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The evolution of relationships between parents and children under Polish legal system Katarzyna Kami��ska in the paper The evolution of relationships between parents and children under Polish legal system provides some remarks on the child���s right to maintain personal relationships and direct contact with both parents and its protection in Polish family law. The Author discusses an outdated view of equality where the mother is to take the main responsibility for the children instead of both parents sharing the responsibility. The paper focuses on presenting the academic and practical issues connected with caring for children after parental separation. In a perspective of eradication of gender discrimination, the parental authority should be equally shared by two parents. The Author analyses the child���s right to both parents, among other things, in the Polish Constitution (1997), Polish Family and Guardianship Code (1964) and Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989), and also indicates an important role of a children���s ombudsman. It points to crucial role of the child welfare. Although under Polish law, there are no clear legal regulations concerning joint custody in Poland, there is no doubt that family courts in Poland may issue their decision allowing such solution. This institution has not been regulated expressis verbis in the Polish family law yet. However, current provisions do not preclude de lege lata such a manner of exercise of parental authority. Among the judgments where the exercise of parental authority was awarded to both parents, there is an increasing number of those, where joint physical custody over a child is adjudicated. In foreign legal systems, the rule is to maintain parental authority of both parents in divorce rulings. Exception is awarding the exercise of parental authority to one of the parents, restricting the parental authority of the second parent to specific rights and duties in relation to the child. This corresponds to stronger and stronger belief at the international forum that such an arrangement is the most appropriate for the best interest of the child.

The evolution of relationships between parents and children under Polish legal system Katarzyna Kamińska in the paper The evolution of relationships between parents and children under Polish legal system provides some remarks on the child’s right to maintain personal relationships and direct contact with both parents and its protection in Polish family law. The Author discusses an outdated view of equality where the mother is to take the main responsibility for the children instead of both parents sharing the responsibility. The paper focuses on presenting the academic and practical issues connected with caring for children after parental separation. In a perspective of eradication of gender discrimination, the parental authority should be equally shared by two parents. The Author analyses the child’s right to both parents, among other things, in the Polish Constitution (1997), Polish Family and Guardianship Code (1964) and Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989), and also indicates an important role of a children’s ombudsman. It points to crucial role of the child welfare. Although under Polish law, there are no clear legal regulations concerning joint custody in Poland, there is no doubt that family courts in Poland may issue their decision allowing such solution. This institution has not been regulated expressis verbis in the Polish family law yet. However, current provisions do not preclude de lege lata such a manner of exercise of parental authority. Among the judgments where the exercise of parental authority was awarded to both parents, there is an increasing number of those, where joint physical custody over a child is adjudicated. In foreign legal systems, the rule is to maintain parental authority of both parents in divorce rulings. Exception is awarding the exercise of parental authority to one of the parents, restricting the parental authority of the second parent to specific rights and duties in relation to the child. This corresponds to stronger and stronger belief at the international forum that such an arrangement is the most appropriate for the best interest of the child.

The aim of the following paper is to analyse and assess the general rules of law concerning the child’s consent to the delivery of health services in Poland, Finland and the United Kingdom. Firstly, general Polish rules which apply to the topics of the substitutionary, dual, and own consent are presented. In the meantime, the rare judgments connected with the subjects are discussed. Next, the analysis focuses on the child consent’s regulations from Finland and the United Kingdom. The ending part of the paper concentrates on the assessment of the Polish regulations as well as includes the proposal of the possible legislation changes.

Foreign in the kitchen. Food as a way to implement “familiar–foreign” and “patrician–plebeian” oppositions in Russian culture till 19th centuryThe paper addresses the problem of eating habits as an identification code which defines affiliation to a particular community or a social layer. Till 17th century there was no distinction between aristocratic and plebeian dishes in Old Russian cuisine. 17th century brought differentiation between the diet of aristocracy and lower layers of society. During the reign of Peter the Great selection of dishes as well as the way of their preparation and eating became an identification code denoting belonging to the Western aristocratic culture. At the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries the division into aristocratic and plebeian kitchen was established. The changes in Russian cuisine were also related to attitude toward the foreign influences and often were politically motivated. Literary source used in the paper is represented mostly by fragments of the works by Russian writers such as Nikolai Gogol, Ivan Goncharov and Leo Tolstoy. Чужие на кухне. Еда как способ реализации оппозиции «свое–чужое» и «аристократическое–плебейское» в русской культуре до XIX столетияВ настоящей статье еда рассматривается как идентификационный код, определяющий принадлежность к данному общественному слою или группе. В древнерусской кухне не наблюдалось существенной разницы между плебейскими и аристократическими блюдами. Разница стала замечаться лишь только в XVIII столетии при Петре I, когда подбор блюд, способ их приготовления и способ приема пищи стали кодами, посредством которых определялась принадлежность к западной аристократической культуре. Это строгое разделение на «аристократическое» и «плебейское» в русской кухне упрочилось на рубеже XVIII и XIX столетий. Описываемые в статье перемены в русской кухне были связаны с отношением русских к чужим влияниям и довольно часто основывались на политических началах. В качестве иллюстративного литературного материала в статье использованы фрагменты романов Николая Гоголя, Ивана Гончарова и Льва Толстого.

