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Background. To determine the effect of antidysbiotic agent on the biosynthesis of fatty acids of lipids in the liver of rats fed a high-fat diet (HFD) with palm oil against the background of dysbiosis. Methods. The HFD contained 15% palm oil. In a biological experiment, white rats were used, divided into 4 groups: the 1st group received a fat-free diet (FFD), the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th received HFD. In rats of the 3rd and 4th groups, dysbiosis was reproduced using lincomycin. Rats of the 4th group from the first day of the experiment received an antidysbiotic agent (inulin + quercetin, ADA) with food. The duration of feeding is 39 days. Liver lipids were divided into 3 fractions: neutral lipids (NL), phospholipids (PL), and free fatty acids (FFA). The fatty acid composition of the fractions was determined by gas chromatography. The “activities” of fatty acid synthase, palmitic acid elongase, and stearyl-CoA- desaturase (SCD18 and SCD16) were determined. Results. The presence of all classes of fatty acids (FA) in the liver lipids of rats treated with FFD was established. Consumption of HFD with palm oil increased the content of NL in the liver by 6 times (gr. 2), and in group 3 by 8 times. The introduction of ADA reduces the content of NL almost to the level of the 1st group. The content of ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) decreases in the PL fraction in rats of the 3rd group and is restored in rats of the 4th group. In rats treated with HFD, the "activity" of synthase, SCD18 and very strongly SCD16 are reduced. Conclusion: The negative effect of palm oil on the background of dysbiosis on the biosynthesis of fatty acids in the liver, leading to hepatic steatosis and deficiency of ω-3 PUFA, can be prevented by the use of an antidysbiotic agent.

Background. Desaturase enzymes are involved in the formation of monoenoic acids from saturated fatty acids. One such enzyme is stearyl-CoA-desaturase (SCD1), which converts stearic acid to oleic acid. The aim of this work was to determine the effect of edible fats with different fatty acid compositions on SCD1 activity. Methods. High linoleic sunflower oil (HLSO), high oleic sunflower oil (HOSO) and palm oil (PO) were used. The rats were fed for 30 days with a semi-synthetic diet that did not contain any fats (FFD) and fat diets containing 5 % of each of the above oils. In animals, lipids were extracted from serum and liver and divided into 3 fractions: neutral lipids (NL), phospholipids (PL), and free fatty acids (FFA). The fatty acid composition of each fraction was determined by gas chromatography. The SCD18 activity was determined by the C18:1 n-9/C18:0 ‒ ratio, and the SCD16 activity was determined by the C16:1 n-7/C16:0 ratio. Results. A higher activity of SCD16 and SCD18 was found in the NL fraction, and the activity of SCD18 significantly exceeds that of SCD16. A decrease in the content of C16:0, C16:1 and C18:0 in the NL fraction of the liver and blood serum was shown. The activity of SCD16 in blood serum and liver decreases in rats fed fat diets­, while the activity of SCD18 does not decrease, and even increases with the consumption of HOSO.­ Conclusions. To determine the SCD1 activity, it is advisable to use the C18:1/C18:0 ratio in terms of the level of fatty acids in the NL fraction. Fatty diet inhibits SCD16 activity, and consumption of HOSO increases SCD18 activity.

Background. It is known about the existence of close functional link between adequate working kidney nephrons and bone metabolism. Focused monitoring of renal function is able to provide substantial assistance in the organization of preventive measures against latently emerging osteoporosis. Activation of lipoperoxidation is known to inhibit glomerular filtration, whereas antioxidants prevent this. We set ourselves the goal of clarifying correlations between glomerular filtration, as well as tubular water reabsorption and daily diuresis, on the one hand, and lipoperoxidation parameters, on the other hand. Materials and Methods. Experiment was performed on 50 healthy female Wistar rats 240-290 g, both intact and exposed to water-salt loads. By the size of the diuresis and the level of creatinine in plasma and urine, glomerular filtration and tubular reabsorption were calculated. The plasma levels of diene conjugates and malondyaldehide as well as catalase of plasma and superoxide dismutase of erythrocytes were determined. The levels of the first three parameters determined in urine too. Results. In conditions of water-salt loads accompanied by chronic stress, glomerular filtration is downregulated by malondialdehyde and superoxide dismutase; diuresis is also downregulated by malondialdehyde, but upregulated by catalase. Lipoperoxidation parameters determine kidney function by 52,8%. Conclusion. The obtained data indicate the role of lipoperoxidation as a accompaniment of chronic stress in the regulation of kidney functions.

