Search

Notka.

TikTok, a swiftly expanding social media platform, has emerged as a potent catalyst in transforming the realm of visual communication and digital interaction. This paper explores the evolving landscape of TikTok, focusing on its technological advancements, emerging forms of expression, and distinctive features in reshaping visual communication. It delves into the platform’s unique capabilities for audiovisual messages, highlighting its transformative impact on digital culture. Through its unique blend of short-form videos, innovative build-in editing tools, and algorithmic recommendation system, TikTok has democratized content creation and consumption, enabling users worldwide to engage in creative expression and community-building. The aim of this paper is to qualitatively and exploratively delve into the structures of TikTok messages and the forms of visual communication that appear on it. The author employed deep observation and multimodal analysis for this purpose.

The paper attempts to study architecture as an esthetic object with the use of mobile methods. I develop the concept of the flâneur view: an act of perception associated with a casual walk, enriched with reflections on the environment. The aim of the text is to describe the intricacies of the process: what makes the flâneur interested in particular architectural object, how one valorizes it, and what role the esthetics plays in the activity. This research walk was carried out by students in the Rzeszów Downtown. It included observation, taking notes, and photography. For the purpose of the paper, I analyze thirteen journals. The main finding is that students value visual and spatial harmony, and look for it in the cityscape. They are positive toward well-maintained, mostly historical buildings. Nature is also important to them. In their descriptions, they use everyday language and their type of esthetic reception can be named non-professional.

The Venice Charter is central to modern conservation, and foundational for ICOMOS specifically; yet its contemporary relevance is debatable. These and other issues were discussed by ICOMOS in Budapest 20 years ago, in a conference marking the Charter’s 40th anniversary. However, questions remain as to its ongoing significance. As Bogusław Szmygin asked in 2004, does the Charter remain the ‘Decalogue' of the conservation discipline, or has it itself become a ‘Historical Monument’?The Venice Charter as a product of high modernity, with its belief in a definitive break with the past and an overcoming of tradition. The paper assesses the Charter’s ongoing relevance in relation to one pressing issue in contemporary conservation, the limits to the acceptable use of – and change to – historic buildings (Art. 5), and using an example of recent change to an English parish church. The paper argues that the acknowledged need for the interpretation of the Charter requires a hermeneutically literate approach which acknowledges the limits of a scientific/technical reading of any historic monument – the Charter included – and the importance of a dynamic understanding of the living tradition that is conservation. It concludes that the Charter remains a central text for the conservation discipline, which itself is a tradition in good health, and for that very reason its status will continue to be fiercely debated.

The Demoscene is a pioneering digital culture and an art form. Its roots in Poland date back to the mid-1980s. In 2019, the Polish Demosceners, alongside their Finnish and German counterparts in the Art of Coding campaign, embarked on an initiative to advocate for the recognition of the Demoscene by UNESCO. This move highlighted the tension between the inherently decentralised and demarcating nature of the Demoscene and formal requirements of cultural heritage preservation. In this paper, we present a brief overview of the Demoscene, combining personal observations from the UNESCO enlisting process with insights gathered from a supportive study conducted among Demoscene community members. The results of this study are presented in the context of digital preservation challenges in various domains, offering a comparative perspective. The paper concludes with some insights into what information to store alongside the Demoscene productions themselves and outlines potential further work, addressing both current and emerging challenges faced by the Demoscene community.

The paper is a contemplative explication of the walking process. What are the essential features of walking, and how do those who stroll around the city experience walking? We used contemplative research methods and explication of the phenomenon of walking. The research is based on self-observation and self-reporting about the thoughts, body feelings, and emotions that emerge during walks. In the paper, we describe the features of the phenomenon of walking. First, we investigate the minding process generated by walking in the city. Then, we elaborate on the pathic dimension of walking (especially the mood), body feelings (lived body), lived relations, and reflections on life and self that are a consequence of walking.

The present article contains an introduction (describing problems in the study of microhistory and distinguishing groups interested in these types of considerations), the characteristics of interviews and written papers and the conclusions drawn from them. The basis for its creation was the “My Family” Project, consisting of three elements: students’ written papers, a recording of an interview with a family member (preferably a grandmother or grandfather) and a presentation at a conference. The project was carried out in the summer semester of 2022 with second-year B.A. students at the Institute of History of the Jan Kochanowski University in Kielce as part of “The historian’s research methods” classes. Students involved in this initiative also took part in a conference entitled “My Family as an Archival Source” (as part of the “Meetings with an Archival Source” series), which took place on September 28, 2022. A report on this event was written by one of the students participating in the project. The first part of the project consisted of student interviews with family members. Parents and grandparents discussed topics such as the history of their ancestors, the years of German and Soviet occupation, and everyday life. The representatives of the older generation focused on telling about their experience of World War II in small towns of today’s Świętokrzyskie province, while the students’ parents discussed the dull reality of the Polish People’s Republic. The interviews concerning the occupation period were emotional; they show the savagery of the Germans murdering Polish ­civilians and indicate that historians have not yet worked through this issue. Students’ papers deal with the unique history of their ancestors. The topics discussed in them mainly concern the fate of the authors’ great-grandparents and grandparents. The texts describe the realities of Kielce villages during World War II, as well as the hardships of everyday life. The overwhelming majority of the ancestors of the students participating in the project lived in the countryside, having peasant or landowning origins. The article ends with conclusions presented by students during the discussion summarizing the project. Student papers can encourage readers to research their family’s past. Every history student should know the history of their family.