Libertarianism and the Theory of Personal Identity. Robert Nozick’s Closest Continuer Theory as a Background Theory of the Principle of Self‑Ownership The research problem of the present paper is the following question: May the closest continuer theory serve as a background theory for the principle of self‑ownership? This issue is a peculiar instance of the more general problem of the anthropological presuppositions of the libertarian political philosophy that can be phrased in a Kantian manner: How is self‑ownership possible?; or in a more detailed way: What sort of entity a human being has to be, if it is possible for him to be a self‑owner? The research thesis that is argued for in the paper says that: 1) the closest continuer theory may not serve as a background theory for a wide principle of self‑ownership since as an example of reductionist theory of personal identity it excludes the possibility of possessing this set of psychological facts which the personal identity is reducible to and possession of which is presupposed by the wide principle of self‑ownership; 2) the closest continuer theory may though serve as a background theory for a narrow principle of self‑ownership since this principle assumes that one can own only scarce resources and psychological facts are not instances thereof.

W niniejszym artykule mowa o wydarzeniach w niektórych państwach świata, które zostały nazwane „rewolucjami”. Publikacja przytacza różne czynniki, które do nich doprowadziły i podejmuje próbę porównania wydarzeń 2005 i 2010 roku w Kirgistanie i krajach arabskich. The paper discusses the events that occurred in certain states which were named ‘revolutions’. The paper refers to the various factors that triggered those events and attempts to compare the events in Kyrgyzstan in 2005 and 2010 to those in the Arab countries.

It is very typical and usual to assume that one has certain competence and skills within their mother tongue. One tends to treat them as natural native qualities developed and established by everyday language usage. The authors of the paper while analyzing most typical errors demonstrate that this assumption is false. They present a partial evaluation of a student team translation project prepared within the course in translation by MA students of German Studies at the Nicolaus Copernicus University. The aim of the student team to be evaluated is the German-into-Polish translation of the book Österreich für Deutsche. Einblicke in ein fremdes Land by Norbert Mappes-Niediek. Although the authors stress that the translation project was the best one carried out by graduate students of the German Studies in the academic year 2011/2012, the project contains a great number of typical translation errors resulting from not satisfactory level of mother tongue competence and skills. The authors distinguish three error categories (morphological, syntactic and semantic), discuss them and give advice as well as suggest reference sources that will help to improve the necessary skills and competence to avoid those types of errors in the future. The paper is addressed not only to students who attend translation courses but to active translators as well. Both groups can profit from presented materials and become aware that their mother tongue competence is not ‘inborn’ and that they still need to improve it to achieve a better quality of their translation products. The authors believe that developing mother tongue competence and skills should be taken into consideration in the process of translator training, as translating into the native language is common and recommended in all institutions of the European Union. Treść artykułu odnosi się w zdecydowanej większości do projektu tłumaczeniowego wykonanego przez studentów dwuletnich studiów drugiego stopnia na kierunku filologia germańska naUMK w Toruniu. Ponieważ autorzy poddają szerszemu omówieniu jedynie wybrane kategorie najczęściej występujących błędów, artykuł stanowi tylko częściową ewaluację przekładu książki Österreich für Deutsche. Einblicke in ein fremdes Land Norberta Mappesa-Niedieka, będącego przedmiotem projektu. Autorzy zauważają, że rodzimym użytkownikom języka polskiego wdrażającym się do pracy tłumacza brakuje często wiedzy i kompetencji językowej w zakresie języka ojczystego, co skutkuje powtarzającymi się błędami. Dlatego też postulują konieczność doskonalenia języka ojczystego przez tłumaczy i adeptów tego zawodu zarówno na etapie kształcenia, jak i pracy zawodowej.

