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The discovery in 2012 of the complete text of the Commentary on the Gospels, by Fortunatianus of Aquileia, represents a major event in the history of 21st century patrology. Austrian patrologist and philologist Lukas Julius Dorfbauer discovered the anonymous commentary on Matthew’s Gospel in the collections of the Cologne Cathedral Library in Codex 17 (K: Köln, Erzbischofl. Diozesan-und Dombibl. 17, p. IX1/4). Dorfbauer showed that the found commentary, except for the opening pages, dated to the early 4th century, is the Fortunatianus Aquileiensis Commentarii in evangelia, lost for more than 1600 years. In 2013 Dorfbauer announced his discovery, and began work on a critical edition of the text, which he published in CSEL 103 in 2017. Fortunatianus’ commentary was likely written as an exegetical aid for the clergy of Aquileia in the early 4th century. In writing it, the Bishop of Aquileia relied on a lost commentary on the gospels written by Victorinus, Bishop of Poetovium, in the late 3rd century. The commentaries mentioned above are evidence of the successful reception of Origen’s allegorical exegesis in the Western Church in the late 3rd and early 4th centuries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among the various forms of scientific texts, lexicographic and encyclopedic studies as well as the entries and articles published in them deserve attention. They are created by researchers with extensive scientific experience. They contribute to general and special encyclopedias, terminological and linguistic dictionaries, including translation dictionaries, lexicons, etc. Patrists also have achievements in the field of information publications. An example is Rev. Wincenty Myszor, for years associated with the Academy of Catholic Theology in Warsaw (then the Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University) and the Faculty of Theology of the University of Silesia in Katowice. During his scientific career, he initiated or co-created seventeen encyclopedias, dictionaries and lexicons. Based on the analysis of sources and materials stored in the Archdiocesan Archives in Katowice, the work of the patrolologist was characterized, who from the 1970s to the 21st century cooperated with outstanding representatives of Polish and German patrology, coptology, classical philology, theology and philosophy. He left entries and articles on issues close to his research interests in the publications they edited. He also became known as the author and co-author of translation dictionaries of the Coptic language that are still used today. This type of achievements prove the rank of a scientist who, through this type of activity, provides lasting evidence of knowledge and research competence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article contains considerations on the feedback relationship between the school as an educational institution and the local territory (city, town or village) in which the school operates, as well as the impact of the spatial organization of the school and its external environment on the educational process. The reflections are based on the results of the international and interdisciplinary summer school ILS – Innovative Learning Spaces “Schools to be lived,” which took place in the fall of 2022 in Pula, Sardinia, pilot surveys and interviews conducted among Polish teachers and primary school students, as well as the author’s many years of observations. The presence of local cultural, social and natural heritage in school curricula and the influence of the arrangement of school spaces may have a significant impact on the quality of education and its adequacy to the challenges of the 21st century. The article is a preview of the author’s more extensive research and strengthens the pedagogical discourse in the context of the European topic of the local territory as an educational space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is an attempt to present the formal and genetic nominative mechanisms in the new nomenclature of dishes, beverages, and foods in the Polish language. The author adopts a comparative perspective, making the description of these mechanisms in the monograph Studia nad słownictwem kulinarnym we współczesnej polszczyźnie (Studies on the culinary vocabulary in the contemporary Polish language) of 2005 the basis for her review. The contemporary material comes from two online lexicographical sources that are being developed on an ongoing basis. An analysis of the formal and genetic structure of the most recent names of dishes, beverages, and foods with the structure of the analogous lexical and semantic field from almost 20 years ago leads to the conclusion that the nominative mechanisms are characterised by flexible stability, and the predominance of the activity of the word-formation system over the importation of foreign lexemes that is observed currently (in contrast to the early 21st century) results from extralinguistic changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reunified Germany emerged on the map of Europe in 1990. At first, settling an account with the communist Germany proceeded in a simplified way – everything about them seemed evil. Over time, this judgement became less biased and more comprehensive. At the beginning of the 21st century, the “trend for the East”, which was called Ostalgie, prevailed. From that point forward, dealing with their past balances between a sentimental journey to the time of the German Democratic Republic and a harsh assessment of that reality. Until this day, modern Germany constitutes two unequal parts, as the polls confirm. They continue to be divided by a mental barrier — an invisible ‘wall in people’s heads’, and many residents of the new lands still feel foreign in their own country. Their dissatisfaction is consciously and effectively exploited by the populist Alternative for Germany party. How the East German heritage becomes an instrument of political influence is the leading question of this article. The sources, mainly German, consist primarily of subject literature, documents, statistical reports and analysis of public opinion research centres, as well as comments of experts and press. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper shows the dynamics of topical, aesthetical and political changes in the world-known contemporary dance group – Cloud Gate Dance Theatre of Taiwan (Yunmen Wuji), created by Lin Hwai-min in 1973. Those metamorphoses are observed in a broad socio-political and cultural context, in the rapidly changing reality of Taiwan, Mainland China and the whole world at the turn of the 20th and 21st century. Short analyses of the most iconic dance compositions by Lin Hwai-min make it possible to trace the direction of the changes, starting from search for Chinese cultural identity, through the quest for definition of Taiwanese cultural and national identity, gaining the feeling of being rooted in traditional Chinese aesthetics and finally confirming the importance of local Taiwanese tradition as an equally meaningful source of creative inspiration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Research Papers of the Wroclaw University of Economics / Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wroclawiu is the property of Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny we Wroclawiu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The song entitled Dziękujemy Ci Ojcze nasz (We thank Thee, our Father) has its textual origin in an ancient document from the first centuries, entitled Didache tu Kyriu dia ton dodeka apostolon tois ethnesin. The document has the character of church instructions, raising various topics and presenting them in the form of commands and guidelines in moral, legal, ascetic and liturgical matters. In our research, we focused our attention on three points in the Didache (9-10 and 14), which describe the celebration of the Eucharist. It's about thanksgiving to God for the Eucharist, life, faith and eternal life, and a request for the community of the Church and God's help on the way to unity with God for eternity. The text and melody of the analyzed song were written by Fr. Kazimierz Pasionek in the 1960s. The exact date is unknown. Certainly, it happened before 1968, because that year during the solemn Holy Mass on the occasion of the 25th anniversary of the priesthood of Bishop Jerzy Ablewicz, the combined choirs - clerical and cathedral - performed under the direction of the composer himself after Holy Communion Eucharistic Prayer according to the text of the Didache. The presented song is an important example of the implementation of the postulates of Vatican II, i.e. a return to patristic sources, reaching for ancient texts. It was done by Fr. Pasionek and many composers of the 21st century do the same, using texts imbued with the beautiful theology of the Eucharist, christology and ecclesiology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Bohemistyka is the property of Instytut Filologii Slowianskiej Uniwersytetu im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article is devoted to the anthropological "man of feelings" project. This pattern, formed in the 18th century, found its most well-rounded form in Franciszek Karpiński's work. However, it is worth considering how the "man of feelings" project functioned in the late Enlightenment. This kind of perspective may give an opportunity to show "the long duration" of sentimentalism, defined not only as a literary movement but also a set of anthropological attitudes and ideas, playing a crucial role in Polish culture in the first decades of the 21st century. Kazimierz Brodziński's literary legacy is one of the most important examples of this phenomenon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Respectus Philologicus is the property of Vilnius University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Prace Filologiczne. Literaturoznawstwo is the property of University of Warsaw and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Przeglad Sejmowy is the property of Kancelaria Sejmu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Fabrica Litterarum Polono-Italica is the property of Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Slaskiego and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Litteraria Polonica is the property of Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Lodzkiego and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The aim of the article is to present the key aspects of the Church's presence in virtual space and to show the paths which need to be followed in order that the message of the Gospel might reach Internet users more effectively. The result of the analysis is an answer to the question: How the Church can successfully initiate evangelistic ministry among people in virtual space, considering the qualitative requirements of the 21st century? The results of the analysis show that the Church has many possibilities for the propagation of faith in the digital world. However, numerous forms demand constant work on the quality of the message that aims at effective preaching. Internet portals that enjoy great popularity constitute an agora for contemporary Catholics. There are, however, many threats which need to be considered to avoid future mistakes. The Internet as a pulpit requires proclamation