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Introduction and purpose Botulinum toxin has been used in medicine since the 1970s, although many years earlier it was known only as a biological weapon. Originally, it was used in medicine to treat strabismus in children. Over time, it has been used in the treatment of neurological disorders, excessive sweating of the armpits, wrinkles, and bladder disorders. In recent years, botulinum toxin has also begun to be used in wound healing. The paralyzing effect of botulinum toxin on the muscles within the wound eliminates micro-injuries caused by tension in these muscles. The aim of the article is to summarize information on the effects of botulinum toxin on the wound, its impact on inflammation, and the type of scar formation. Materials and methods The literature included in the PubMed databases is searched through the words such as botulinum toxin, wounds, and scars. Description of the state of knowledge: The literature review shows the breadth of the issue. Scientific studies showing the effect of using botulinum toxin on wounds emphasize its beneficial effects. However, it should be remembered that wound healing has a complex, dynamic course supported by numerous cellular processes that must be closely coordinated to effectively repair damaged tissues. Determinants influencing the course of wound healing include both local and systemic factors. Important factors influencing the process of proper wound healing are specialized wound preparation, pharmacotherapy, and other aspects of therapeutic intervention. Conclusions The range of applications of botulinum toxin is constantly expanding. In addition to reducing muscle tension within the wound, it also inhibits the production of inflammatory transmitters, limiting its development, and also reduces the development of microcirculation by preventing the development of vessels in hypertrophic scars.

Introduction: Many wounds are treated surgically. For many years the method itself consisted mainly in cleaning the wounds and bringing its edges closer together, either by strips for closing the wounds or by suturing the wound with classic sutures or staples. Recently, new methods have emerged to support wound healing, which are discussed in this article. Materials and methods: The basis of the work were medical articles collected in the PubMed database. The research was conducted by analyzing key words such as: "surgical treatment of wounds", "new technologies in wounds", "wound healing and new technologies", "dressings in wound treatment", "new methods of accelerating wound healing". Results: In the process of surgical wound treatment the basis is still the closure and connection of the edges of the wounds, which prevents infections, accelerates healing and improves the cosmetic effect. However this is not the final stage of wound healing. Equally important is the subsequent appropriate selection of the dressing - appropriate in terms of its composition of active substances and absorption properties. The choice of the right dressing has a large impact on the final effect and the avoidance of infections or the subsequent appearance of the scar. Now we also have many new technologies to help heal wounds. They help not only to reduce the risk of infection, but also accelerate the healing process and shorten the treatment time.

Introduction Antibiotic-resistant and biofilm-forming microorganisms cause serious infections which threaten the health and lives of millions of patients worldwide. Modern guidelines regarding the management of chronic wounds recommend the use of topical antimicrobial compounds to combat biofilms. Aim The presented study aimed to evaluate the activity of the ointment containing a 10% formulation of resin acids (diterpenes) against the mixed biofilm formed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. Material and methods The ointment containing the formulation at a concentration of 5% and the ointment containing bacitracin, neomycin and polymyxin B were used as reference substances. Results The obtained results indicate a significantly higher effectiveness of the ointment containing a 10% formulation of resin acids in the eradication of mixed biofilm, as well as in penetration of its layers, than the other compared ointments. Conclusion In view of the results presented, it can be assumed that the use of an ointment containing resin acids results in a high level of wound biofilm eradication and a low risk of the development of microbial resistance in the clinical setting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Viral infections of wounds may be more prevalent than the few reported cases in the literature indicate. Rabies usually begins with the bite of an infected host, although transmission has been documented via mucous membrane contamination, aerosols, and corneal and organ transplants. The primary mode of transmission for feline immunodeficiency virus is through bite wounds from an infected cat. Casual, non)aggressive contact, such as sharing water bowls or mutual grooming, does not appear to be an efficient route of spreading the virus. In the case of sheep pox and goat pox, contagious pustular dermatitis and feline leukemia, viruses enter the body through various portals, including the mucous membranes, the skin, the respiratory and the gastrointestinal tracts. The natural wounds can serve as an additional site through which viruses enter the susceptible host and cause disease or infection. In nature, arthropod-borne viruses are transmitted between vertebrate hosts by hematophagous arthropod vectors, including mosquitoes midges and ticks. Before its transmission to a susceptible host, an arbovirus must first replicate to sufficient levels inside the arthropod vector. The virus then disseminates to the salivary glands of the vector, and the infectious saliva is injected into a host during the blood)feeding process. Mosquitoes, ticks, and midges are well-established vectors for transmission of many viruses that cause disease in domestic, wild animals and humans. The list of animal diseases naturally transmitted by arthropods include: rabbit hemorrhagic disease, Shopes fibroma, encephalomyelitis ovis, West Nile fever, bluetongue, Rift Valley fever, Schmallenberg disease, lumpy skin disease, African horse sickness, equine infectious anemia, equine encephalomyelitis-eastern and western, Japanese encephalitis and Venezuelan equine encephalitis. Climate is one of the factors that influence the distribution of diseases borne by vectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Polish Journal of Wound Management / Leczenie Ran is the property of Evereth Publishing Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Analysis of the literature confirms the effectiveness of specialized silver dressings that maintain a moist environment in wound healing. These dressings prevent the development of infections, support the process of granulation and epithelialization, and the lack of resistance to silver is a promising prospect for antibacterial wound healing. Efficacy, good tolerance, and safety related to the use of agents from this group make them good candidates for in vitro research and clinical trials. Due to the content of ionic silver and the Safetac® soft silicone technology used in contact with the wound, the Mepilex® Ag foam dressing has an antibacterial effect, reduces pain during dressing changes, and accelerates wound healing. The aim of the study was to analyze the research done on the use of the Mepilex® Ag dressing in the treatment of wounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nail shaft infections are one of the most common infections in everyday podiatric practice. Patients often report after