Przedmiotem niniejszej analizy jest przedstawienie zagadnienia przypisów i komentarzy tłumacza w przekładzie. Autorka analizuje parateksty w swoim własnym tłumaczeniu dzieła francuskiego filozofa Pierre’a Hadota zatytułowanego Plotyn albo prostota spojrzenia, podając przykłady zamieszczonych przez siebie komentarzy redakcyjno-technicznych, językowych i merytorycznych. W pracy zaprezentowano także trzy różne stanowiska wobec paratekstów tłumacza, różnice między tekstami literackimi i nieliterackimi, specyfikę tekstu filozoficznego jako przykładu tekstu nieliterackiego oraz krótką prezentację autora rozprawy Pierre’a Hadota i jego dzieła Plotyn albo prostota spojrzenia. The paper focuses on the issue of annotations and translator’s notes in translation. The keynote of the analysis is the question whether it is justified and reasonable for the translator to use paratexts in his or her work. The author is aware of the diversity of opinions concerning the translator’s paratext falling into a threefold classification of the negative approach, which downgrades the significance of annotations and translator’s notes, the moderate approach, which perceives translators’ comments and remarks as a convenient and useful tool in their work, and the positive approach, in which the role of the translator’s paratext is appreciated and valued. The author analyses the paratexts in her own translation of the work by a French philosopher Pierre Hadot titled Plotinus or The Simplicity of Vision providing a whole range of examples of her notes concerning editorial issues and technicalities, language and content. Prior to the analysis proper, the author outlines the differences between literary and non-literary texts from the point of view of translation. Apart from that, the uniqueness of philosophical writings is discussed as an example of a non-literary text. Finally, the paper also includes a short description of the author of the translated text, Pierre Hadot, and his work Plotinus or The Simplicity of Vision. The analysis leads the author to the conclusion that paratexts are an acceptable, and oft en an indispensable part of the translation process as they complement or supplement the original text and assist the reader in understanding it properly. She thus hopes that she did not misuse the translator’s privilege in her own translation.

Autor opisuje w artykule kwestię spuścizny dotyczącej dobrze znanego polskiego historyka i wychowawcy, zmartwychwstańca, o. Waleriana Kalinki (1826– 1886), który był założycielem Polskiej Prowincji Zmartwychwstańców w XIX w. Spuścizna ta jest obecnie umieszczona (przechowywana) w Archiwum Kurii Prowincji Polskiej Zgromadzenia Zmartwychwstania Pańskiego w Krakowie. Główna część kolekcji o. Kalinki znajduje się obecnie w Rzymie, a w Krakowie istnieje tylko cząstkowa kolekcja, która uzupełnia w pewien sposób spuściznę rzymską. Niewielka krakowska spuścizna zawiera nie tylko dzieła autorstwa o. W. Kalinki (jego dorobek), ale także różne teksty na temat o. W. Kalinki, prace innych autorów o nim (rękopisy, maszynopisy, druki, kserokopie) oraz stare fotografie i mapę. Artykuł pokazuje krótko dzieje kolekcji, archiwalną charakterystykę kolekcji, treściową zawartość kolekcji oraz sposoby porządkowania i inwentaryzowania (katalogowania) kolekcji. An author describes in his paper (an article, a study) question legacy (collection) concerning a well-known Polish historian and educator, resurrectionist, father Walerian Kalinka (1826–1886), who was a founder of Polish Province of Resurrectionists in 19th century. Presently, this legacy (collection) is placed (stored) in the Archive of Curia of Polish Province of the Congregation of the Resurrection in Cracow. Now, the main part of rev. Kalinka’s collection there is in Rome, but partial collection exists in Cracow. This Cracow’s one partially complets in some way that collection in Rome. Cracow’s small legacy (collection) contains not only works written by rev. W. Kalinka (his achievements), but mainly also different texts on theme of rev. W. Kalinka, works of another authors about him (manuscripts, typescripts, publications, photocopies) and old photography and a map. This article (this study, this paper) shows shortly history of collection, archival characteristic of collection, register of content of collection and ways of ordering and cataloging (inventory) collection. Inventory for rev. Walerian Kalinka’s legacy (colection) there is in the annex (the addition) to this article (study, paper). Keywords