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Hemp seed (Cannabis sativa L.) is rich in many substances beneficial in human nutrition, especially proteins, lipids, and total dietary fibre. Contents of these primary metabolites were analysed in seeds of hemp cultivar Finola grown at three locations in Slovakia (Borovce, Vígľaš-Pstruša, Milhostov) within two years (2013, 2014). The average content of total dietary fibre was 36.10 ± 1.92%, lipids 32.05 ± 0.42%, and proteins 24.66 ± 0.55%. The main fatty acids in oil were linoleic, α-linolenic, and oleic acids. About 75% of all fatty acids were polyunsaturated ones. The content of lipids and fatty acids such as γ-linolenic, stearidonic, linoleic, α-linolenic, oleic, cis-vaccenic, stearic, and gadoleic acids, as well as total dietary fibre were significantly affected (P≤0.05) by the year of cultivation. Content of proteins, gadoleic and arachidonic acids were significantly (P≤0.05) influenced by maturity of seeds. The growing location significantly influenced the content of lipids, total dietary fibre, proteins, fatty acids, and the ratio saturated:polyunsaturated fatty acids.

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Recently, data on the use of mathematical models to determine the status of vitamin D in clinical practice in patients with various diseases appear in the literature, but there is no data on the creation of a mathematical model that allows screening in the general population. The creation of a mathematical model, with the help of which it is possible to identify groups at risk of vitamin D deficiency, will contribute to the reduction of laboratory research costs and allow screening of vitamin D status on a more massive and reasonable basis. Goal. Study of the relationship between the risk of vitamin D deficiency and anthropometric and laboratory parameters using mathematical modeling methods. Materials and methods. 928 residents of the southern region of Ukraine between the ages of 19 and 82 (average age - 47.2 years) were surveyed. Based on the correlation analysis of the studied data, the most influential data were selected as the following indicators: age, body mass index, atherogenicity coefficient, high-density lipoproteins, and the ratio of waist volume to hip volume. Conclusions. The study emphasizes the importance of anthropometric and laboratory parameters in predicting the risk of vitamin D deficiency. The use of mathematical modeling methods makes it possible to identify the most important risk factors and quantify their contribution. The results of the study may have important implications for public health by helping to identify high-risk groups in a timely manner.

Background. To determine the effect of consumption of high-oleic sunflower oil on the content and biosynthesis of energy and polyunsaturated (PUFA) fatty acids in rat liver lipids. Methods. Rats received a semi-synthetic fat-free diet in which 5 % or 15 % starch was replaced with high oleic sunflower oil. One group of rats received a diet with 5 % regular (high linoleic) sunflower oil. The duration of feeding was 30 days. Liver lipids were divided into three fractions: neutral lipids, phospholipids and free fatty acids, in which the fatty acid composition was determined by gas chromatography. The "activity" of fatty acid synthase, palmitic acid elongase, and stearyl-CoA desaturase (SCD18) was determined by the ratio of fatty acid content. Results. It was found that the largest amount (60-80 %) of fatty acids in liver lipids are energy (C16:0 + C16:1 + C18:0 + C18:1). PUFA account for 10-30% of all fatty acids, and they are also found in the liver lipids of rats fed a free-fat diet (FFD). Fatty diets reduce the "activity" of synthase, but increase the "activity" of elongase and desaturase. A diet with high linoleic sunflower oil reduces the content of ω-3 PUFA in lipids, while a diet with high oleic sunflower oil increases it dose-dependently. Fatty diets containing high oleic sunflower oil dose-dependently reduce the "activity" of palmitic acid desaturase (SCD16). Consumption of high linoleic sunflower oil sharply increases the ratio of ω-6/ω-3 PUFA in liver lipids, while diets with high oleic oil reduce it dose-dependently.

