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The evolution of relationships between parents and children under Polish legal system Katarzyna Kami��ska in the paper The evolution of relationships between parents and children under Polish legal system provides some remarks on the child���s right to maintain personal relationships and direct contact with both parents and its protection in Polish family law. The Author discusses an outdated view of equality where the mother is to take the main responsibility for the children instead of both parents sharing the responsibility. The paper focuses on presenting the academic and practical issues connected with caring for children after parental separation. In a perspective of eradication of gender discrimination, the parental authority should be equally shared by two parents. The Author analyses the child���s right to both parents, among other things, in the Polish Constitution (1997), Polish Family and Guardianship Code (1964) and Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989), and also indicates an important role of a children���s ombudsman. It points to crucial role of the child welfare. Although under Polish law, there are no clear legal regulations concerning joint custody in Poland, there is no doubt that family courts in Poland may issue their decision allowing such solution. This institution has not been regulated expressis verbis in the Polish family law yet. However, current provisions do not preclude de lege lata such a manner of exercise of parental authority. Among the judgments where the exercise of parental authority was awarded to both parents, there is an increasing number of those, where joint physical custody over a child is adjudicated. In foreign legal systems, the rule is to maintain parental authority of both parents in divorce rulings. Exception is awarding the exercise of parental authority to one of the parents, restricting the parental authority of the second parent to specific rights and duties in relation to the child. This corresponds to stronger and stronger belief at the international forum that such an arrangement is the most appropriate for the best interest of the child.

The evolution of relationships between parents and children under Polish legal system Katarzyna Kamińska in the paper The evolution of relationships between parents and children under Polish legal system provides some remarks on the child’s right to maintain personal relationships and direct contact with both parents and its protection in Polish family law. The Author discusses an outdated view of equality where the mother is to take the main responsibility for the children instead of both parents sharing the responsibility. The paper focuses on presenting the academic and practical issues connected with caring for children after parental separation. In a perspective of eradication of gender discrimination, the parental authority should be equally shared by two parents. The Author analyses the child’s right to both parents, among other things, in the Polish Constitution (1997), Polish Family and Guardianship Code (1964) and Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989), and also indicates an important role of a children’s ombudsman. It points to crucial role of the child welfare. Although under Polish law, there are no clear legal regulations concerning joint custody in Poland, there is no doubt that family courts in Poland may issue their decision allowing such solution. This institution has not been regulated expressis verbis in the Polish family law yet. However, current provisions do not preclude de lege lata such a manner of exercise of parental authority. Among the judgments where the exercise of parental authority was awarded to both parents, there is an increasing number of those, where joint physical custody over a child is adjudicated. In foreign legal systems, the rule is to maintain parental authority of both parents in divorce rulings. Exception is awarding the exercise of parental authority to one of the parents, restricting the parental authority of the second parent to specific rights and duties in relation to the child. This corresponds to stronger and stronger belief at the international forum that such an arrangement is the most appropriate for the best interest of the child.

The aim of the following paper is to analyse and assess the general rules of law concerning the child’s consent to the delivery of health services in Poland, Finland and the United Kingdom. Firstly, general Polish rules which apply to the topics of the substitutionary, dual, and own consent are presented. In the meantime, the rare judgments connected with the subjects are discussed. Next, the analysis focuses on the child consent’s regulations from Finland and the United Kingdom. The ending part of the paper concentrates on the assessment of the Polish regulations as well as includes the proposal of the possible legislation changes.