Autor opisuje w artykule kwestię spuścizny dotyczącej dobrze znanego polskiego filozofa i wychowawcy, zmartwychwstańca, o. prof. dra Stefana Pawlickiego (1839–1916), który był profesorem teologii i filozofii oraz rektorem Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego w Krakowie. Spuścizna ta jest obecnie umieszczona (przechowywana) w Archiwum Kurii Prowincji Polskiej Zgromadzenia Zmartwychwstania Pańskiego w Krakowie. Główna część kolekcji o. Pawlickiego znajduje się obecnie w Bibliotece Jagiellońskiej (w Oddziale Rękopisów) w Krakowie, a w krakowskim Archiwum Kurii Zmartwychwstańców istnieje tylko cząstkowa kolekcja, która minimalnie uzupełnia w pewien sposób spuściznę w Bibliotece Jagiellońskiej. Opisywana tu niewielka spuścizna zawiera nie tylko dzieła autorstwa o. Pawlickiego (jego dorobek), ale także, a może głównie, różne teksty na temat o. prof. S. Pawlickiego, prace innych autorów o nim (rękopisy, maszynopisy, druki, kserokopie) oraz stare fotografie i grafikę Karola Frycza z około 1900 roku. Artykuł pokazuje krótko dzieje kolekcji, archiwalną charakterystykę kolekcji, treściową zawartość kolekcji oraz sposoby porządkowania i inwentaryzowania (katalogowania) kolekcji. Inwentarz spuścizny o. Waleriana Kalinki znajduje się w osobnym artykule. An author describes in his paper (an article, a study) question legacy (collection) concerning a well-known Polish philosopher and educator, resurrectionist, father professor Ph.D. Stefan Pawlicki (1839-1916), who was a professor of theology and philosophy, and a rector at the Jagiellonian University in Cracow. Presently, this legacy (collection) is placed (stored) in the Archive of Curia of Polish Province of Order Resurrection of Jesus Christ in Cracow. Now, the main part of rev. Pawlicki’s collection there is in the Jagiellonian Library (in the Department of Manuscripts), but partial collection exists in the Cracow’s Archive of Curia of Resurrectionist. This one slightly (the minimum) complets in some way that collection in the Jagiellonian Library. Described here, small legacy (small collection) contains not only works written by rev. S. Pawlicki (his achievements), but mainly also different texts on theme of rev. prof. S. Pawlicki, works of another authors about him (manuscripts, typescripts, publications, photocopies) and old photography and one graphics by Karol Frycz around 1900 year. This article (this study, this paper) shows shortly history of collection, archival characteristic of collection, register of content of collection and ways of ordering and cataloging (inventory) collection. Inventory for rev. Stefan pawlicki’s legacy (colection) there is in the annex (the addition) to this article (study, paper).

This paper attempts an overview on the ethical issues of pharmaceutical industry gift-giving in the United States of America. The article shows that law is not the only way in which the relationship between physicians and pharmaceutical industry can be regulated. Most important professional associations of physicians, pharmacists, residents etc. consider industry gifts as a conflict of interest. They created different ethical guidelines for this complicated issue. The paper demonstrates various solutions of ethical matters in the relationship between physicians and pharmaceutical industry by analyzing codes and guidelines of different associations. On the one hand it shows organizations which allow exchanging of gifts of no value. On the other hand it presents associations that forbid physicians accepting even a pen. The article also shows various attitudes of these associations to situations like inviting physicians to dinner, accepting drug samples, taking subsidies from the company to defray the cost of the conference etc. The problem of those relations has been neglected for long time. From society’s point of view it is important for physicians to be informed about the rules and ways that pharmaceutical companies try to influence physicians’ prescription habits.

This paper is dedicated to the analysis of the development of Central European road movies after 2004, with special consideration given to Polish and Czech cinematography. The films which have been discussed are Polish productions Francuski numer (2006, directed by Robert Wichrowski) and Handlarz cudow (2009, directed by Boleslaw Pawica and Jaroslaw Szoda), as well as Czech Rodina je zaklad statu (2011, directed by Robert Sedlacek) and Pusinky (2007, directed by Karin Babinska). Although these films – to a certain extent – follow the fixed paths, we put forward the assumption that at the same time, they use the tools of road movies in an innovative and varied manner, responding to problems, dilemmas and perspectives of Central Europe after 2004.

This paper analyses some specific problems under article 200 § 1 of the Penal Code. The basic aim of my research was to give a relatively clear answer to the question about penalising an offender when he/she is just several years older than his/her victim or when the victim initiates sexual activities. Taking into consideration the decrease of age in which youths begin sexual initiation, it is important to know what the consequences of it in their emotional sphere are. By referring such observations to the problem of child sexual abuse, there is a dissonance between child’s acceptance of incursion in his/her intimacy and legal regulations. Therefore, child sexual abuse is not only a legal problem, but it also has influence on sexuality and the society, morality etc.