A Case of the Non-Directionality of Language Change: The Strength of Auxiliaries and Pronouns in South and West Slavic This paper discusses the directionality of language change on the basis of Slavic data. Specifically, it addresses the question of whether there exist predefined patterns and diachronic trends that affect words in terms of their prosodic and morphosyntactic strength. The paper investigates two classes of functional elements, auxiliary verbs and pronominal clitics, showing that they have undergone diachronic changes in opposite directions: while auxiliaries have weakened, pronominal forms have become strengthened in some Slavic languages. Bezkierunkowość zmian językowych. Siła czasowników posiłkowych i zaimków osobowych w językach południowo- i zachodniosłowiańskich Artykuł omawia zagadnienie kierunkowości zmian językowych, opierając się na danych z języków słowiańskich. W szczególności artykuł podejmuje kwestię istnienia uniwersalnych trendów i wzorców zmian diachronicznych w języku, takich jak jednorodne osłabienie słów pod względem prozodycznym i morfoskładniowym. Badane są dwa typy wyrazów funkcyjnych: czasowniki posiłkowe i zaimki osobowe. Jak wykazano, formy te podległy zmianom diachronicznym, które nastąpiły w przeciwnych kierunkach: podczas gdy czasowniki posiłkowe uległy prozodycznemu i morfoskładniowemu osłabieniu, w niektórych językach słowiańskich zaimki osobowe uległy wzmocnieniu.

Polish Translations of “The Life of Adam and Eve” as a Research Problem: An Analysis of Translation Strategies This paper presents the results of translatological research into Teresa Dąbek-Wirgowa and Agata Kawecka’s translations of the Old Church Slavonic apocrypha “The Life of Adam and Eve” into modern Polish. The two texts were examined independently of each other, since they do not form a translation series. The translations were compared with the Bulgarian and Old Church Slavonic sources, which made it possible to follow closely how the translators applied the fundamental techniques of translation. Using selected examples, the article discusses the types of translation transformations used, and characterises the dominant elements presented in the translations. Some errors are also pointed out, especially those that change the meaning of the translated text. The final part of the paper contains general conclusions about the translators’ work and indicates possible directions of future research, including further research into anthologies of ancient literature as translations and into the skills exhibited by translators of such literature. Przekłady Słowa o Adamie i Ewie na język polski jako problem badawczy. Analiza strategii tłumaczenia Artykuł prezentuje wyniki badań translatologicznych nad przekładami staro-cerkiewno-słowiańskiego apokryfu Słowo o Adamie i Ewie na współczesny język polski, których autorkami są Teresa Dąbek-Wirgowa i Agata Kawecka. Oba teksty zostały zbadane niezależnie od siebie, ponieważ nie tworzą serii przekładowej. Przekłady zestawiono ze źródłami (bułgarskim oraz staro-cerkiewno-słowiańskim), co umożliwiło dokładne prześledzenie sposobu pracy tłumaczek z podstawami tłumaczenia. W artykule na wybranych przykładach zostały omówione typy transformacji przekładowych wykorzystane przez tłumaczki, a ponadto przedstawiono charakterystykę dominant obecnych w przekładach. Wskazano także nieliczne błędy, w tym przede wszystkim te, które zmieniają sens tłumaczonego tekstu. W podsumowaniu przedstawiono ogólne wnioski dotyczące pracy tłumaczek oraz perspektywy badawcze obejmujące dalsze badania nad antologiami literatury dawnej jako przekładami oraz nad warsztatem tłumaczy tej literatury.

There are a number of thoughtful analyses on how the World Heritage Convention has progressed, notably by Jukka Jokelhito, and by Christina Cameron and Mechtild Rössler. They explain the principles on which the World Heritage Convention was based. It concerns the common heritage of the world’s most significant places – we would all be poorer if we lost them. This paper concerns the ideas we adopt in our dealings on landscape. The subject of cultural landscapes has been a latecomer in World Heritage terms. It is not a closely defined subject like, say, ecclesiastical architecture, and it has connections to many other subjects. Adjacent to many, it is defined by none. It still occupies a slightly detached column at the edge of the world heritage spreadsheet. It is not this paper’s intention to claim that the cultural landscapes community has been the initiator of fundamental ideas, but it has been touched by many from within and outside the World Heritage system, and in some cases has been instrumental in bringing about fresh thinking and change.

This paper considers some aspects of the way historic public space is understood in England, drawing on a selection of relevant guidance and research published by Historic England. This builds a picture of how public spaces are dealt with in official heritage publications in England, and how this relates to international discussion, particularly the Historic Urban Landscape (HUL) approach. This is followed by some reflections on figure-ground mapping, which leads to a brief discussion of the “Townscape” campaign of The Architectural Review. The paper concludes with reflections on the implications for conservation arising from broader perception of city as cultural landscape.

The paper tackles the phenomenon of a protest organized by parents, care providers, persons with disabilities, and supporters in the building of the Polish Parliament in 2018. It was held for 42 days and supported regular protests organized in front of the building as well as, occasionally, in several Polish cities. It was the second nationwide protest by the movement of parents of people with disabilities in the Polish Parliament, and the first one took place in 2014. The article also refers to those events. The paper aims at presenting and discussing the protest phenomenon in 2018 at two levels. At the micro-level, we reconstruct the protest’s meaning for its participants and supporters. Here, we present individual motivations, attitudes toward the protest, and the subjective perception of the whole action, as well as its place in the participants’ and supporters’ lives. At the second level (collective), we locate the protest among other activities carried out by formal and informal groups and organizations of people with disabilities, or acting on their behalf. We also identify gains and losses of the protest, especially from the subjective perspective of the participants.

This paper introduces unconventional forms and technology of digital communication, which guerilla and ambient marketing communication utilize to implement strategies of communi-cation with clients. It presents specifics of the mentioned types of communication, pointing out creativity and its remarkable unique attributes (originality, the element of surprise, effectivity and others). In our selection of 300 respondents, differences in subjective perception of attributes were identified in ambient marketing communication and in classical creative form of marketing communication. Our paper characterizes strategies and visual techniques used in them, and new technologies implementing the element of surprise for creation of positive emotions. With the use of selected examples, we illustrate possibilities for digital communication with implemented communication strategies. At the end, we offer our own synthesized scheme of creativity levels in marketing communication addressing the special importance of creativity, with a regard to the new technologies and with an investigative approach towards the ambient and guerilla marketing communications using these new technologies at the set levels.