of the foundations of faith in ways that are both accessible and rooted in the doctrine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Studia Litteraria Universitatis Iagellonicae is the property of Jagiellonian University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The subject of the article is a pioneering in Poland critical conception of the fantastic developed by highly esteemed prewar author of the fantastic literature, Stefan Grabiński. The crucial, remarkable comments referring to fantastic literature were comprised by Grabiński in his extensive essay entitled On fantastic literature. The dissertation in question was never published in whole, however, to find its issue while his life in merely two short parts of it in press edition. In the first part of the article the archival documents were used (mainly the letters) which enabled the reconstruction of puzzling history of the manuscript of said essay now probably lost forever. In the second part, basing on the published parts of the essay, as well as other critical statements of the Polish writer, the main aspects of Grabiński's theory were discussed. Upon the profound analyses made therefrom it appeares that Grabiński perceived and gave the fantastic genre a unique meaning and value, notably owing to its specific privileged language exposing metaphysical expression of the Mystery. The writer managed to depict in accurate, innovative and convincing way the character of fantastic literature, both in terms of historical and anthropological origin of this kind of literary creativity, and its aesthetics, social and philosophical attributes what makes these researchers innovative and even anticipative with reference to the corresponding studies of postwar literature theoreticians of fantastic genre (e.g. L. Vax, R. Caillois, T. Todorov). Discursive statements on the issue of fantastic literature of Grabiński are further related to much wider phenomenon which was focused on developing critical analysis of fantastic literature in Poland in the first decades of the twentieth century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Zeszyty Teoretyczne Rachunkowości is the property of Stowarzyszenie Ksiegowych w Polsce Rada Naukowa and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article presents a review of English and Polish sources on the translation of song poems, with a special focus on the studies featuring at least basic methodological and theoretical proposals. The selection of sources serves two goals. Firstly, to enable readers interested in researching song translation access to the key texts. Secondly, given the rapidly growing interest in studies on song translation and the institutional recognition of the topic in the last two decades (see the Introduction), the article provides an accessible overview to other readers, interested in a general state of the art in a relatively new subdomain of translation studies. The structure of the article follows two principles. The texts are discussed chronologically, starting with the earliest, short studies looking into song translation (1915-1921), then investigating the developments in academic thinking on the subject in the latter half of the 20th century, and concluding with an overview of the book-length publications and complete theoretical models proliferating in the 21st century. Secondly, the main part of the article follows a comparative approach. Polish sources are discussed in the context of their Anglophone counterparts. The article points to ideas shared by texts published decades apart and those whose authors, surprisingly, did not seem to have read the earlier works. Short summaries of the subsequent sections of the article and its concluding part strive also to shed some light on the position of the aforementioned texts and models within general translation studies. The reviewed sources are shown in the context of their explicit and implicit theoretical assumptions and consequences, such as untranslatability, shifting criteria of equivalence, the semantic dominant, the creative role of the translator, the ambiguous distinctions between translation and adaptation or travesty, and even translational "losses," "semantic fidelity," or instrumentalisation of the subject of translation cum music as a useful metaphor enabling studies in the spirit of New Humanities, outside the paradigms of translation, literary, and linguistic studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Slavica Litteraria is the property of Masaryk University, Faculty of Arts and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article presents a general analysis of the problems concerning education and teacher training in Poland. The aim of the paper is to discuss the main concepts and solutions used in education and teacher training, taking into account continuity and the uniqueness of professional formation and supporting teachers in their development. The author focuses also on the analysis of the process of education and teacher training in the perspective of the development of their professionalism and professional pragmatics. The solutions in teacher training, used in some countries that educate the best teachers in the 21st century, are shown. In this context, recommendations for changes in the process of education and teacher training in our country are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Litteraria Polonica is the property of Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Lodzkiego and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article examines the essential ideas of the theory and practice of New Left politics in the work of the well-known scientist and politician Boris