Na poziomie ogólnym artykuł stanowi głos w dyskusji o „kryzysie humanistyki”. Z myśli politycznej Sokratesa i Henry’ego Davida Thoreau, odczytywanej przy użyciu kategorii właściwych dla psychologii poznawczej i andragogiki, wydobywam idee, które w moim przekonaniu stanowią wartościowy wkład w program praktycznej edukacji humanistycznej dla współczesnego społeczeństwa obywatelskiego. Namysł nad twórczością obu filozofów pozwala spojrzeć na samo zjawisko, jakim jest społeczeństwo obywatelskie, z perspektywy odmiennej niż tradycyjnie przyjmowana. Punkt wyjścia stanowi dla nich redefinicja pojęcia „obywatelstwo”, utożsamienie go z troską o duszę (świadome życie) uzasadnia zainteresowanie myślicieli określonym zestawem praktyk, które celowi temu służą. W proponowanej przeze mnie interpretacji społeczeństwu obywatelskiemu potrzeba dorosłych, tzn. tych, którzy świadomie: a) potrafią rezygnować; b) doświadczają obcości własnej egzystencji; c) korzystają z wyobraźni i zmysłów; d) nawiązują relację z przeszłością własnej wspólnoty. Wszystkie te wymiary współkształtują humanizm edukacji, tj. uczą nie tylko o świecie, ale i lepszego w nim bycia. Tylko na pozór idee Sokratesa i Thoreau są odległe od klasycznych definicji społeczeństwa obywatelskiego. W istocie to od biegłości w dyspozycjach przewidzianych przez ich edukację humanistyczną dla dorosłych zależy rozwój wartości fundamentalnych dla społeczeństwa obywatelskiego, takich jak: wolność, tolerancja, wspólnota celów, oddolna partycypacja. My paper contributes to an intellectual debate on the ‘crisis in the humanities’. From political thought of Socrates and Henry David Thoreau, read through the lens of cognitive psychology and andragogy, I bring out the ideas that in my opinion constitute a valuable curriculum of humanistic education for contemporary civil society. Both philosophers enable us to look from a different angle at the phenomenon known as civil society. Socrates and Thoreau redefine the concept of c i t i z e n s h i p by identifying it with taking care of the self which explains their interest in a set of practices leading to a goal of conscious life. According to this interpretation civil society needs real a d u l t s defined as the ones who are able to c o n s c i o u s l y: a) resign; b) experience the strangeness of their existence; c) use imagination and senses; d) and relate to the past of their community. All of these dimensions shape the h u m a n i s m of education understood not only as teaching what the world is but how to live it. I argue that the perfection of certain humanistic skills promoted by Socrates and Thoreau contributes to the growth of the core values of civil society, such as: freedom, toleration, community of goals, and participation.

The paper addresses two main issues: the first relates to modern hearing and the phenomenon of a new understanding of sound in the world of modernity, the second — as a consequence — to the repercussions of the auditory experience in the works of representatives of the first avantgarde. The author, following various examples of avant-garde manifestations of “language-noise” (including the works of Filippo Tommaso Marinetti, Luigi Russolo, artists of Cabaret Voltaire in Zurich), points out that they reveal the compulsion to hear, to be in sound-noise. He highlights the special importance of early European avant-garde movements (such as Futurism and Dadaism) in the process of restoring the proper sound potential to language (and literature) and at the same time refers to the new understanding of literature in the context of the modern soundscape. REFERENCES Adorno Theodor W. 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Tax institutions should be construed in a rational manner, in order so as to not restrict economic turnover excessively. The regulations concerning the possibility to resign from the VAT exemption of sales of residential premises by the developer characterizes by the high level of formalism which affects in a negative manner the sales process performed by the developer. This paper is devoted to the fragment of the polish Act on the goods and services tax governing the issue of resignation from the VAT exemption of sales of residential premises, which implies in a certain extent to appeal to the regulation of exemptions stipulated in this Act. The subject matter of this analysis is to examine the correctness of transposition of the Directive 112 into polish legal system in the field of real estate exemptions from VAT, the conditions for exercising the optional exemption, as well as the benefit of the resignation from the VAT exemption by the taxpayer.