The paper is intended to show a system of institutional care for people with intellectual disabilities, which is characterized by a kind of ambivalence. The whole disquisition is based on two fundamental and dichotomous categories: control and subordination versus autonomy and independence. Each of these categories is connected with one of two perspectives within which a residential care facility can be captured. The first one arises from Goffman’s vision of a total institution, where a unit is presented as an objectified subject of other people’s actions, revealing a situation of isolation and personal dependence. The second perspective presents a model of relationships between the personnel and their charges; it is characterized by an individualistic approach toward the needs of people with disabilities regarding their right to autonomy and self-determination. The confrontation between these two perspectives and areas of issues is discussed in this paper.

Desanka Maksimović’s Engaged Medical Novel The Open Window (1954): Tuberculosis as a Social(ist) Issue The Open Window (1954) is a novel written by the critically acclaimed and renowned poet Desanka Maksimović and continues in the same vein as her pre-war socially engaged short stories. It shows a possible new form of engagement not only in the author’s own work but also in Yugoslav literature in general. The initial hypothesis of this paper is that Maksimović – by intentionally choosing the genre of thethesis novel, and by shaping (consciously or unconsciously) the genre ofder Arztroman or the medical novel – takes part in a tradition of popular genres which hybridizes enlightenment with entertainment. The aims of this paper are a) to define the given genres and place The Open Window within the traditions mentioned above; b) to define and analyze the novel’s representation of tuberculosis; c) to explain how the author placed the subject of this contagious disease and its epidemic spread throughout the Kingdom of Yugoslavia into the frame of the debate between conservative and emancipatory social movements. Zaangażowana powieść medyczna Desanki Maksimović Otwarte okno (1954). Gruźlica jako problem socjal(istycz)ny Otwarte okno (1954) to powieść cenionej przez krytykę poetki Desanki Maksimović, która wpisuje się w nurt pisanych przez nią przed wojną zaangażowanych społecznie opowiadań. Powieść wyznacza nie tylko nowy kierunek zaangażowania autorki w obrębie jej własnej twórczości, lecz także w literaturze jugosłowiańskiej w ogóle. Wstępna hipoteza artykułu jest taka, że Maksimović – wybierając gatunek powieści z tezą i (świadomie lub nie) kształtując gatunek der Arztroman czy też powieści medycznej – wpisuje się w tradycję gatunków popularnych, które łączą naukę z rozrywką. Celem artykułu jest: a) zdefiniowanie danych gatunków i umiejscowienie Otwartego okna w ramach wymienionych tradycji; b) zdefiniowanie i przeanalizowanie obrazu gruźlicy w powieści; c) wyjaśnienie, w jaki sposób autorka wpisała temat tej zakaźnej choroby i jej epidemii w Królestwie Jugosławii w ramy debaty między konserwatywnymi i emancypacyjnymi ruchami społecznymi.

This paper will discuss the Wiindigo, a cannibalistic character among some Indigenous peoples of North America. Illustrated through the Anishinaabeg and Oji-Cree, two Algonquin-speaking Indigenous groups, the Wiindigo serves as a personification of fear and hunger, and alludes to the cultural heritage elements of the boreal forest food system as well as the differing legal systems in Canada. In examining the Wiindigo from the Indigenous cultural and historical perspectives related to the author by several knowledge-holders, as well as from EuroCanadian popular culture representations, the paper illustrates the importance of the Wiindigo to Anishinaabe and Oji-Cree world views, customary governance, and contemporary lived experience.

This paper examines the impact of sacrificing queerness when adapting comics into films, which cater to wider audiences – specifically, queer elision in Ryan Coogler’s Black Panther (2018) and illusions of queerness in Patty Jenkins’ Wonder Woman (2017). The difference between elision and illusion is crucial, and so approached using different analytical modes. Black Panther’s analysis is rooted in the production process, exploring how/why queerness is erased by drawing comparisons to the explicit queerness of Ta-Nehisi Coates and Roxanne Gay’s comics. The analysis of Wonder Woman focuses on in-depth textual analysis of both Greg Rucka’s comics and Jenkins’s film to illustrate how queer illusions functions across media. Despite these films being hailed as progressive, this paper illuminates how motivations to hide queerness when moving to wider audiences are rooted in homophobia and protecting profit margins.

The aim of this paper is to discuss the pragmatic approach to studying artistic evaluation. The paper engages with recent literature and examines current trends in research on amateur and expert artistic judgement, arguing that the pragmatic scholarship has much to offer to the sociology of art and culture. It demonstrates the growth of qualitative research inspired by interpretivist approaches and symbolic interactionism, highlighting the main areas of researchers’ interest, such as (1) (Social) interaction between evaluators and artistic objects, or (2) Pragmatic rules and the situational character of artistic evaluation. This paper also identifies research gaps and provides directions for future research.

The paper describes a project conducted by a group of architecture students at the Cracow University of Technology. The research problem focused on common spaces in the learning environment, employing the theoretical framework of the sociology of architecture and the participatory design methodology. The project aimed to propose current design model solutions for inclusive and universally-accessible student places, reflecting on the initial studies and the design workshop experiences. The socio-spatial patterns proposed in this study were inspired by the concept of a pattern language developed by the team led by Christopher Alexander in the 1970s. In contrast to the original patterns, the new proposals for patterns of common student spaces are not statements, but questions. The answers to these questions involve different relationships between individuals (users) and the built environment, including those connecting users to the architectural work, the natural environment, other individuals, or user groups.

In this article I analyze the actions of the Interdisciplinary Creative Research Center “Pracownia” using the author’s art-based research typology of six moves: downward (two types), upward, inward, along, and across. The paper considers culture animation/community arts to be practices of researching oneself and the world through art. I explain this via the example of “Pracownia” and select one photo of their actions from the years 1978–1981 in order to present every point of the typology. The research aims to fill in the gaps in the history of Polish community arts/culture animation, whilst providing analytical tools for social scientists and practical guidelines for culture animators/community artists.

