne Rachunkowości is the property of Stowarzyszenie Ksiegowych w Polsce Rada Naukowa and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Safety & Fire Technology / Bezpieczeństwo i Technika Pożarnicza is the property of Centrum Naukowo-Badawcze Ochrony Przeciwpozarowej and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Zeszyty Teoretyczne Rachunkowości is the property of Stowarzyszenie Ksiegowych w Polsce Rada Naukowa and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Zeszyty Teoretyczne Rachunkowości is the property of Stowarzyszenie Ksiegowych w Polsce Rada Naukowa and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)