Non-occupational work-related diseases refer to health problems of multifactorial etiology, the occurrence, development and prognosis of which may be affected by work environment or by the way the work is performed but are not treated as occupational diseases under the applicable law. When analyzing their impact on labor market, it is necessary to also consider the employees' right to put in a claim for compensation due to the consequences of the occurrence of such diseases. Legal regulations as well as judicial decisions on the possibilities and methods of pursuing claims for compensation from an employer due to the occurrence of non-occupational work-related disease were analyzed. The analyzed legal regulations and judicial decisions referred to the regulations of the Labour Code, Civil Code and Resolution of the Supreme Court of 4 December 1987. The paper presents examples of non-occupational diseases considered to be work-related and conditions necessary to assert a claim by the employee at the court. Despite the lack of precise legal regulations in Poland, non-occupational work-related diseases may impact the legal situation of employees as well as employers. Employees are granted the right to claim for compensation from their employers in accordance with the Civil Code. Depending on the employer's legal responsibility, it is necessary to prove the meeting of the appropriate essential conditions to put in a claim for damage. Raising the employers' awareness of the legal and financial consequences shall support the occupational medicine services in intensifying their activity aimed at preventing all work-related diseases. Med Pr 2018;69(5):539-546.

The purpose of this paper is to analyse the role of bovarysme in Zsigmond Moricz’s novel Az Isten hata mogott (Behind God’s Back). Transtextual relationships between the novel and Gustave Flaubert’s Madame Bovary allow reconstructing Moricz’s original understanding of bovarysme and its place it in the broader, socio-literary context of modernising Hungary at the turn of the 20th century.

The paper aims to present the issue of the consent of the injured person in tort law in the area of sport activity. At the beginning, the current understanding of the injured party's consent in the civil law is presented, along with its detailed characteristic, based on recent judgments and academic literature. The exclusion of unlawfulness is described and analyzed, along with conditions under which such a consent may be successfully expressed.

Przedmiotem artykułu jest analiza różnic w metodach stosowanych przez organizacje pozarządowe i ruchy obywatelskie w celu wpływania na kierunki rozwoju terytorialnego Krakowa. Omówiono sposoby działania podmiotów kształtujących kierunki rozwoju Krakowa w ostatnich latach, na tle teorii cyklu życia organizacji. The paper object is to analyze the diff erences between the methods used by NGOs and civic movements, in order to infl uence the territorial development trends in Cracow. The text discusses methods of those, which shaped the directions of development of Cracow, on the background of the theory of life cycle of the organization.

Cannabinoids represent another therapeutic option in patients with pain. Their legal availability for Polish patients causes acute pain doctors try to gather the most up-to-date information on the location of these drugs in the treatment of pain. The paper fulfills these expectations.

Artykul jest poświecony omowieniu wynagrodzen profesorow pochodzących z Polski wykladających na Uniwersytecie Bolonskim w drugiej polowie XV w. Oparty jest na analizie zachowanych w Archiwum Panstwowym w Bolonii wykazow wynagrodzen wykladowcow bolonskiej wszechnicy (od 1470 r.) oraz zachowanych w tymze archiwum wykazow kar finansowych nakladanych na tych wykladowcow, ktorzy zaniedbywali odbywanie zajec. The paper is devoted to the salaries of professors from Poland lecturing at the University of Bologna in the second half of the 15th century. It is based on the analysis of the registers of salaries of professors of the University of Bologna preserved in the State Archive of Bologna (from 1470) and the lists housed in the same archive of financial penalties imposed on those lecturers, who did not held classes regularly.

The article presents the characteristics of Spanish modernism. The author points to a group of writers known as Generation ’98, whose shared characteristic was their focus on the criticism of the socio-political situation of their country in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. The key representatives of the group are: Miguel de Unamuno, Jose Martinez Ruiz (Azorin), Pio Baroja, Ramiro de Maeztu, and Ramon del Valle-Inclan. The first section of the paper outlines the specific qualities of the literary output and attitudes of the Generation ’98 writers, distinct from modernism as such. The second part focuses on the attitude of thinkers to Spain and Spanishness, as well as intellectual consequences thereof. The final part presents a critique of that trend and its interpretation.