The paper attempts to answer the question about the conditions for the implementation of regionalist ideas within the Jewish community across Polish territories, especially in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The author identifies internal variations within this community, delineating diverse stances towards local character and varied circumstances surrounding the practice of regionalist endeavours. The text presents statements (declarations) made by Diaspora representatives, testifying to their attachment to the land (place) of their birth, as well as activities that can be regarded as an emanation of such a relationship. Furthermore, the profiles of several enthusiasts with Jewish roots, pursuing their regional interests in various places in the Republic of Poland and at different moments in its history, are presented. The categories of nostalgia, sentiment, establishing roots, and the concept of a “little homeland” are also highlighted.

Film is a medium which reaches viewers strongly. Besides its entertainment function, it has influence on shaping attitudes. However, it is a work of art and has its own principles. It is important to maintain moderation in presenting content, so that it is close to reality and does not harm anyone. The paper concentrates on the audio-visual work by James Mangold, Girl, Interrupted. It is known to wide audience, therefore it is worth considering the content which it conveys. The paper presents the results of the author’s analysis based on available literature.

The paper focuses on the ways of shaping social awareness concerning the problem of obesity through film media. The author analyses different options of interacting within two narrative trends – a feature film and a documentary. The purpose of the text is to show varied ways of showing obesity in film. The presentation included in the paper focuses on the following perspectives: obesity as a sign of disability to care about one’s own health, obesity as a tool of social stigma, obesity as a factor determining social experience. The subject of analysis are three films: Super Size Me by Morgan Spurlock, Gordos by Daniel Sánchez Arévalo and Paradise: Hope by Ulrich Seidl.

The main purpose of this paper is to determine the most frequently used propaganda forms of expression in the film Triumph of the Will by Leni Riefenstahl. This research target may be presented in the form of the following questions: Which propaganda forms of expression have been used in the film? Which symbols have been used to convey the message in Leni Riefenstahl’s film? The answers to these questions will be interpreted in the context of Stewart M. Hoover’s theory “from medium to meaning.” Its author paid attention to the essential question: To what extent do media convey meaning? To what extent do they give meaning to a phenomenon? Analogically, a question may be asked, with reference to Riefenstahl’s film: to what extent her film might have given meaning to the Nazi propaganda? What was the role of cinema in Adolf Hitler’s policy and in popularising his views? The article is a review paper. Its indirect goal is to draw attention to the transfer of meaning in audiovisual communication.

The purpose of the paper is to present the main methodological paradigms and problems in research into mediatization of everyday life, as well as determining the methodological niche concerning the studies on demediatization, especially of this sphere of life. The paper begins with defining mediatization and presenting the main research paradigms. The following part concentrates on locating the discussed issues in the sphere of studies on mediatization of everyday life. The next part focuses on demedatization as a real phenomenon and an under-researched field. The final section of the paper contains the analysis of the main challenges related to the discussed studies on everyday life.

The paper concentrates on a comparative interpretation of two films which are classified by their authors as melodramas. The first one is Michael Haneke’s Love and the second one is The Notebook by Nick Cassavetes. The films selected for this analysis represent two different attitudes to disease. Haneke creates a moving image of dying, which is associated not only with physical death, but also the death of human dignity. Cassavetes focuses on a story before the disease of the main heroine, while her affliction is treated as a complement to the happy life, rather than a leading motif. The purpose of the paper is to compare the films from different perspectives: media and genological, as well as to answer the question why directors from various cultures perceive the topic of disease as a film theme in such distinct ways.

The principles of the Venice Charter are still invoked worldwide as a crucial reference point in discussions and practices related to heritage preservation. However, the Charter’s lack of clarity in defining stakeholders and procedural steps raises significant issues about who has the authority to determine the appropriateness of new functions for monuments. This deficiency can lead to decision-making that might not fully consider the diverse cultural values and historical significance of the sites, potentially resulting in conservation outcomes that are more economically than socially driven. This paper examines how national and international conservation policies have expanded upon the Venice Charter to address social participation and the concept of "socially useful purposes" in World Heritage site management. Focusing on Germany and Poland World Heritage cities, the study explores how national and international guidelines have expanded upon the Venice Charter to incorporate social participation and the concept of "socially useful purposes" in the management of World Heritage sites. It delves into the role of Site Management Plans as dynamic documents that have evolved from strict preservation frameworks to policies encompassing social participation, thereby enhancing community engagement and meeting a broader spectrum of conservation needs and stakeholder interests.

The Venice Charter of 1964 has been the benchmark for tenets governing architectural conservation and set forth pivotal principles that shaped conservation practices for decades. However, conceived during a time when heritage was primarily associated with physical monuments, the landscape of cultural heritage has transformed significantly since then, encompassing immaterial aspects, democratisation of heritage values, and diverse sustainability considerations. This research aims at exploring the strengths, limitations, and adaptability of the Venice Charter in light of evolving perspectives on heritage. The paper delves into the charter's historical context, asking whether it remains a guiding beacon or a potential hindrance. A key focus of the research is the examination of obstacles associated with the conservation of younger heritage in the face of contemporary challenges posed by sustainability imperatives. The inherent complexities of managing heritage structures marked by ongoing developmental histories and changes are explored with an example of industrial heritage dealing with the concept of ‘living heritage’. In the context of a future where resource responsibility and reuse are paramount matters, firm definitions of original substance as defined in the Venice Charter, as well as a static perception of conservation, may pose challenges, particularly for unintentional monuments situated in complex environments or marked by evolving narratives through time. Marking the 60th anniversary of the Venice Charter, this research sheds light on the charter’s legacy and its validity in the contemporary landscape of heritage protection as well as the future role of the monuments in our ever-changing societal context.