Background. Earlier we studied the neural and endocrine accompaniments of quantitative-qualitative blood pressure (BP) clusters of profile patients of Truskavets’ spa. The purpose of this study is to clarify the metabolic accompaniment in the same contingent. Materials and methods. Under an observations were 44 patients with chronic pyelonephritis and cholecystitis in the phase of remission. Testing was performed twice - on admission and after 7-10 days of standard balneotherapy. The main object of the study was BP (tonometer “Omron M4-I”, Netherlands). The plasma levels of lipids, glucose, nitrogenous metabolites and electrolytes as well as urinary excretion of last two were determined. In addition, electrokinetics and cholecystokinetics indexes were determined. Results. The forward stepwise program identified 21 parameters as characteristic of quantitative-qualitative blood pressure clusters. In addition to BP parameters by default, the most informative among them are sodium and uric acid daily excretion as well as plasma phosphate and magnesium, whose levels are maximal in patients with hypertension, while minimal in patients with low norm BP, on the one hand, and electrokinetics index, the level of which are polar, on the other hand. The accuracy of patient classification is 97,7%. Conclusion. The quantitative-qualitative blood pressure clusters have a characteristic metabolic accompaniment.

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The aim of this review was to assess the current applications of exosomes in veterinary medicine, particularly in dog and cat patients. Exosomes are extracellular vesicles derived from all types of cells and released into all biological fluids (blood, plasma, serum, urine, breast milk, colostrum). They contain proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids. Exosomes represent a potential sensitive biomarkers. Liquid biopsy offers itself as a non-invasive or minimally invasive, pain-free, time-saving alternative to conventional tissue biopsy. Exosomes find their major application in neoplastic diseases, but applications in the field of veterinary cardiology, nephrology, reproduction, parasitology, and regenerative medicine are currently being explored. Exosome-mediated drug formulations is being developed since they can transport biologically active molecules. Exosomes can therefore be used as diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic tools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Herbalism is the property of Panstwowa Wyzsza Szkola Zawodowa im.Stanislawa Pigonia w Krosnie and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Copyright of Plastic Surgery & Burns / Chirurgia Plastyczna i Oparzenia is the property of Evereth Publishing Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Researchers and nutritionists are looking for alternative sources of nutrients for animals. Several studies have shown that some algal species improve the nutritional value of animal feed rations. These organisms contain various biologically active substances, including health-promoting lipids. Supplementation may change meat fatty acid profile. Meat from pigs given marine microalgae contains higher levels of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. These substances have beneficial effects on human health. Excessive intake of fatty acids from marine microalgae increases meat susceptibility to oxidation. The aim of this paper was to present the aspects connected with usefulness of algae in swine nutrition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

More than 20 % of people over the age of 50 suffer from osteoporosis. Lipids play an important role in the pathogenesis of osteoporosis. Background. To investigate the effect of ordinary (high-linoleic) sunflower oil (OSO) on the state of periodontal bone tissue. Methods. In 5 series of experiments, determine the mineralization activity of the alveolar appendix of the mandible rats that were obtained with feed 5 or 15 percent of OSO for from 22 to 75 days. Mineralizing activity was determined by the ratio of activity of alkaline and acid phosphatase. In liver lipids (fractions of phospholipids and free fatty acids) were determined by the content of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) by the gas chromatographic method. Results. A decrease in mineralizing activity in OSO consumption, especially when using a feed with 15 % of OSO against a dysbiosis or metabolic syndrome. A significant (almost 10 times) is shown to reduce the content of ω-3 PUFA in fraction of phospholipids of the liver of rats receiving a diet with a content of OSO. Conclusion. Sunflower oil reduces the mineralizing activity of periodontal bone tissue by reducing the endogenous biosynthesis of ω-3 PUFA.

