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Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a global disease of the modern age. In 2017, 679 million people had suffered from CKD, and around 1.3 million patients had died from it. CKD is intrinsic to hypertension in two aspects. Firstly, hypertension can damage the kidney creating a hypertensive nephropathy which is one of the most common etiology for chronic kidney disease. Secondly, CKD can be a cause of hypertension due to volume overload, salt retention, sympathetic hyperactivity, endothelial dysfunction, and changes in hormonal systems that regulate blood pressure. The majority of the hypertensive medications are nephrotoxic and their application depends on the level of GFR. The research paper focuses on the main groups of the medications for hypertension, their effects on the functioning of kidneys, and their possible application in hypertension and CKD treatment. What is discussed in the article are the medications that affect the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system such as direct renin inhibitors (DRI), angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB), angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors (ACEI), as well as mineralocorticoid receptor blockers (MRB). Additionally, the paper analyses calcium channel blockers (CCB), diuretics, sympatholitics, beta-blockers, alpha-adrenergic receptor antagonists, and vasodilators. The most commonly used groups of pharmaceuticals are those that affect renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, calcium channel blockers and diuretics; some of which are recent and some invented years back yet still effective in decreasing blood pressure. These medicaments can be combined; however, it depends on the clinical condition of a patient. A variety of therapeutic options makes it possible to apply appropriate treatment for a patient. What the research paper emphasizes is the multiplicity of drug groups that can be used in treatment of these coexisting diseases. Doctors and scientists must continuously expand their knowledge on antihypertensive treatment, and how to appropriately adjust treatment to a patient’s needs.

The year 2019 was a breakthrough in the availability of cannabis herb for Polish patients. Three months after being registered, the first dried hemp preparation hit the market. This fact has created new therapeutic options for patients. It also set new challenges for pharmacists. The imminent interest in the therapeutic use of Cannabis sativa is evidenced by the huge number of papers on the pharmacological properties of cannabis compounds and very numerous clinical trials. The aim of this work was to present practical aspects of the presence of medical cannabis in Polish pharmacies. The year 2019 was a breakthrough in the availability of cannabis herb for Polish patients. Three months after being registered, the first dried hemp preparation hit the market. This fact has created new therapeutic options for patients. It also set new challenges for pharmacists. The imminent interest in the therapeutic use of Cannabis sativa is evidenced by the huge number of papers on the pharmacological properties of cannabis compounds and very numerous clinical trials. The aim of this work was to present practical aspects of the presence of medical cannabis in Polish pharmacies. The year 2019 was a breakthrough in the availability of cannabis herb for Polish patients. Three months after being registered, the first dried hemp preparation hit the market. This fact has created new therapeutic options for patients. It also set new challenges for pharmacists. The imminent interest in the therapeutic use of Cannabis sativa is evidenced by the huge number of papers on the pharmacological properties of cannabis compounds and very numerous clinical trials. The aim of this work was to present practical aspects of the presence of medical cannabis in Polish pharmacies. The year 2019 was a breakthrough in the availability of cannabis herb for Polish patients. Three months after being registered, the first dried hemp preparation hit the market. This fact has created new therapeutic options for patients. It also set new challenges for pharmacists. The imminent interest in the therapeutic use of Cannabis sativa is evidenced by the huge number of papers on the pharmacological properties of cannabis compounds and very numerous clinical trials. The aim of this work was to present practical aspects of the presence of medical cannabis in Polish pharmacies.

Aging is a process, that went off inevitable and it is associated with the accumulation of macromolecular damage, genomic instability, and loss of heterochromatin. All these changes conduct to deterioration function of stem cells and reducing the ability to regenerate tissues. Current views on the structure and function of the cell nucleus in a normal or pathological cell are focused on the nuclear envelope, and especially on the lamins located in the inner nuclear membrane. The main component of the nuclear lamina is lamins belonging to intermediate filaments. Disorders of their functions, as a result of mutations, have serious health consequences, including leading to premature aging. It was found that the abnormal shape of the cell nucleus is a hallmark of laminopathy. These diseases are relatively rare and include HGSP progeria syndrome, congenital muscular dystrophy, dilated cardiomyopathy (congestive cardiomyopathy, hyperaemic cardiomyopathy), restrictive dermopathy, and familial partial lipodystrophy. An expression of the indispensable role of laminae in many fundamental cellular processes is the fact that defects in these proteins very often underlie a variety of disease states, collectively known as laminopathies. Progeroid syndromes are hereditary diseases with clinical signs similar to aging but prematurely. The well-known disorders of accelerated aging include, among others, Parkinson’s disease or Alzheimer’s disease. Because premature aging syndromes (progeroid syndromes), including progeria, mimic many of the hallmarks of human aging, research into these conditions has proven to be very useful not only for identifying underlying causal mechanisms and identifying treatments for these pathologies but also for studying aging physiological. The subject appears to be perspective and development. This paper is an introduction to the considerations and the aim of this study is to present the role of laminopathy in premature aging processes and paying attention to molecular models of laminopathy.

At the beginning of 2020, the latest updated European Position Paper on Rhinosinusitis and Nasal Polyps (abbreviation: EPOS 2020) was published under the auspices of the European Society of Rhinology. EPOS 2020 presents updated guidelines based on the highest quality scientific evidence, resulted from the analysis of updated, evidence-based reports of EBM (Evidence Based Medicine) from the last eight years, including and addressing such areas as diagnostics and treatment of chronic sinusitis in the pediatric population or sinus surgery. In the treatment process the new EPOS 2020 guidelines involve not only the physicians themselves, but also the new concerned who have been more involved in the treatment of rhinitis and para nasal sinusitis since the publication of the last EPOS document and guidelines in 2012. This includes, among others, pharmacists, nurses, care providers and, in fact, patients themselves, who are using more and more self-control over their condition, correctly applying prescription treatment as well as over the counter (abbreviation: OTC) treatment. The guidelines also outline further research directions in the area of para nasal sinusitis. What is more, in comparison to the guidelines from 2012 (EPOS 2012), they change the treatment regimen at the initial stage, placing the patient and the pharmacist first, and then, when the first stage of self-treatment fails, successively family doctors, internists and paediatricians (primary care physicians), followed by consultation with a specialist otorhinolaryngologist (with possible hospitalisation) as the last, third stage in the treatment regimen. According to the data published in the PGEU report (full name: Pharmacetical Group of the European Union) in 2018, 58% of Europeans are able to reach the nearest pharmacy within 5 minutes, and 98% of European residents within no more than half an hour, what makes pharmacists the most accessible group of professionals in the primary health care system.