In the 60 years since its adoption, the Venice Charter has become a foremost point of reference in the conservation agenda of numerous countries around the globe, especially in Europe. The celebrated document’s relation with Greece in particular started upon its very conception; one of the contributors to its compilation came from Greece, namely architect Efstathios Stikas. Yet despite this early connection, the charter’s influence in Greek conservation matters was initially minimal, and only after 1974, became substantial. Based on bibliographic and archival research, coupled with personal experience from related duties, the present paper seeks to review and appraise the development of the usefulness of the charter in the Greek context, with emphasis on its post-1974 contribution in four major fields of related action: legislation, judicial affairs, specialized education, and conservation and restoration works. This assessment provides the basis for a conclusive remark as to the acclaimed document’s culminating function, along with proposals for an optimization of its future contribution.

The article aims to identify threats to intangible cultural heritage generated by the media, which can be used to develop recommendations for a code of ethics for journalists and other individuals working with intangible cultural heritage in the media field. The media is one of the factors potentially threatening intangible cultural heritage as identified in UNESCO documents and research papers. Threats to intangible cultural heritage generated by the media can be categorised into three groups with regard to the subject responsible: 1) threats caused by the inappropriate behaviour of the producers of media materials; 2) threats resulting from the content of media messages; 3) threats resulting from media promotion. The examples analysed are media messages describing annual rituals. The present work offers not only the perspective of a researcher, but also that of a journalist who has been writing about intangible cultural heritage issues for the Belarusian media since 2012.

This paper discusses the EU project TRANSCA – Translating Socio-Cultural Anthropology into Education. The project shares current practices and ideas to help anthropology become more widespread in teacher education and subsequently, in schools. The paper questions selected concepts (e.g. Funds of Knowledge) and the intentions of translating anthropological knowledge for educational purposes because of the problematic notion of „translation” itself in anthropology.

The purpose of this paper is to show the functionality of Pierre Bourdieu’s concept, which – in connection with technological determinism elements (Marshall McLuhan, Paul Levinson, Derrick de Kerckhove) and neopragmatism (Richard Rorty) – makes it possible to describe comprehensively the literary field in media civilisation in the second decade of the 21st century. It’s not an easy task, because contemporary literature enters complex relationships with traditional media and new technologies, which can be observed with regard to all key processes connected with this field. These include: production, reception, as well as strategies of using literature, and frequently also constructing texts in media space or criticism and advertising-marketing activity, in which a major role is currently played by the so-calle inluencers (influencer marketing). Literature becomes a product which is promoted both as a luxurious good and an element of pop culture. Thus, the marriage of those concepts is necessary to describe adequately all the strategic elements of this field and show its dynamics from processual and functional perspectives. Nowadays, the emphasis is placed not so much on researching the texts themselves, but their activity in cultural space, that is in relation to recipients, users, readers and larger discursive groups, neotribal communities or the demoscene. Web 3.0 culture and the frames of contemporary media civilisation, with plenty of culture texts, calls for research from the area of media archaeology, which provides an essential context for analysis of modern culture field as a kind of background. Investigation of literature is increasingly dominated by new media methodologies, e.g. software- or hardware-studies and research into media platforms. According to determinists, such as Marshall McLuhan, Derrick de Kerckhove and Paul Levinson technology influences the form and content of the message, which is visible with regard to digital and (post)electronic literature, as well as publishing policy in the context of paper, printed book and audiobooks or e-books.

The following paper concerns Polish examples of conceptual writing against the context of post-media discourse. It also contains a proposal for typology and preliminary systematisation of the relationship between literature and electronic media. On the basis of Polish works, an attempt has been made at explaining the features of conceptual writing. Its interdisciplinary problematics has been indicated and the application of the typology (presented in the first part of the paper) has been demonstrated. This text is a development of some of the theses presented in the paper ‘Literatura postelektroniczna?’ ‘Od literatury elektronicznej do kartki papieru, czyli podróż powrotna, z bagażem nowych doświadczeń’ (Spodaryk 2016), published in: Annales Universitatis Paedagogicae Cracoviensis. Studia de Cultura, no. 8.2, edited by Agnieszka Ogonowska, Kraków 2016.

Contemporary expansion of kitsch calls for the answer to the question concerning conditions in which it is possible to decipher kitsch and see the role it plays nowadays. The work concentrates on the rhetoric of kitsch, at the same time emphasising, how important rhetoric is for the reception of contemporary culture. Using the perspective of new aesthetics, suggested by Adorno, who established the decorum of art after Auschwitz, the paper develops the view on kitsch as a parody of katharsis. Implementing a new combination of research findings into rhetoric of values (by Perelman) with Adorno’s insights concerning this category leads to a bold thesis: kitsch is not innocent. Adorno’s pessimistic and melancholic point of view, whose source was the awareness of standardisation of culture industry products, concerned the fight for a personal contact between an individual and a work of art. An aestehtic reception of art became impossible (in his essay, “The Schema of Mass Culture”, Adorno emphasised the logic behind the reaction to a work of art, inscribed in a work as a product, in which the instruction of reception was included). Adorno’s philosophy was firmly based in the performative perspective, a view about the intangibility of research object, disruption of the balance and exposing it. Mass culture became a culture of exhaustion, but Adorno is not an exclusively Cassandric author. Writing about destruction, he included in his works the foundations for the concept linked with the assumptions of the new rhetoric. The paper concentrates on these similarities in order to capture the purposefulness of the rhetorical expression.

The article is devoted to the process of gendering memory as a counterpoint to the politicization of memory observed in the Polish context. The core problem of the paper is a description of a local case of this type of gender ‘memory practising’ in the area of the public urban sphere, specifically one created by the Łódź Women’s Heritage Trail Foundation (https://www.facebook.com/ŁódźkiSzlakKobiet) – a gender-profiled female grass-roots initiative that is concerned with the city’s past. The article consists of three main parts referring to, respectively, the functioning of memory in the urban public sphere as a form of dialogue (hemerneutic-interpretative anthropology with Jurgen Habermas’ and Seyla Benhabib’s theories is the theoretical foundation here), the process of gendering memory (appearing alongside the narrative phrase and feminist proposals for the interpretation of memory as a form of its pluralization), and the presentation of the activities within the Łódź Women’s HeritageTrail Foundation’s particular initiative – namely ‘Women Routes in Łódź’ – as a kind of case study for the city as a landscape of memory. The paper deals with the tension observed between the politics of memory and the political practice, and the alternative memories that arise from the idea of multiplicity and polyphony, including the voice of women. The authors raise the issue of the genderization of memory in the context of an inquiry into how the pluralism of collective memory and the diversification of the public sphere develops as a result of the discourses and operation of the alternative memory, including gender-focused memory.