Kagarlitsky. Since he is actively involved in the political life of the New Russian Left, the exposition of theoretical issues is impossible without placing them in the context of the socio-political situation of contemporary Russia. The collapse of the USSR and the socialist bloc revived the ideas of the ‘free market’ and liberalism. Today the liberal capitalist system is in crisis; this does not lead to a renaissance of left-wing forces, though. The forces of the Left at the beginning of the 21st century proved to be completely incapable of offering a coherent political program. Even the obvious resistance of the Left to Neo-Liberalism and its reforms in the social sphere, medicine and education has not become a consolidating factor in the new politics. The article attempts to examine how the New Left in Russia answers the question of what it means to build a society that is qualitatively different from capitalism: what nineteenth-century ideologists called socialism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polarization is a totalizing political tool. While the us versus them division has long fueled political competition, polarization is taking systemic struggle to the next level. Polarization divides the political landscape into two camps, where a compromise can only be found within a given group. The political scene in 21st century Europe is polarized. However, how does this situation affect European values and democratic principles of the rule of law, which protect the stability of democratic systems? Is a polarized state a place where citizens can fully enjoy the benefits of democracy? Can a polarized society reconcile political conflict with democratic values? The article analyzes the phenomenon of political polarization in theoretical terms related to the democratic principles, both classical and those of the contemporary liberal democracies. At the same time, using the example of Poland and other countries, the effects of polarizing actions and their impact on the internal political scene and the social situation are shown. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Przeklady Literatur Slowianskich is the property of Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Slaskiego and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Er(r)go: Teoria, Literatura, Kultura is the property of Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Slaskiego and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Baltico-Slavica is the property of Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Slavic Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this article Piotr Wąsala's aim is to describe the phenomenon of the latest Russian women's cinema against a significant change that started at the beginning of the second decade of 21st century, i.e., a significant increase in thenumber of wo men directors. The phenomenon is characterised by a diversity in movie themes and forms of expressions. Wąsala focuses on numerous aspects that have an impact on directors' works, in particular setting the film plan in the backwoods, the pursuit of authenticity (for example in dialogues), self-sufficiency and the directors themselves, who are regarded as auteurs. Finally, Wąsala analyses a selection of films repre sentative of this phenomenon by focusing on the main themes such as the representation of human individuals, their identity, intimacy and connection with nature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The modern Federal Republic of Germany is a migrant country. It has been de facto from the beginning of its existence, but as a political declaration this statement was adopted only at the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries, when it began to formulate a long-term migration policy – at the central, federal and local level. The case of Berlin is interesting for several reasons – the city as a separate federal state is a compact research object (it has a small space, but a separate administrative structure and a clear identity resulting, inter alia, from past experiences). In addition, a significant percentage of foreigners, migrants and their descendants live in the city today, which forces the authorities of the Bundesland to define their own immigration and integration policy. The phenomenon of migration is also an inherent part of the city’s history, it was an impulse for its development and building its present position. The subject of the article is the influence of the experience of migration on the contemporary identity of the city and the policy of the Bundesland’s authorities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the article is to construct a certain thought experiment using Gabriel Tarde's concept of neo-monadism to rethink the foundations of liberal oikodicy. In this article, liberal oicodicy is understood as the concept of a social order based on the idea of a rational, autonomous individual (homo-oeconomicus) operating in the conditions of economic exchange (Vogl 2015). The recapitulation of the Leibnizian concept of monadism proposed by Tarde in the light of contemporary knowledge and its application to the social world allows us to state that such a model of subjectivity is insufficient to explain many - seemingly irrational - phenomena, such as populist (mass) movements or financial speculations, characteristic of the political economy of the 21st century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is a review of Jolanta Wawrzycka and Erika Mihálycsa's edited volume Retranslating Joyce for the 21st Century (European Joyce Studies 30, Brill/Rodopi, 2021). It discusses a number of core issues raised in the book, starting from the observation that 21st century translations of Joyce's work are by necessity retranslations, and that this necessarily makes them qualitatively different from first translations. The chapters discuss many features of retranslation in the context of Ulysses in particular, ranging from the notion of retranslation hypothesis and comparisons between versions to issues of dealing with many voices and the creativity this requires; the necessity of contextualising the different versions; and the roles of the retranslator, reviser and editor. The review also makes some suggestions for future research on retranslating Joyce. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Friedrich Schleiermacher's philosophic-philological reflection forms the creative foundation of modern translation science. It creates spaces for constructing more and more inspirations in literature and culture through artistic translation also in the 21st century. In his monograph of the German theologian and translator Friedrich Schleiermacher, Piotr de Bończa Bukowski presents Schleiermacher's views on the exceptional importance of disseminating world literature through translation, various aspects of the choice of text and translator, translation thoughts and the requirements Schleiermacher set for literary criticism, and translation criticism in particular. The following article focuses on the concept of the thoughts of the German Romanticist and on the selection of research guideposts in the reading of the Polish comparative translator. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author attempts to revise the description of the processes taking place in Poland in the 1980s from the perspective of today. He addresses this problem from the standpoint of a participant, witness and observer looking backwards. The thesis, which is the basis for the re-evaluation, is the conviction, strengthened over time, that the source of many negative consequences visible recently in the field of artistic and socio-political culture, is a series of consecutive strategical mistakes and malpractices from the 1980s to the second decade of the 21st century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Research Papers of the Wroclaw University of Economics / Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wroclawiu is the property of Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny we Wroclawiu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The aim of the paper is to shed light on a specific current of conversion novels gaining popularity in the most recent literature, written at the beginning of the 21st century. Heretofore such texts used to be compared to the modern novel of ideas or philosophical fiction. However, such identifications are not adequate and precise enough for new texts, exemplified first of all by the novel Elizabeth Costello by J.M. Coetzee. Instead, an attempt is made to reveal the links of this trend to the much older tradition of conversion texts stemming from Hebrew prophetic texts and Greek protreptic writings. Yet, the analyses carried out in the article focus on emphasizing a separate identity of the contemporary texts, which not only adhere to the conventional schemata of conversion texts, but first and foremost problematize the very phenomenon of conversion rhetoric. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Digital skills are an important part of the skills required in the 21st century, enabling users to better utilise information and communication technologies (ICT) in different spheres of life. This article examines the integration of these skills into foreign language teaching. The first part of the article studies the notion of digital skills through initiatives undertaken at the European and the national level as well as the current role of digital technology in the language classroom. The second part of the article focuses on the possible integration of digital skills with the development of productive language skills through active methods (collaborative learning, project-based learning, problem-based learning). The preliminary examination shows that the use of these teaching strategies could possibly ensure the parallel development of language and digital skill. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the first 20 years of the 21st century, the social housing policy in Poland underwent many changes. They resulted from the lack of consistency in this respect and low patience of the ruling parties, which led to profound modifications in the approach to the housing policy practically with every new government. Until the implementation of the National Housing Programme (NHP), the housing policy in Poland was characterised by fragmented solutions, without any comprehensive approach to the issue in question. The aim of the article is to verify the effectiveness of the NHP, especially in terms of its social part, i.e., Mieszkanie Plus [Apartment Plus] package. The programme was described using the framework of theoretical assumptions of the social housing policy and the implementation of this policy in Poland after the year 2000. The author claims that the NHP is the first housing policy in Poland which applies a holistic approach and moves away from the practice of short-term, fragmented solutions. He recommends that those who are in power should exercise patience and refrain from introducing alterations after a very short period from the point of view of investment processes, as the implementation of such a complex housing policy as the NHP is planned for many years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research material in the article covers the period from the earliest gravestones from the fourteenth century to