Za lekturę i uwagi do pierwszej wersji tekstu dziękuję Anecie Drabek i Ewie Rozkosz. The article discusses the challenges of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education’s programme in Poland, i.e. the National Programme for the Development of Humanities. It describes the regulations on the basis of which the programme has been conducted in 2015. In accord with the current form of the programme, the paper presents three issues that result from the research policy in Poland: (1) how disciplines in the humanities and in the social sciences can be differentiated, (2) how the output of the Principal Investigator in the humanities can be evaluated, and (3) how the term ‘national’ in the name of programme can be interpreted. The article concludes with a discussion of the consequences of financing research in the form of research projects rather than in the form of scholarships for research. W artykule omówione są wyzwania stojące przed realizacją programu Ministra Nauki i Szkolnictwa Wyższego, czyli Narodowego Programu Rozwoju Humanistyki. Prezentowane zagadnienia odnoszą się do aktualnej edycji realizowanej w 2015 roku. Artykuł prezentuje trzy problematyczne kwestie, które wynikają z polityki naukowej realizowanej w Polsce: (1) sposób odróżniania dyscyplin humanistycznych od dyscyplin z nauk społecznych; (2) sposób oceny dorobku kierownika projektu w naukach humanistycznych oraz (3) interpretowanie terminu „narodowy” w nazwie ministerialnego programu. Zakończenie artykułu omawia konsekwencje polityki naukowej koncentrującej się na finansowaniu projektów a nie na finansowaniu długoletnich badań. Artykuł powstał w ramach prac grupy badawczej Scientometrics. Polish Research Group (http://scientometrics.amu.edu.pl) realizującej projekt pt. „Współczesna polska humanistyka wobec wyzwań naukometrii” finansowany ze środków Narodowego Programu Rozwoju Humanistyki, numer decyzji 0057/NPHR3/H11/82/2014.

The author undertakes a comparative analysis of text of the first speech as Prime Minister by Donald Tusk, on 18 November 2011, as well as by Beata Szydlo, on 18 November 2015. The Prime Minister’s expose is a form of political communication. The aim of the research paper is to examine how the communication theory of the British philosopher of language Paul Grice, in particular how the so-called cooperative principle he developed could be used in evaluating the quality of a political statement and the intentions behind it. The author also refers to so-called implicature and the above-mentioned cooperative principle.

The article discusses the educational, improving and preventive role of creative activities in the activation of the elderly. The considerations are based on results of studies on these activities. The paper analyzes the artistic activities conducted within the framework of occupational therapy in day-time nursing homes (in the city of Poznan). Issues related to artistic activities organized at the Universities of the Third Age and informal education are also included. 39 395 411 22 Studia Edukacyjne

Artykuł wpłynął do redakcji 10.12.2015; po recenzjach zaakceptowany 23.02.2016. In this paper the diversity of defensive behavior of people aged over 60 years was confirmed. The author analyzes the research results with regard to two main aspects of defensive behavior: perception of the socio-spatial threats and subjective risk of victimization. In the study there was observed a significant and positive relationship between the level of insecurity, perceived risk of victimization and the number of taken defensive strategies by residents in the age 60+. There were also concluded that a sense of security and risk of victimization are a consequence of the problems identified in the socio-spatial environment of the elderly, which in turn affects their behavior. Przestrzeń miasta może być źródłem różnych zagrożeń, które oddziałują na poziom poczucia bezpieczeństwa jego mieszkańców. W artykule dokonano analizy różnych aspektów zachowań obronnych mieszkańców, które podejmowane są jako skutek percepcji różnorodnych i zróżnicowanych przestrzennie zagrożeń występujących w Łodzi oraz subiektywnego ryzyka wiktymizacji odczuwanego przez osoby w wieku senioralnym. Zachowania obronne mieszkańców w przestrzeni miasta, są bowiem reakcją na realne bądź percypowane zagrożenia tam występujące.

Wybuch protestów i zamieszek na placu Tahrir w Egipcie wpłynął na aktywny rozwój rozmaitych form literackich prezentowanych przez młode pokolenie Egipcjan będących kluczowym ogniwem niezadowolenia z warunków społeczno-politycznych w 2011 roku. Mimo braku gruntownego przygotowania literackiego charakterystycznego dla znanych pisarzy i poetów, młodzi twórcy w spontaniczny sposób wyrażali swoje myśli i emocje związane z aktualną sytuacją w państwie oraz dążeniami, oczekiwaniami i obawami dotyczącymi przyszłości. Twórczość młodych z placu Tahrir stanowi ponadto szczegółową kronikę wydarzeń Arabskiej wiosny, a także ilustruje panujące nastroje społeczne. The paper concerns young Egyptian poets who sympathized with the Arab Spring in 2011 and expressed their angry and protests against dictatorship in the country. Spontaneous and emotional poems reflected two main factors : glorification of the revolution in the Tahrir Square and strong condemnation of Hosni Mubarak’s regime and its apparatus. However, the impulsive literature of young generation also became a chronicle of current history of Egypt, its society and political and social expectations and demands.