In this article paper, the author presents her own experience of working as a photographer, using photography (or, more broadly, a photographic session) as an action that facilitates coping with the experience of loss. The article describes two types of bereavement sessions: the Memoir project and the Trauer project. In the first of the projects, the author took photographs and helped to conduct the session. In the latter case, she was both a performer and photographer. Both sessions had the intended effect and fit into the theoretical framework to which the author refers in the paper.

(In)distinct Languages: Revisiting the Dualism of Literal and Literary Meaning in Roman Jakobson and Donald Davidson The paper traces the relationship between the literal and literary language that is found in structuralism and analytic philosophy. The paper’s gist provides a comparative account of Roman Jakobson’s and Donald Davidson’s notions of poetic language and their relation to the general idea of language as it is given in their work. In reconsidering Jakobson’s and Davidson’s arguments, I propose abandoning the dualistic hypotheses of the oppositions between literal and non-literal language, and between literal and literary language. I contend that the notions of first and literal meanings are necessary for other types of interpretation. The dualistic hypothesis requires the cascade model, which displays a bottom-top transition across hierarchically arranged levels of meanings. Instead, I outline the multilayered structure of language with two thresholds: mimetic and semiotic. Therefore, the cascade model should be replaced with the palimpsest model of concurring, merging, and blending layers of meanings. Języki (nie)odrębne. Jeszcze raz o dualizmie znaczeń, dosłownego i literackiego, u Romana Jakobsona i Donalda Davidsona W artykule poddano analizie relacje między językiem dosłownym a językiem literackim, występujące w strukturalizmie i filozofii analitycznej. W rozważaniach istotna była konfrontacja koncepcji języka poetyckiego Romana Jakobsona i Donalda Davidsona oraz ich związku z ogólną ideą języka, jaką można znaleźć w ich pracach. Rozważając ponownie argumenty Jakobsona i Davidsona, autor proponuje porzucić dualistyczne hipotezy, zasadzające się na opozycji między językiem dosłownym a językiem niedosłownym oraz między językiem dosłownym a językiem literackim. Twierdzi, że pojęcia znaczenia pierwszego i dosłownego są niezbędne w innych typach interpretacji. Hipoteza dualistyczna wymaga modelu kaskadowego, który ukazuje przejście od dołu do góry przez hierarchicznie ułożone poziomy znaczeń. Zamiast tego autor zarysowuje wielowarstwową strukturę języka z dwoma poziomami: mimetycznym i semiotycznym i wskazuje na konieczność zastąpienia modelu kaskadowego palimpsestowym modelem współbieżności, łączenia i mieszania warstw znaczeniowych.

Blurring the Boundaries between Real Worlds, Discourse Worlds and Text Worlds What do the article title ‘Black Widow Breaks Up With Kylo Ren’ and a Twitter message saying ‘The scene in The Departed where Mark Wahlberg shoots Matt Damon is the blueprint for how to handle corrupt cops’ have in common? Clearly, they both combine references to actors and movies, but do they combine them through the same cognitive technique(s)? This paper starts by addressing the question of how these two instances of reference differ. The line of argumentation that is supported suggests that a world-building theory needs to be employed in order to understand the difference. In doing this, the paper aims and contributes to the theoretical advancement of world-building approaches by arguing for the introduction of the concept of ‘Real Worlds’ in research on Text Worlds and Discourse Worlds. Data set sample analyses employing the Real World concept are included to verify the main theoretical premise. The analyzed texts cover traditional genres such as political speeches as well as modern-day, boundary-blurring genres such as Twitter messages. Zacieranie granic między światem rzeczywistym, światem dyskursu i światem tekstu Co mają wspólnego artykuł zatytułowany Czarna wdowa zrywa z Kylo Renem i wiadomość na Twitterze o treści „Scena w The Departed, w której Mark Wahlberg strzela do Matta Damona, jest schematem postępowania ze skorumpowanymi gliniarzami”? Oczywiście oba łączą odniesienia do aktorów i filmów, ale czy łączą je za pomocą tych samych technik poznawczych? Artykuł rozpoczyna się od odpowiedzi na pytanie, czym różnią się te dwa przypadki odniesienia. Wynikiem zaprezentowanej argumentacji jest sugestia, aby w celu zrozumienia różnicy między nimi wyjść od teorii tworzenia światów. Opowiedzenie się za wykorzystaniem koncepcji „świata rzeczywistego” w badaniach nad światem tekstu i światem dyskursu ma na celu rozwój i wzmocnienie teorii tworzenia światów. W weryfikacji podstawowej przesłanki teoretycznej w artykule uwzględniono wyniki analizy próbek ze zbioru danych, w których wykorzystano koncepcję „świata rzeczywistego”. Analizie poddano zarówno teksty reprezentujące tradycyjne gatunki, takie jak przemówienia polityczne, jak również teksty, w których dochodzi do zacierania granic międzygatunkowych, na przykład wiadomości w serwisie społecznościowym Twitter.