contemporary ones of the twenty-first century. Among iconic motifs taken into account are those which are specific for women’s gravestones, and from texts in inscriptions—those corresponding to artistic motifs. The aims of this study are the following: to distinguish thematic groups, determine the range of iconic motifs used and the chronology and frequency of their occurrence, as well as to juxtapose them with normative content from religious writings of Judaism and with rites and customs. The following conclusions emerge from the research: In the early period (until the fourth quarter of the eighteenth century), there was no differentiation on tombstones between separate motifs ascribed to men (except for the Kohanim and Levites) and separate motifs ascribed to women. Among the common motifs, the bird motif dominated on women’s gravestones, while the crown motif acquired its specific character. In the fourth quarter of the eighteenth century, the motif of a candlestick appeared on women’s gravestones; it spread very quickly and became a visual identification feature. In the nineteenth century, with the introduction of vanitas motifs on gravestones, they began to be used on women’s gravestones. The connection of motifs with the names of the deceased is also noticeable (e.g. Feigl–bird, Rachel–fairy, Royza–rose, or scenes related to biblical namesakes). The contents of women’s epitaphs presented as praise or description of virtues largely concern traditional female duties toward the home, husband, and children. Women’s gravestones contain no attributes or references to the study of Torah and scholarship, or else to activities in the public sphere—to professions, both religious and later secular—which obviously results from the position and role of women in the patriarchal community. Such information does not appear until the interwar period on the tombstones of women from families assimilated into the surrounding culture which is also evidenced by non-traditional tombstone forms and inscriptions in non-Jewish languages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Novels that cover action taking place in the 21st century refer to all kinds of social phenomena, including the ways in which people communicate, which are very different from those popular only 40 years ago. Literary works provide the names of devices (computer, laptop, palmtop, iPhone, iPad, tablet, smartphone), as well as the companies which manufacture them (Dell, Apple, Nokia, Samsung). Novels include the names of computer software (Windows, Word, Excel), social media (Facebook), and internet communicators (Messenger). There are also words that denote the activities performed while using these devices and applications (to log in, to click, to email, to google). The majority of these words originate from English and have international scope. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Up to the middle of the 20th century, big cities, as economic units and communities that were characterized by the very varied professional and social structure of their inhabitants, marked not only administrative borders but also clear linguistic and cultural borders for the traditional monolithic village. After the Second World War, due to various socio-economic processes which resulted in big cities absorbing the surrounding villages, the administrative borders also started to change. Migrations from villages to cities and improved education began the process of blurring cultural and linguistic borders in the 20th century. At the beginning of the 21st century, the phenomenon of linguistic-cultural unification was facilitated by the trend of inhabitants of big cities starting to move to suburban villages. However, the rapid intensification of this phenomenon was mainly influenced by the common availability of the internet. The English language and the American style of culture became the factors that unified the linguistic and cultural differences between Polish cities and villages. The first quarter of the 21st century marked the beginning of the process of blurring not only the cultural differences between the city and the village, but also the virtual borders between Polish culture and the foreign culture of the Western world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Studia Koszalinsko-Kolobrzeskie is the property of Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Szczecinskiego / University of Szczecin Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the first decade of the 2000s, a new wave of "folk inspirations" became visible in the work of Polish designers, which was celebrated by exhibitions, publications, conferences and a special festival. Interestingly, all the Polish-language coverage of these events almost unanimously avoided Polish vocabulary suggesting any connection with "folk" (n.: lud, adj.: ludowy) and used the English-sounding term "etnodizajn" (or "ethnodesign"), which actually did not exist in any official Polish or English dictionary. "Etnodizajn" is definitely not the first case when Polish designers have used the "natural resources" of the "folk art tradition". This article discusses the early 21st century etnodizajn as embedded in the Romantic tradition of understanding the meaning of the folk, pointing at its endurance both in design practices and cultural politics. Following the design strategies of companies and studios linked to etnodizajn, the author presents, on one hand, projects that neatly fit into a century-old strategies of purely formal inspirations, and on the other, those projects that search beyond the beaten track of folk art. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of International Studies: Interdisciplinary Political & Cultural Journal is the property of Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Lodzkiego and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article is part of a publication series devoted to the terminological and historiographic aspects of the Polish campaign of 1939. A completely new approach to this important event is the focus on its presence in historical education of the 20th and 21st century. The Polish Campaign of 1939 has held a special place in the historiographic narrative and school curricula alike. Its depictions - both academic and popular-scientific - have been and still remain compatible with each other. At certain times however - especially during the ideological assault of the 1950s - historical education diverged from historiography, creating an anti-German and pro-Soviet image. After 1989, the narrative of the Polish campaign of 1939 changed significantly and the "forgotten threads" were also introduced. This event still occupies a leading place in the so-called historical policy. It has also been put on a pedestal in historical education of school students, although for a period of several years in the early 21st century it was largely absent due to the limited number of topics from the recent history included in the school curriculum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Przegląd Socjologii Jakościowej is the property of Redakcja Przegladu Socjologii Jakosciowej and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The text focuses on select issues related to the transformation of the family in the first half of the twentieth century, such as: changes regarding marital choices and relationships between spouses, changes in the scope of parental roles and the processes of individualization and individual autonomy in the family. It tries to answer the questions about the dynamics of these processes in different social milieus and to indicate factors that accelerated and delayed them. The analysis of the sources and literature concerning family lives does not allow for an unambiguous assessment of the rapidity and range of changes taking place in families. Nevertheless, it exposes the diversity of models existing in family life and shows that it depends on such elements as social environment, gender, idiosyncratic features of the individual, to the same extent as it does on the rate of change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Zeszyty Teoretyczne Rachunkowości is the property of Stowarzyszenie Ksiegowych w Polsce Rada Naukowa and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Respectus Philologicus is the property of Vilnius University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Peter Behrens is one of the forerunners of twentieth century architecture. He is often referred to as the intellectual father of three modernists: Le Corbusier, Walter Gropius and Ludwig Mies van der Rohe. Each was apprenticed in his studio in Neubabelsberg around 1910. From 1919, Gregor Rosenbauer, a graduate of the University of Arts and Crafts in Frankfurt am Main, was the head of the Behrens studio. In 1922, he directed the construction of Behrens’ Dombauhütte Pavilion in the Deutsche Gewerbeschau in Munich, where the controversial Crucifix by Ludwig Gies was shown (later bought for the Stadtmuseum in Szczecin). Rosenbauer assisted Behrens in 1923 at his Meisterschule für moderne Kunst unter Berücksichtigung der Monumental- und Industriebauten at the Academy of Fine Arts in Vienna. In the same year, despite the excellent reception by Viennese students, he decided to take on the position of director of the Städtische Handwerker- und Kunstgewerbe-Schule in Stettin (now Szczecin). His mission was to implement the reform initiated by Hermann Muthesius. Rosenbauer employed three Bauhaus graduates: Kurt Schwerdtfeger (from 1924), Else Mögelin (from 1927) and Vincent Weber (from 1931). The Vorkurs was led by Johannes Itten (as a visiting professor) for two years, and Mies came with guest lectures. Theoretical subjects were taught by the Stadtmuseum director Walter Riezler – a member of the Werkbund and publisher in chief of its magazine Die Form. Riezler presented the works of Stettin students in the Mostra internazionale delle arti decorative in Monza (1925 and 1927). An expression of appreciation for the reform of Rosenbauer was an article in The Studio dedicated to the school. In 1930, it moved to a functionalist building and changed its name to the Werkschule für gestaltende Arbeit. The most important designs by Rosenbauer in Stettin included: the interiors of the Provinzialmuseum Pommerscher Altertümer, remodelling of the fair pavilions for the exhibition Die Gesundheitspflege as well as houses and interiors for intellectuals and bourgeois: Richard Biesel, Gero Lüth, Wilhelm Léclair, Gerhard Salzweder, Siegfried Platzer. Most were associated with the Stettiner Museumsverein, in which Rosenbauer was on the board. His formal language combined the inspiration of De Stijl with Expressionism and Neues Bauen. The experience gained in Behrens’ studio played a crucial role for his designs. In the second half of the 1930s, Rosenbauer’s constant “love for tradition” was emphasized. Folk arts and crafts did indeed inspire all the leading artists from the Stettin school. The monument to the victims of the First World War in Massow (now Maszewo), designed by Rosenbauer in 1926, became most famous in 1939. It played a major role in propaganda due to the changing situation in global politics. The Szczecin modernists lost their positions after the Nazis came to power, but the new authorities partly continued to use their talents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]