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Copyright of Studies of the Industrial Geography Commission of the Polish Geographical Society / Prace Komisji Geografii Przemyslu Polskiego Towarzystwa Geograficznego is the property of Press of Pedagogical University of Cracow and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Iudaica Russica is the property of Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Slaskiego and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Political Science Studies / Studia Politologiczne is the property of University of Warsaw and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article sums up Witold Wirpsza's presence on the pages of one of the most paramount periodicals of the Polish 20th century emigration. Following the decision of the Polish authorities that refused to prolong the validity of his passport, the writer stayed in West Berlin. Between 1972 and 1985 he published in the Paris "Kultura" ("Culture") almost 60 pieces, including poems, essays, polemics, reviews, conversations, short stories, letters to editors, and open letters. The author of the article traces the publications, and discusses them in the context of Wirpsza's correspondence with the other figures who prove influential for this monthly. The text in enriched by fragments of letters deposited in Berlin Archiv der Akademie der Künste. Wirpsza's main respondent is Jerzy Giedroyc-the editor-in-chief of "Culture." Other authors of letters quoted in the paper are Gustaw Herling-Grudziński, Leszek Kołakowski, Józef Czapski, and Maria Danilewicz-Zielińska. Pawelec pictures Wirpsza in "Culture" as a writer of polemical temperament. In the circle of "Culture" he was a "well present" figure, especially in the first period of his cooperation with this periodical. His activity clearly downtones in the 1980s due to health problems. The crowning of the writer's "good presence" in "Culture" was a remembrance sketch published after his death in the monthly in question by Wiktor Woroszylski entitled Imiennik (Namesake). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the First Civil War, political emigration occurred in Rome. The author of the paper distinguishes three stages of this emigration. The first concerns the period immediately after the outbreak of the First Civil War in 88 BC. At that time, a small group of refugees escaping Sullan repression reached Spain and Africa. The second stage involved the persecution that broke out in Rome after the victory of Cinna and Marius. In this case, emigration concerned a much wider population. First, refugees fled to the East to join Sulla, but they also sought out asylum in other parts of the Republic, for example in Spain or Africa. The third stage of emigration followed the victory of L. Cornelius Sulla in the First Civil War in Italy and the introduction of proscription (82 BC). Spain became the main destination for refugees, and their number was so great that they established their own center of power, organized armed forces, and resisted Sullan troops for several years. In the paper, the author presents the reasons emigrants had for leaving Italy, the scale of the phenomenon, the main directions and circumstances of emigration, its nature as well as the actions undertaken by refugees to return to Italy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper discusses the ethical aspects of issuing Leo Lipski's volume Proza wybrana (Selected Prose) by Czarne Publishing House, prepared by Agnieszka Maciejowska, and in doing so it devotes attention to the issues of preserving the waiting period for launching Lipski's intimate letters to Irena Lewulis. The letters in question, following the will of Łucja Gliksman, the writer's friend and carer, were to have been revealed to readers 25 years after transferring them to the Archives of Polish Emigration, University Library of Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń. The letters appeared on the market earlier, in 2022. Thus, there emerges the question why the edition fails to comply with the will of the letter's donor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Horizons of Politics / Horyzonty Polityki is the property of Jesuit University Ignatianum in Krakow and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Annals of Cultural Studies / Roczniki Kulturoznawcze is the property of John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Institute of Cultural Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Studia Migracyjne Przegląd Polonijny is the property of Wydzial Studiow Miedzynarodowych i Politycznych UJ oraz Polska Akademia Umiejetnosci and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Dionizja Poniatowska, de domo Iwanowska (1816-1868), was a woman philanthropist, author of press articles and historical papers, who originated from Podolia. She was interested in literature and his- tory, socialised with artistic circles in Poland and on emigration, and known by many the then writers (e.g. Teofil Lenartowicz, Zygmunt Krasiński), though is linked primarily with Bohdan Zaleski with whom she established a long-lasting friendship authenticated by a correspondence of over 30 years. The letters present Poniatowska as a woman of acute intelligence and increased sensitivity placed on firm ethical basis. Among the many threads and subject raised in the correspondence, special attention is occupied by women. Poniatowska formulated postulates connected with social elevation of woman significance derived from Biblical anthropology. In this respect she is close to the concepts put forward by Cyprian Norwid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Polish Geographical Review / Przegląd Geograficzny is the property of Polska Akademia Nauk, Instytut Geografii i Przestrzennego Zagospodarowania and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Annals of Cultural Studies / Roczniki Kulturoznawcze is the property of John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Institute of Cultural Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Horizons of Politics / Horyzonty Polityki is the property of Jesuit University Ignatianum in Krakow and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Certification of the command of Polish as a foreign language is a phenomenon with an international reach and groundbreaking significance for the promotion and enhancement of the prestige of the Polish language across the world. The certification system for the Polish language was created in 2004 and, in the face of new challenges, reformed in 2015. At present, it is the primary instrument of the migration policy of Poland, which gives rise to difficulties in its functioning. This paper is an attempt at a comprehensive description of the phenomenon of state certification examinations. It discusses the scientific and legal grounds for the examinations, amendments introduced over years to the legislation regulating certification and their consequences, as well as describes and diagnoses the existing situation concerned with