2021 marks the 90th anniversary of the adoption of the Athens Charter. This, the first international conservation charter, now forms part of the rapidly expanding collection of ‘doctrinal texts’ which undergirds modern conservation. Whatever its strengths and weaknesses, this collection provides a marker of collective identity and is crucial to the self-definition of our discipline. While they are rightly held in great affection, this paper argues that to approach this collection of texts uncritically risks producing unintended consequences, potentially including the destruction of important heritage. Precisely because of their enduring influence, it is essential that as a discipline conservation engages in knowledgeable criticism of its doctrinal texts, through an appropriate and hermeneutically literate reading. This paper first considers the nature of doctrinal texts, before using the notion of ‘doctrine’ to explore some of the parallels and differences between doctrinal texts of a religious nature and those of conservation, and so to introduce the question of hermeneutics. This then leads to a discussion of the relation between theory and practice, and the notion, from Aristotle, of phronesis or practical wisdom. The paper then concludes with consideration of some of the implications conservation of adopting this approach.

Horizontal gender segregation divides the labor market into ‘feminine’ and ‘masculine’ occupations. However, some individuals choose occupational paths which are not consistent with the expectations for their gender, thereby becoming a minority in their occupational group. We propose the joint term ‘gender occupational minorities’ to describe their situation. We aim to supplement previous research with a combined analysis of the two gender groups, enabling a more general perspective on the meaning of gender in the labor market as well as a comparison of how similar mechanisms work in opposite gender contexts. Based on Pierre Bourdieu’s practical principles of gender occupational segregation, women working in IT/new technologies and men working in childcare/education were chosen as the project’s target groups. In this paper, we focus on the experience of being a gender occupational minority on the Polish labor market as well as on the role of gender occupational minorities within the occupational group.

Reflections presented in this paper reverberate with the current social discourse based on respect for human rights, with heavy emphasis put on the active policy of employment of persons with disabilities. Improvement of the employment support system seems to be one of the most efficient forms of integrating this previously excluded and marginalized group of people into the mainstream social life. It is especially important in the case of persons with intellectual disabilities, who often remain in a particularly difficult situation for many reasons. Enhancing their autonomy via occupational engagement may be beneficial both at the individual (improved personal functioning) and macro (reduced costs for the state and welfare system) levels. The authors of this paper reflect upon the development and implementation of best practices in terms of building an effective mechanism of promoted social participation and the occupational engagement of persons with intellectual disabilities in an open social environment. This seems to create a real chance for community integration, to which these persons have the inalienable right, although so far they have often been left out of the mainstream social life.

St. Nicholas processions are ranked among the most significant traditions and are frequently considered the climax of the Advent. This is definitely the case of Horni Lidecsko, where as soon as the All Saints’ Day is over, masked characters come out and walk around villages until the holiday of St. Nicholas. The devils that are present in villages where people incline towards the Roman Catholic faith form an inseparable part of the cultural heritage of the local villages and the entire region. This study outlines the current form of St. Nicholas processions and the masked characters, but attention is paid also to the most significant changes that impacted the formation of the flying phenomenon and have shaped the tradition into its existing form. A portion of the paper deals with the historical background of the tradition and the individual characters that are a part of it, their role, and the symbolic meaning of the procession. The aim of the paper is to present the St. Nicholas procession and its attributes by means of an analysis of individual factors that impact its form outside the Czech Republic. The research has also addressed several aspects that have formed this phenomenon, namely the organization of the event and the identity of both the active and the passive participants. The study presents a research sample of bearers of the tradition and motivational elements thanks to which the tradition is still alive and passed from one generation to the next in such a scope as it is. In addition to the above, the paper explores the forms of the support provided by the villages as well as the differing opinions held by inhabitants of the region with regard to entering the St. Nicholas procession on the List of Intangible Elements of Traditional Folk Culture of the Czech Republic. A section in the paper also answers the question whether the event is a part of cultural heritage that is present in Wallachia permanently and in an authentic, almost unaltered form.

The aim of the paper is to share our reflections on the meaning, goals, and course of analytical workshops, which are treated by the authors not only in terms of methodological procedures, but also as a process of grounded theory building, where the phase of collective work is pivotal. We present the idea of workshops worked out within interpretative sociology and qualitative analysis and developed in different fields, yet we mainly focus on biographical research analysis. The knowledge and practice transfer between scholars in this respect is also one of the frames of our reasoning. The paper consists of several sections: firstly, we present a short overview of workshop practices in the field of biographical research referring mainly to students’ workshops; in the second part, we describe advantages of workshop practices for researchers and their possible outcomes; the third section describes examples of research and analysis of the same empirical material done by researchers representing different methodological approaches; finally, we finish with concluding remarks.

The paper describes the role of local authorities of poviat and commune level in the Second Republic of Poland in the area of widely understood support for the functioning of education system in common schools in rural areas in the period between 1918-1939. The paper outlines the main rules of the functioning of local authorities, paying attention to its democracy between 1918-1926 and its drastic distortions and restrictions introduced by the political camp of Marshal Józef Pilsudski, particularly between 1933-1939 when the reform of local authorities was introduced in a way that it could be beneficial for this political camp. The subsequent part of the article presents, among others, forms of cultivating the memory about the teachers who fought for the Polish education under foreign occupation.

Innocence and Knowledge Acquisition: Epiphanies of Knowledge in Olga Tokarczuk’s Podróż Ludzi Księgi [The Journey of the Book-People] The Journey and the Book are the hidden but central characters in Olga Tokarczuk’s debut novel, Podróż ludzi Księgi [The Journey of the Book-People] (1993). In Tokarczuk’s novel, the three dimensions of the journey correspond to the material, the psychological, and the esoteric religious. This paper identifies and discusses these interrelated planes of Tokarczuk’s story. Niewinność i poznanie. Epifanie wiedzy w Podróży ludzi Księgi Olgi Tokarczuk Podróż i Księga to ukryci, ale główni bohaterowie debiutanckiej powieści Olgi Tokarczuk Podróż ludzi Księgi (1993). W powieści tej korespondują trzy wymiary wędrówki: materialny, psychologiczny oraz ezoteryczno-religijny. W artykule te trzy powiązane ze sobą płaszczyzny opowieści zostały zidentyfikowane i przedyskutowane.