Foreign in the kitchen. Food as a way to implement “familiar–foreign” and “patrician–plebeian” oppositions in Russian culture till 19th centuryThe paper addresses the problem of eating habits as an identification code which defines affiliation to a particular community or a social layer. Till 17th century there was no distinction between aristocratic and plebeian dishes in Old Russian cuisine. 17th century brought differentiation between the diet of aristocracy and lower layers of society. During the reign of Peter the Great selection of dishes as well as the way of their preparation and eating became an identification code denoting belonging to the Western aristocratic culture. At the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries the division into aristocratic and plebeian kitchen was established. The changes in Russian cuisine were also related to attitude toward the foreign influences and often were politically motivated. Literary source used in the paper is represented mostly by fragments of the works by Russian writers such as Nikolai Gogol, Ivan Goncharov and Leo Tolstoy. Чужие на кухне. Еда как способ реализации оппозиции «свое–чужое» и «аристократическое–плебейское» в русской культуре до XIX столетияВ настоящей статье еда рассматривается как идентификационный код, определяющий принадлежность к данному общественному слою или группе. В древнерусской кухне не наблюдалось существенной разницы между плебейскими и аристократическими блюдами. Разница стала замечаться лишь только в XVIII столетии при Петре I, когда подбор блюд, способ их приготовления и способ приема пищи стали кодами, посредством которых определялась принадлежность к западной аристократической культуре. Это строгое разделение на «аристократическое» и «плебейское» в русской кухне упрочилось на рубеже XVIII и XIX столетий. Описываемые в статье перемены в русской кухне были связаны с отношением русских к чужим влияниям и довольно часто основывались на политических началах. В качестве иллюстративного литературного материала в статье использованы фрагменты романов Николая Гоголя, Ивана Гончарова и Льва Толстого.

Libertarianism and the Theory of Personal Identity. Robert Nozick’s Closest Continuer Theory as a Background Theory of the Principle of Self‑Ownership The research problem of the present paper is the following question: May the closest continuer theory serve as a background theory for the principle of self‑ownership? This issue is a peculiar instance of the more general problem of the anthropological presuppositions of the libertarian political philosophy that can be phrased in a Kantian manner: How is self‑ownership possible?; or in a more detailed way: What sort of entity a human being has to be, if it is possible for him to be a self‑owner? The research thesis that is argued for in the paper says that: 1) the closest continuer theory may not serve as a background theory for a wide principle of self‑ownership since as an example of reductionist theory of personal identity it excludes the possibility of possessing this set of psychological facts which the personal identity is reducible to and possession of which is presupposed by the wide principle of self‑ownership; 2) the closest continuer theory may though serve as a background theory for a narrow principle of self‑ownership since this principle assumes that one can own only scarce resources and psychological facts are not instances thereof.

This paper is dedicated to the analysis of the development of Central European road movies after 2004, with special consideration given to Polish and Czech cinematography. The films which have been discussed are Polish productions Francuski numer (2006, directed by Robert Wichrowski) and Handlarz cudow (2009, directed by Boleslaw Pawica and Jaroslaw Szoda), as well as Czech Rodina je zaklad statu (2011, directed by Robert Sedlacek) and Pusinky (2007, directed by Karin Babinska). Although these films – to a certain extent – follow the fixed paths, we put forward the assumption that at the same time, they use the tools of road movies in an innovative and varied manner, responding to problems, dilemmas and perspectives of Central Europe after 2004.

This paper analyses some specific problems under article 200 § 1 of the Penal Code. The basic aim of my research was to give a relatively clear answer to the question about penalising an offender when he/she is just several years older than his/her victim or when the victim initiates sexual activities. Taking into consideration the decrease of age in which youths begin sexual initiation, it is important to know what the consequences of it in their emotional sphere are. By referring such observations to the problem of child sexual abuse, there is a dissonance between child’s acceptance of incursion in his/her intimacy and legal regulations. Therefore, child sexual abuse is not only a legal problem, but it also has influence on sexuality and the society, morality etc.