The paper attempts to evaluate awareness of Polish farmers the responsibility for the negative consequences that can cause agricultural production and the ability to counteract this effect. The aim of the study was also the assessment of knowledge of the principles of farming in line with sustainable development. The article presents the opinion of farmers on the responsibility for the consequences of negative externalities in agriculture. It was found that farmers know the rules of the Common Good Agricultural Practice and cross compliance. It can be concluded that farmers are afraid of responsibility for the negative environmental effects.

The aim of the paper is to present the key issues related to communication in the family from a personalistic perspective. A concept of the character proposed by William Stern served as a inspiration. This perspective varies from the previous ones related to the process of communication, analyzing its structure/course or its effect on human functioning. It does not focus on the process itself or the object of the communication process but on the subject of this process: on the characterological maturity of family members, a maturity that, according to Stern, is the basis of their mutual interrelationship, manifested in action. Character will, therefore, be also manifested in a specific form of communication between family members: immature – interactive – or mature – dialogical, personal relationship. Such a perspective may complement the current ones. It may also prove inspiring for specialists working with the family. Celem artykułu jest zaprezentowanie podstawowych zagadnień związanych z komunikacją w rodzinie z perspektywy personalistycznej. Inspiracją stała się koncepcja charakteru Williama Sterna. Jest to perspektywa odmienna od dotychczasowych ujęć procesu komunikacji, analizujących jego strukturę/przebieg lub też jego wpływ na funkcjonowanie człowieka. Nie koncentruje się ona na samym procesie czy przedmiocie procesu komunikacji, lecz na podmiocie tego procesu – na charakterologicznej dojrzałości członków rodziny. Charakter człowieka (zgodnie ze stanowiskiem Sterna) jest podstawą ustosunkowania człowieka do świata, wyrażanego w działaniu. Przyjmujemy, że charakter będzie wyrażał się również w określonej formie komunikacji członków rodziny: niedojrzałej – interakcyjnej lub też w dojrzałej – dialogicznej, osobowej relacji. Taka perspektywa może dopełnić dotychczasowe ujęcia. Może okazać się również inspirująca dla specjalistów pracujących z rodziną.

The modern vision of patient care is the provision of holistic care that takes into the account not only the biological, psychological and social needs, but also those that arise from the cultural and religious differences. Professed religion is a factor that seems to have a strong influence on health behaviors, as well as health-promoting and those which endanger health however much less likely The aim of this article was to familiarize readers of the customs, beliefs and behaviors related to health followers of the Seventh-day Adventist Church (KADS), as well as sensitivity to religiously adequate to help. In this paper we used the method of document analysis, reviewing the literature on the Polish-language lifestyle followers KADS and their many years of experience in the care of Adventists in the Nursing Home "Samaritan" in Bielsko-Biala. In Poland there are about 9,600 followers KADS, the majority of which lives in southern Poland. Among Protestant Christian communities, they stand out in the approach to health, promoting healthy lifestyle in conjunction with certain truths of faith. Seventh-day Adventists are a group of religious characterized by a different lifestyle than Catholics, there are fundamental differences. Differences affecting nursing cover issues: the use of certain therapeutic agents; diet; religious practices to the seriously ill and dying; relation to contraception, abortion, artificial insemination.

Itzhak Katzenelson was a Polish Jew who survived the uprising in the Warsaw Ghetto, to be murdered a year later in Auschwitz. During his internment inVittel, he wrote a requiem for the European Jewry. The paper offers a preliminary analysisof the text and asks the question: what is involved in the feeling that one is the last of a people?

In social psychology, there is little research concerning immunizing against techniques of social influence. The experiment presented in this paper aims to fill this gap. The purpose of this research was to demonstrate that self-affirmation connected with a positive feedback reduces the vulnerability to the "door-in-the-face" technique (reinforced self-affirmation effect). As a result of the presented study, the general effectiveness of the "door-in-the-face" technique was replicated. It was also found that reinforced self-affrmation reduces the efficacy of this technique: the tendency to fulfill the target request among people who underwent the reinforced self-affrmation technique was not greater than in the control group. It was also found that the vulnerability to the "door-in-the-face" technique in the group in which the self-affirmation was followed by a negative feedback did not differ from the control group. In sum, the results obtained support the hypothesis that enhanced self-confidence, caused by the reinforced self-affirmation, reduces the vulnerability to social influence, exerted by the "door-in-the-face" technique.