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The significant increase in the number of dogs and cats in households all over Europe directly influences the pet food market, increasing the high demand for feedstuffs. At the same time, increased awareness among dog owners regarding rational and environmentally sustainable feeding is leading to the search for pet foods containing alternative protein sources, including products obtained from insect biomass. Insect production has a smaller environmental impact than breeding of other livestock animals. This is associated mainly with the use of by-products of the agro-food industry to feed insects, low water consumption, and the possibility of rearing larvae in vertical systems. Invertebrates are a natural source of food in diets for dogs and cats, and their high nutritional value is an argument for their use in industrial feeds. This article collects current information on the use of insect biomass in the diets of dogs and cats and on the market of pet food containing insects. Hermetia illucens larvae were shown to be the most commonly used in pet foods, which reflects the trend of insect biomass production and shows the direct advantages of the larvae of this species, associated with its short life cycle, high nutritional value, and content of antimicrobial substances. In addition, studies indicate that insect-based diets for dogs and cats can be used for animals with a high risk of gastroenterological problems and confirm their beneficial effects on the body. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Determine the effect of dietary fats with different fatty acid composition on the biosynthesis of oleic acid and its metabolic precursors in the liver . Methods: High linoleic sunflower oil (HLSO), high oleic sunflower oil (HOSO) and palm oil (PO) were used. Rats were fed a semi-synthetic fat-free diet (FFD) and fat diets containing 5 % of the above oils (instead of starch) for 30 days. Liver lipids were divided into 3 fractions: neutral lipids (NL), phospholipids (PL) and free fatty acids (FFA). The fatty acid composition of the fractions was determined by gas chromatography. The “activity” of fatty acid synthase was determined from the total content of the products of this reaction (C16:0 and C16:1). The “activity” of palmitic acid elongase was determined by the ratio С18:0/С16:0, as well as by the formula (С18:0+С18:1)/(С16:0–С16:1). The “activity” of stearic acid desaturase (SCD1) was determined by the ratio C16:1/C16:0 (SCD16) and by the ratio C18:1/C18:0 (SCD18). Results: In rats treated with fat diets, the content of palmitic and oleic acids is reduced only in the NL fraction, and to the greatest extent when consuming the diet with HLSO. The “activity” of palmitic acid elongase increases significantly with the consumption of a diet with HLSO. SCD16 desaturase “activity” decreases with fat diet, while SCD18 desaturase “activity” increases. The level of SCD18 is significantly higher than the level of SCD16. Consumption of HLSO reduces the content of ω-3 PUFA in rat liver lipids, while the intake of HOSO increases it. Conclusions: HLSO diet reduces the endogenous biosynthesis of oleic and palmitic acids, as determined by the analysis of the rat liver NL fraction. A fat diet reduces SCD16 “activity” but increases SCD18 “activity”, especially when fed a diet with HOSO. The diet with HLSO reduces the content of ω-3 PUFA in liver lipids.

Background. To determine the effect of dietary fats on the activity of palmitic acid elongase by two methods, using indicators of the fatty acid composition of lipids in the blood serum and liver of rats. Methods. Edible vegetable oils were used: high linoleic (HLSO) and high oleic (HOSO) sunflower oils, palm oil (PO). Fats were introduced into the fat-free diet (FFD) in the amount of 5 % instead of the same amount of starch. The animals were fed for 30 days. A fraction of neutral lipids (triglycerides + cholesterol esters) was isolated from blood serum and liver, and the fatty acid composition was determined in it by gas chromatography. Results. HLSO consumption reduced the biosynthesis of energy fatty acids (C16:0, C16:1, C18:0 and C18:1) in the neutral fraction of serum and liver lipids. A new method for assessing the level of palmitic acid elongase, taking into account the metabolism of palmitic and stearic acids, is proposed, which gives higher values than the commonly used method for assessing elongase. With the help of the new method, elongase activation when HOSO is consumed was determined. Conclusions. A new method is proposed for the determination of palmitic acid elongase, which takes into account the metabolism of fatty acids. It has been established that the consumption of HLSO reduces the biosynthesis of energy fatty acids. Consumption of HOSO increases elongase activity.