Na poziomie ogólnym artykuł stanowi głos w dyskusji o „kryzysie humanistyki”. Z myśli politycznej Sokratesa i Henry’ego Davida Thoreau, odczytywanej przy użyciu kategorii właściwych dla psychologii poznawczej i andragogiki, wydobywam idee, które w moim przekonaniu stanowią wartościowy wkład w program praktycznej edukacji humanistycznej dla współczesnego społeczeństwa obywatelskiego. Namysł nad twórczością obu filozofów pozwala spojrzeć na samo zjawisko, jakim jest społeczeństwo obywatelskie, z perspektywy odmiennej niż tradycyjnie przyjmowana. Punkt wyjścia stanowi dla nich redefinicja pojęcia „obywatelstwo”, utożsamienie go z troską o duszę (świadome życie) uzasadnia zainteresowanie myślicieli określonym zestawem praktyk, które celowi temu służą. W proponowanej przeze mnie interpretacji społeczeństwu obywatelskiemu potrzeba dorosłych, tzn. tych, którzy świadomie: a) potrafią rezygnować; b) doświadczają obcości własnej egzystencji; c) korzystają z wyobraźni i zmysłów; d) nawiązują relację z przeszłością własnej wspólnoty. Wszystkie te wymiary współkształtują humanizm edukacji, tj. uczą nie tylko o świecie, ale i lepszego w nim bycia. Tylko na pozór idee Sokratesa i Thoreau są odległe od klasycznych definicji społeczeństwa obywatelskiego. W istocie to od biegłości w dyspozycjach przewidzianych przez ich edukację humanistyczną dla dorosłych zależy rozwój wartości fundamentalnych dla społeczeństwa obywatelskiego, takich jak: wolność, tolerancja, wspólnota celów, oddolna partycypacja. My paper contributes to an intellectual debate on the ‘crisis in the humanities’. From political thought of Socrates and Henry David Thoreau, read through the lens of cognitive psychology and andragogy, I bring out the ideas that in my opinion constitute a valuable curriculum of humanistic education for contemporary civil society. Both philosophers enable us to look from a different angle at the phenomenon known as civil society. Socrates and Thoreau redefine the concept of c i t i z e n s h i p by identifying it with taking care of the self which explains their interest in a set of practices leading to a goal of conscious life. According to this interpretation civil society needs real a d u l t s defined as the ones who are able to c o n s c i o u s l y: a) resign; b) experience the strangeness of their existence; c) use imagination and senses; d) and relate to the past of their community. All of these dimensions shape the h u m a n i s m of education understood not only as teaching what the world is but how to live it. I argue that the perfection of certain humanistic skills promoted by Socrates and Thoreau contributes to the growth of the core values of civil society, such as: freedom, toleration, community of goals, and participation.

The paper addresses two main issues: the first relates to modern hearing and the phenomenon of a new understanding of sound in the world of modernity, the second — as a consequence — to the repercussions of the auditory experience in the works of representatives of the first avantgarde. The author, following various examples of avant-garde manifestations of “language-noise” (including the works of Filippo Tommaso Marinetti, Luigi Russolo, artists of Cabaret Voltaire in Zurich), points out that they reveal the compulsion to hear, to be in sound-noise. He highlights the special importance of early European avant-garde movements (such as Futurism and Dadaism) in the process of restoring the proper sound potential to language (and literature) and at the same time refers to the new understanding of literature in the context of the modern soundscape. REFERENCES Adorno Theodor W. 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Tax institutions should be construed in a rational manner, in order so as to not restrict economic turnover excessively. The regulations concerning the possibility to resign from the VAT exemption of sales of residential premises by the developer characterizes by the high level of formalism which affects in a negative manner the sales process performed by the developer. This paper is devoted to the fragment of the polish Act on the goods and services tax governing the issue of resignation from the VAT exemption of sales of residential premises, which implies in a certain extent to appeal to the regulation of exemptions stipulated in this Act. The subject matter of this analysis is to examine the correctness of transposition of the Directive 112 into polish legal system in the field of real estate exemptions from VAT, the conditions for exercising the optional exemption, as well as the benefit of the resignation from the VAT exemption by the taxpayer.

Non-occupational work-related diseases refer to health problems of multifactorial etiology, the occurrence, development and prognosis of which may be affected by work environment or by the way the work is performed but are not treated as occupational diseases under the applicable law. When analyzing their impact on labor market, it is necessary to also consider the employees' right to put in a claim for compensation due to the consequences of the occurrence of such diseases. Legal regulations as well as judicial decisions on the possibilities and methods of pursuing claims for compensation from an employer due to the occurrence of non-occupational work-related disease were analyzed. The analyzed legal regulations and judicial decisions referred to the regulations of the Labour Code, Civil Code and Resolution of the Supreme Court of 4 December 1987. The paper presents examples of non-occupational diseases considered to be work-related and conditions necessary to assert a claim by the employee at the court. Despite the lack of precise legal regulations in Poland, non-occupational work-related diseases may impact the legal situation of employees as well as employers. Employees are granted the right to claim for compensation from their employers in accordance with the Civil Code. Depending on the employer's legal responsibility, it is necessary to prove the meeting of the appropriate essential conditions to put in a claim for damage. Raising the employers' awareness of the legal and financial consequences shall support the occupational medicine services in intensifying their activity aimed at preventing all work-related diseases. Med Pr 2018;69(5):539-546.