a few weeks or months with chronic paronychiae, which in advanced cases must be treated surgically, with earlier unspecific treatment resulting in the exacerbation of changes and a longer process of treatment and convalescence. The purpose of the paper was to present the therapeutic properties of Silveron® dressings in limiting local infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the treatment of wounds, especially chronic wounds, agents are used that condition the process of their healing by cleansing, preventing the development of infection, as well as supporting granulation and epithelialization. Multi-drug resistance resulting from the use of antibiotics in the treatment of wounds is directing further research into effective and well-tolerated antiseptics. The lack of development of resistance to antiseptics, irreversibly damaging pathogens, is a promising prospect of the antiseptic potential of wound healing. The effectiveness of well-tolerated agents from this group and the safety of their use is increasingly used in research from in vitro to clinical trials. The aim of the study was to review the available literature on the effectiveness of the use of hypochlorites in wound healing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bee honey is characterized by the following properties: antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, alleviating pain, cleansing wounds from dead tissues, deodorizing, stimulating granulation, accelerating epithelization and enhancing the cicatrization process. Thanks to these beneficial properties, it has been used to treat infections, both topical and internal. In the form of compresses and dressings, it is used to treat wounds, burns, abscesses and ulcers. It is also very effective in the treatment of infections that cannot be treated with conventional preparations, including those caused by antibiotic-resistant microorganisms. Good effects are obtained when honey treats burn wounds, decubitus sores, varicose veins of the shank and diabetic wounds. The advantages of this type of treatment include: ease of removal of dressings from the wound surface, lack of allergic reactions, better preparation of wounds for surgical operations and skin transplants, shorter hospitalization of patients and a much cheaper treatment process compared to antibiotic therapy. Honey is also successfully used to treat internal diseases, especially gastrointestinal and respiratory tract infections. Good results are obtained in the treatment of gastroenteritis and cystic fibrosis. On this basis, it can be assumed that honey is a valuable drug that is successfully used in the therapy of topical and internal diseases, especially difficult to treat by classical methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wound dressing was one of the first medical actions that was performed by mankind. Throughout the centuries it was considered an art, and it developed faster than other branches of medicine. This composition describes progress in wound healing made by humankind, starting with sorcery rituals and herbalism in prehistory right through to modern techniques such as: disinfection, cleansing, and dressing with help of sterile materials. Like in other medical areas, the wound dressing was not without errors, unsuccessful experiments, and failures, which led to the deaths of a great number of patients. The article pays attention to the sacrifice not only made by many generations of scientists but also by patients who had to devote their lives to the development of medical knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the era of increasing microbial resistance to antibiotics, effective treatment of wound infections is a significant challenge for healthcare professionals. In order to provide optimal conditions for epithelialization and closure of the wound, it is necessary to obtain the right level of moisture and stop the development of infection. Currently, a number of newgeneration dressings containing various antimicrobial substances are used to serve the aforementioned goals. One of the solutions are high-absorbing, silver-containing lipido-colloid dressings based on the TLC matrix technology. This study assessed the in vitro ability of this type of dressing to absorb artificial exudate, eradicate Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans and Pseudomonas aeruginosa pathogens and to sequestrate it within the TLC matrix. The results showed favorable dressing characteristics that would allow application in these areas and could be an important contribution to further clinical trials aimed at understanding the interaction between the wound environment, pathogens and the matrix of the dressing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chronic wounds have been very difficult interdisciplinary medical problem. Their prevalence increases with age and becomes increasingly common due to population aging. The problem has become more serious because of many local and systemic factors impairing wound healing. The effective and contemporary local treatment, optimized for the condition of a certain wound, fulfils a crucial role. The role, features, effect and application to include polyhexamethylene biguanide (PHMB) in wound treatment are discussed in this paper. Polyhexanide is a broad-spectrum antiseptic for MRSA, VRE, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa. It is a certain, non-toxic antiseptic with an inferior threshold of irradiation (1.3-1.6) and a high index of biocompatibility; it does not cause cross-resistance to antibiotics but selectively affects the cytoplasmic membrane of microorganisms without damaging proteins in human cells. Despite preceding controversies, polyhexanide has been currently recommended as the first choice antiseptic in treatment of infected wounds, burns, as well as in surgical site infections surveillance. It has been proven to have a positive effect on the formation of granulation tissue in chronic wounds, contributing to the accelerated healing and to the reduction, wholly or in part, of patients' pain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For many years esthetic medicine has successfully used botulinum toxin type A (BTXA) for wrinkle reduction, as it weakens the action of neurotransmitters in the neuromuscular junction. Thanks to its other properties it can also be used in treatment of scars. In vitro studies showed that BTXA inhibits fibroblast proliferation, viability and modulates the expression of genes responsible for the formation of the extracellular matrix, thus reducing hypertrophic scars and keloids. The Authors present the many uses of botulinum toxin in treatment of scars. Numerous cases and research proved the efficacy of botulinum toxin both in the treatment and prevention of hypertrophic scars and keloids. Research proves that the use of small doses of BTXA in the perioperative period reduces scars and increases their overall esthetics. Botulinum toxin, is effective in treating already existing abnormal scars, especially when used as an element of a more complex treatment schemes. The available evidence proves the efficacy of BTXA in the treatment of scars, although further research is needed in order to establish optimal treatment indications and protocols. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Polish Journal of Wound Management / Leczenie Ran is the property of Evereth Publishing Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Polish Journal of Wound Management / Leczenie Ran is the property of Evereth Publishing Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Polish Journal of Wound Management / Leczenie Ran is the property of Evereth Publishing Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)