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Copyright of Herbalism is the property of Panstwowa Wyzsza Szkola Zawodowa im.Stanislawa Pigonia w Krosnie and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Herbalism is the property of Panstwowa Wyzsza Szkola Zawodowa im.Stanislawa Pigonia w Krosnie and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory disease that requires the selection of appropriate pharmacotherapy and skin care. Topical treatment should be added in pharmacotherapy of every patient with psoriasis. It may be the basic therapy regimen for psoriatic lesions of low severity. However, topical agents should be combined with phototherapy and/or systemic therapy in patients with moderate to severe psoriasis. This second part of the article presents the current options for topical treatment. Calcipotriol in combination with betamethasone dipropionate is mainly used as the first choice of topical psoriasis treatment. The Polish Society of Dermatology also recommends vitamin D3 derivatives such as tacalcitol and calcipotriol, glucocorticoids, keratolytic substances, dithranol, tazarotene, tars and calcineurin inhibitors (pimecrolimus, and tacrolimus). In 2022, FDA approved two new substances for topical psoriasis pharmacotherapy: tapinarof and roflumilast. Both drugs have unique mechanisms of action and are first-in-class formulations for topical psoriasis therapy. Moreover, phototherapy is also an important element of psoriasis therapy, especially narrowband UVB (311 nm) phototherapy. Photochemotherapy with psoralens as photosensitizing compounds (PUVA) is recommended as the second choice. Furthermore, home and professional psoriatic skin care is an important element supporting psoriasis therapy. Properly selected active ingredients can reduce transdermal water loss, exfoliate the accumulated stratum corneum and improve the functioning of the hydrolipid barrier. Cosmetics dedicated to psoriatic skin should include popular ingredients such as emollients, humectants, keratolytic ingredients and lipids. In addition, properly selected professional care in cosmetology salons could be an important complement to the pharmacotherapy because it is usually more effective than home care. Beauty treatments that improve the permeability of active substances are recommended for psoriatic skin i.e. needle-free mesotherapy, sonophoresis and oxygen infusion. Moreover, carboxytherapy or treatments related to gentle exfoliation, e.g. oxybrasion, cavitation peeling, enzymatic peels or peelings with alpha hydroxy acids or beta hydroxy acids can also be used.

Type 2 diabetes and obesity are civilization diseases with an ever-increasing number of cases. Obesity, which is an excessive accumulation of visceral body fat, is considered to be one of the main causes of type 2 diabetes. It promotes the accumulation of fatty acids in muscles, liver, heart, and blood vessels and can lead to insulin resistance. The development of type 2 diabetes and obesity may be associated with an inappropriate lifestyle or chronic, autoimmune inflammatory process induced by glucotoxicity and lipotoxicity. In type 2 diabetes, drugs are administered gradually, depending on the progression of the disease. Currently, glucagon-like peptide-1 analogues, such as liraglutide or semaglutide, are used more often in effective treatment. One of the newest drugs is tirzepatide, approved in 2022 - the first glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) dual analogue. GIP and GLP-1 influence pancreatic β cells in both complementary and synchronized manner. GLP-1, a product of the glucagon gene, stimulates insulin secretion depending on current glycemia. Thanks to this process and other mechanisms, GLP-1 affects the regulation of blood glucose level. It also inhibits glucagon secretion by pancreatic α cells. GIP stimulates insulin secretion by pancreatic β cells depending on glucose level but does not affect glucagon secretion. Thanks to such cooperation, GIP hormone can have benefits beyond its original, incretin role. These benefits include increasing insulin sensitivity as well as maintaining proper lipids level. This article presents the structure of tirzepatide, its mechanism of action, an overview of clinical trial results, and its safety assessment. Clinical trial results have shown a very beneficial effect of tirzepatide on glycemic control and bodyweight reduction. In all performed phase III studies, tirzepatide was more effective than any other drug used in any reference group (including semaglutide). Double agonism of incretin hormones seems to be a promising therapeutic concept.

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Atopic dermatitis is a chronic inflammatory disease with recurrent exacerbations, persistent itching, erythema, dry skin due to damage to the epidermal barrier, and staphylococcal infections. The causative factors are mutations in the gene encoding filaggrin, dysregulation of the immune system, changes in the skin microbiome and lipids in the stratum corneum and deficiency of antimicrobial peptides AMPs. The disease mainly affects children, causing a significant deterioration in the quality of life, and its first symptoms occur in approximately 90% before the age of 5. Lesions most often appear on the bends of elbows and knees, on the face and neck, but may also affect the skin of the entire body (erythroderma). The location of the eruptions depends on age. Atopic dermatitis is the result of complex genetic, epigenetic, environmental and immunological interactions with a coexisting epidermal barrier defect. The disease is diagnosed based on the Hanifin and Rajka criteria. Treatment of atopic dermatitis is symptomatic and selected individually. They include the elimination of provoking factors, care of the epidermal barrier, and anti-inflammatory and anti-pruritic therapy.