The purpose of this paper is to analyse the role of bovarysme in Zsigmond Moricz’s novel Az Isten hata mogott (Behind God’s Back). Transtextual relationships between the novel and Gustave Flaubert’s Madame Bovary allow reconstructing Moricz’s original understanding of bovarysme and its place it in the broader, socio-literary context of modernising Hungary at the turn of the 20th century.

The paper aims to present the issue of the consent of the injured person in tort law in the area of sport activity. At the beginning, the current understanding of the injured party's consent in the civil law is presented, along with its detailed characteristic, based on recent judgments and academic literature. The exclusion of unlawfulness is described and analyzed, along with conditions under which such a consent may be successfully expressed.

Przedmiotem artykułu jest analiza różnic w metodach stosowanych przez organizacje pozarządowe i ruchy obywatelskie w celu wpływania na kierunki rozwoju terytorialnego Krakowa. Omówiono sposoby działania podmiotów kształtujących kierunki rozwoju Krakowa w ostatnich latach, na tle teorii cyklu życia organizacji. The paper object is to analyze the diff erences between the methods used by NGOs and civic movements, in order to infl uence the territorial development trends in Cracow. The text discusses methods of those, which shaped the directions of development of Cracow, on the background of the theory of life cycle of the organization.

Cannabinoids represent another therapeutic option in patients with pain. Their legal availability for Polish patients causes acute pain doctors try to gather the most up-to-date information on the location of these drugs in the treatment of pain. The paper fulfills these expectations.

Artykul jest poświecony omowieniu wynagrodzen profesorow pochodzących z Polski wykladających na Uniwersytecie Bolonskim w drugiej polowie XV w. Oparty jest na analizie zachowanych w Archiwum Panstwowym w Bolonii wykazow wynagrodzen wykladowcow bolonskiej wszechnicy (od 1470 r.) oraz zachowanych w tymze archiwum wykazow kar finansowych nakladanych na tych wykladowcow, ktorzy zaniedbywali odbywanie zajec. The paper is devoted to the salaries of professors from Poland lecturing at the University of Bologna in the second half of the 15th century. It is based on the analysis of the registers of salaries of professors of the University of Bologna preserved in the State Archive of Bologna (from 1470) and the lists housed in the same archive of financial penalties imposed on those lecturers, who did not held classes regularly.

The article presents the characteristics of Spanish modernism. The author points to a group of writers known as Generation ’98, whose shared characteristic was their focus on the criticism of the socio-political situation of their country in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. The key representatives of the group are: Miguel de Unamuno, Jose Martinez Ruiz (Azorin), Pio Baroja, Ramiro de Maeztu, and Ramon del Valle-Inclan. The first section of the paper outlines the specific qualities of the literary output and attitudes of the Generation ’98 writers, distinct from modernism as such. The second part focuses on the attitude of thinkers to Spain and Spanishness, as well as intellectual consequences thereof. The final part presents a critique of that trend and its interpretation.

Za lekturę i uwagi do pierwszej wersji tekstu dziękuję Anecie Drabek i Ewie Rozkosz. The article discusses the challenges of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education’s programme in Poland, i.e. the National Programme for the Development of Humanities. It describes the regulations on the basis of which the programme has been conducted in 2015. In accord with the current form of the programme, the paper presents three issues that result from the research policy in Poland: (1) how disciplines in the humanities and in the social sciences can be differentiated, (2) how the output of the Principal Investigator in the humanities can be evaluated, and (3) how the term ‘national’ in the name of programme can be interpreted. The article concludes with a discussion of the consequences of financing research in the form of research projects rather than in the form of scholarships for research. W artykule omówione są wyzwania stojące przed realizacją programu Ministra Nauki i Szkolnictwa Wyższego, czyli Narodowego Programu Rozwoju Humanistyki. Prezentowane zagadnienia odnoszą się do aktualnej edycji realizowanej w 2015 roku. Artykuł prezentuje trzy problematyczne kwestie, które wynikają z polityki naukowej realizowanej w Polsce: (1) sposób odróżniania dyscyplin humanistycznych od dyscyplin z nauk społecznych; (2) sposób oceny dorobku kierownika projektu w naukach humanistycznych oraz (3) interpretowanie terminu „narodowy” w nazwie ministerialnego programu. Zakończenie artykułu omawia konsekwencje polityki naukowej koncentrującej się na finansowaniu projektów a nie na finansowaniu długoletnich badań. Artykuł powstał w ramach prac grupy badawczej Scientometrics. Polish Research Group (http://scientometrics.amu.edu.pl) realizującej projekt pt. „Współczesna polska humanistyka wobec wyzwań naukometrii” finansowany ze środków Narodowego Programu Rozwoju Humanistyki, numer decyzji 0057/NPHR3/H11/82/2014.