This paper endeavours to interrogate the early conceptualization of the notion of Central and Eastern Europe in the field of (higher) education by analysing the academic scholarship in (higher) education research from 1990 to 2000. The results of this analysis elucidate the emergence of Central and Eastern Europe as a research unit in the field of (higher) education. Central and Eastern Europe emerges as a conceptual cluster comprised of Central and Eastern Europe, Eastern Europe and Central Europe. A preliminary quantitative analysis of frequency of use of particular concept and country distribution showed that different terms were used interchangeably and the same countries were referred to as belonging to different regions. Close reading of the articles in the research corpus revealed that the regional cluster was conceptualized as a post-communist space which was unified by its unwillingly shared past or via the role it can play vis-à-vis the rest of Europe, or “the West”.

Tradition and intangible cultural heritage help local communities cope with the uncertainty through familiar and repetitive actions. What if it all depends on variable and unstable factors? This paper presents an anthropological approach to the impact of climate change on local practices towards intangible cultural heritage based on human-environment interactions. The author presents early results of an ongoing research project. By drawing on ethnographic data, this article explores the implications of declining snow resources, alterations in the vegetation cycle and hydrological drought on the traditions of winter horse-drawn carriage races, Corpus Christi flower carpets and wickerwork. Based on the notions of ethnoclimatology and anthropology of weather, the text draws attention to local perceptions of climate change and potential methods of safeguarding tradition in times of uncertainty. It serves as an outline of a possible way of thinking about the relationship between climate change and intangible cultural heritage.

Names of Snakes in Latvian Texts of the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries This article analyses the naming of snakes in sixteenth- and seventeenth-century Latvian texts which are taken from the Corpus of Early Written Latvian Texts, containing the first Latvian dictionaries, religious texts, and some secular texts. The objective of the paper is to try to determine how precisely the translators of religious texts rendered names of snakes, and to ascertain whether any semantic changes have taken place, or whether religious texts show specific use. The study also aims to find out if taboo of dangerous animals, snakes in particular, and related euphemisation is reflected in early Latvian texts. The paper focuses on four Latvian words: čūska, odze, zalktis, and tārps; two of them, odze and zalktis, from the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries until present time, have undergone significant semantic changes, probably because of euphemisation triggered by taboo. Comparison with the Lithuanian language allows to conclude that such usage, different from Modern Latvian, is neither specificity of old texts, nor incompetence of translators, but rather historical language facts. It is also established that in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries animals as well as plants were not so strictly separated in peoples’ minds, the borders between their names were more fluid, therefore any of snakes’ names could be attributed to any snake species in Latvia. Nazwy węży w szesnasto- i siedemnastowiecznych tekstach łotewskich Niniejszy artykuł analizuje nazwy węży w szesnasto- i siedemnastowiecznych tekstach łotewskich, pochodzących z korpusu wczesnego piśmiennictwa łotewskiego, zawierającego pierwsze łotewskie słowniki, teksty religijne i świeckie. Autorka podejmuje próbę ustalenia, jak dokładnie tłumacze tekstów religijnych przekładali nazwy węży, oraz wyjaśnienia, czy zachodziły w tym zakresie zmiany semantyczne i czy teksty religijne zawierają specyficzne użycia. Artykuł ma również na celu ustalenie, czy tabu w odniesieniu do groźnych zwierząt, zwłaszcza węży, i związana z nim eufemizacja znajdują odzwierciedlenie we wczesnych tekstach łotewskich. Analiza skupia się na czterech łotewskich leksemach: čūska, odze, zalktis i tārps. W okresie od XVI i XVII wieku do czasów współczesnych, dwa z nich, odze i zalktis, uległy znacznym zmianom semantycznym, prawdopodobnie wywołanym eufemizacją wynikającą z tabu. Porównanie z językiem litewskim pozwala stwierdzić, że takie użycie, odmienne niż we współczesnej łotewszczyźnie, nie wynika ze specyfiki wczesnych tekstów łotewskich ani z braku kompetencji tłumaczy, lecz z historii języka. Jak wykazano, w XVI i XVII wieku poszczególne zwierzęta i rośliny nie były tak mocno wyodrębnione w ludzkiej świadomości, granice pomiędzy ich nazwami były bardziej płynne, a zatem wszystkie omawiane nazwy można przypisać wszystkim gatunkom węży występującym na Łotwie.

This paper attempts to sketch out a theoretical framework that addresses the particular needs of living heritage. ICCROM has been at the forefront of developing a conservation practice which addresses the concerns of living heritage such as religious and pilgrimage sites (e.g. Wijesuriya 2015; Wijesuriya, Thompson, and Court 2017), and others have considered the implications for the conservation process (e.g. Poulios 2014). However, to date there has been no attempt to develop a theoretical foundation for these practices. In place of the still-dominant understanding (at least as encountered in much Western practice) of historic buildings as primarily art-historical, this paper proposes a narrative approach that allows the site or building to remain within its cultural/religious context, including an acceptance of ongoing change. While the argument proceeds from Western sources, it invites dialogue with complementary understandings of the working of tradition from other regions of the world. Any theoretical model for living heritage must address the central question of how living buildings endure between generations, that is, their continuity between past, present and future. Since modernity entails a commitment to a radical discontinuity with the past, such an approach must engage with the resources of premodernity to develop (or perhaps return to) a non-modern understanding of tradition as developmental and creative (Author, 2017). The principal sources used in the investigation of this proposed narrative approach include Alasdair MacIntyre’s rehabilitation of tradition, Hans-Georg Gadamer’s development of philosophical hermeneutics and Paul Ricoeur’s work on narrative and time.

The aim of this paper is to present the Report of innovative restoration techniques, technologies and materials used in conservation in the context of natural sciences and heritage science of the RUINS Project. First, the specifics of preservation and maintenance of ruins are briefly described. Subsequently, the context of natural sciences and the new scientific discipline of heritage science, including the link to innovation, are indicated. The paper then presents the structure of the report and an example of one record representing one specific technique. Record structure is ready to be transferred to versatile data set so it could be converted into an updatable online database in the future.