The author undertakes a comparative analysis of text of the first speech as Prime Minister by Donald Tusk, on 18 November 2011, as well as by Beata Szydlo, on 18 November 2015. The Prime Minister’s expose is a form of political communication. The aim of the research paper is to examine how the communication theory of the British philosopher of language Paul Grice, in particular how the so-called cooperative principle he developed could be used in evaluating the quality of a political statement and the intentions behind it. The author also refers to so-called implicature and the above-mentioned cooperative principle.

The article discusses the educational, improving and preventive role of creative activities in the activation of the elderly. The considerations are based on results of studies on these activities. The paper analyzes the artistic activities conducted within the framework of occupational therapy in day-time nursing homes (in the city of Poznan). Issues related to artistic activities organized at the Universities of the Third Age and informal education are also included. 39 395 411 22 Studia Edukacyjne

Artykuł wpłynął do redakcji 10.12.2015; po recenzjach zaakceptowany 23.02.2016. In this paper the diversity of defensive behavior of people aged over 60 years was confirmed. The author analyzes the research results with regard to two main aspects of defensive behavior: perception of the socio-spatial threats and subjective risk of victimization. In the study there was observed a significant and positive relationship between the level of insecurity, perceived risk of victimization and the number of taken defensive strategies by residents in the age 60+. There were also concluded that a sense of security and risk of victimization are a consequence of the problems identified in the socio-spatial environment of the elderly, which in turn affects their behavior. Przestrzeń miasta może być źródłem różnych zagrożeń, które oddziałują na poziom poczucia bezpieczeństwa jego mieszkańców. W artykule dokonano analizy różnych aspektów zachowań obronnych mieszkańców, które podejmowane są jako skutek percepcji różnorodnych i zróżnicowanych przestrzennie zagrożeń występujących w Łodzi oraz subiektywnego ryzyka wiktymizacji odczuwanego przez osoby w wieku senioralnym. Zachowania obronne mieszkańców w przestrzeni miasta, są bowiem reakcją na realne bądź percypowane zagrożenia tam występujące.

Wybuch protestów i zamieszek na placu Tahrir w Egipcie wpłynął na aktywny rozwój rozmaitych form literackich prezentowanych przez młode pokolenie Egipcjan będących kluczowym ogniwem niezadowolenia z warunków społeczno-politycznych w 2011 roku. Mimo braku gruntownego przygotowania literackiego charakterystycznego dla znanych pisarzy i poetów, młodzi twórcy w spontaniczny sposób wyrażali swoje myśli i emocje związane z aktualną sytuacją w państwie oraz dążeniami, oczekiwaniami i obawami dotyczącymi przyszłości. Twórczość młodych z placu Tahrir stanowi ponadto szczegółową kronikę wydarzeń Arabskiej wiosny, a także ilustruje panujące nastroje społeczne. The paper concerns young Egyptian poets who sympathized with the Arab Spring in 2011 and expressed their angry and protests against dictatorship in the country. Spontaneous and emotional poems reflected two main factors : glorification of the revolution in the Tahrir Square and strong condemnation of Hosni Mubarak’s regime and its apparatus. However, the impulsive literature of young generation also became a chronicle of current history of Egypt, its society and political and social expectations and demands.

The paper attempts to evaluate awareness of Polish farmers the responsibility for the negative consequences that can cause agricultural production and the ability to counteract this effect. The aim of the study was also the assessment of knowledge of the principles of farming in line with sustainable development. The article presents the opinion of farmers on the responsibility for the consequences of negative externalities in agriculture. It was found that farmers know the rules of the Common Good Agricultural Practice and cross compliance. It can be concluded that farmers are afraid of responsibility for the negative environmental effects.