certification of the command of Polish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Polish Nursing / Pielegniarstwo Polskie is the property of Poznan University of Medical Sciences Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article tries to describe and explain the change in the involvement of national parliaments in the process of reforming the EU’s migration, asylum and bord control policies in the years 2015-2020. The research continues the threads that author have presented in the article entitled The involvement of national parliaments in 2015–2017 in actions to overcome the immigration crisis in the EU published in 2018. However, this analysis was mainly exploratory and descriptive. Therefore, by using a hypothetico-deductive method and drawing from observations about the activity of parliaments in using the treaty and non-treaty tools available to them, as well as from the conclusions about their involvement in the reform of migration, asylum and border control policies in 2015-2016, two hypotheses are tested: H1. The instrument of political dialogue was used more frequently by national parliaments during the 2020 reform than during the 2015- 2016 reform; H2. Those parliaments that actively used treaty-based instruments in 2015-2016 were more likely to submit opinions on documents regarding the reform of asylum and migration policy after 2020. The results obtained show a decline in the involvement of parliaments measured by the number of political dialogue opinions sent to the EU institutions and the intensity of discussions in interparliamentary cooperation bodies. Nevertheless, the relatively large number of reasoned opinions under the subsidiarity control procedures, as well as the fact that new parliaments, which were not involved in issuing opinions on solutions regarding migration, asylum and border control policies in 2015-2016, allow us to ask new interesting research questions requiring further analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Przeglad Sejmowy is the property of Kancelaria Sejmu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Studies in Politics & Society / Polityka & Społeczeństwo is the property of University of Rzeszow and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Studies in Politics & Society / Polityka & Społeczeństwo is the property of University of Rzeszow and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Studies in Politics & Society / Polityka & Społeczeństwo is the property of University of Rzeszow and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Political Science Studies / Studia Politologiczne is the property of University of Warsaw and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The Cape‑Verdean community is one of the most traditional and most important immigrant groups in Portugal. Since the first arrivals to the Portuguese land, the Cape‑Verdean people have settled in the Lisbon area. The cabo‑verdianos community actively participate in the artistic milieu of the multicultural Portuguese capital. Music has always been considered as one of the most relevant mechanisms of transmission of the Cape‑Verdean identity. The multiplicity of musical forms present both in the archipelago territory and in the Diaspora environment is a real proof of the creolization of the Cape‑Verdean culture. This paper aims to describe the interdependence between the musical creation of Cape‑Verdean immigrants (and especially the young Portuguese of Cape‑Verdean origins) and their searching for, re‑interpreting and defining the own cultural identity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper sheds light on the processes of immigration to Poland, key features of the growing immigrant population, as well as, on the main integration challenges. It provides information about number, status and socio-economic characteristics of immigrants legally residing in Poland. A particular attention is given to the largest immigrant groups (i.e. Ukrainians and Vietnamese), as well as, two groups characterized by a rapid growth (i.e. Turks and Indians). The author discusses also selected issues of social and cultural integration of immigrants in Poland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper offers an insight into Polish migrants' perceptions of the English education system and how these may impact on their future migration decisions. The study is based on interviews with Polish parents living in England. First, the author discusses the English education system and explains how disparate it is from the Polish one. Next, Polish migrants' perceptions of the English education system are discussed. The Polish system is described as promoting higher academic standards, more discipline and a stronger work ethic. In the final section, the author argues that differences between the two systems complicate the issue of prospective return, with many parents fearing their children would not be able to (re-) enter the Polish education system. Therefore, to Polish parents living in England schooling is a significant factor in making decisions regarding settlement in the UK. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper looks at the selected issues related to the asylum seekers in Poland. The first section is devoted to legal basis for protection (both international and domestic regulations), its various forms, as well as assistance granted to the foreign nationals seeking asylum. Next, the authors present statistics on the scale of the phenomenon and discuss the questions related to the social integration of foreigners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the paper is to assess the impact of the recent large-scale migration of Poles on the domestic labour market. First, the author presents basic information on the emigration wave in Poland and methodological challenges related to the systematic analysis of this phenomenon. In the following section, the short-term, mid-term and long-term consequences of the emigration on the Polish labour market are discussed. In conclusion, the author argues that the outflow of manpower may result in some structural changes of the Polish labour market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article looks at the questions related to evolution of the Polish migration policy in light of the labour migration which occurred after the EU accession. In the first section, the author presents the theoretical background to the migration policy. The main focus in the paper is placed on the links between the Polish migration strategy and the great wave of labour migration following Poland's entry into the EU in 2004. The author discusses the statistics on migration trends and patterns, as well as national policies and documents referring to the labour migration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the paper is to discuss the socio-economic effects of the international migration of Poles in light of their careers. The analysis is based on quantitative comprehensive data extracted from both public statistics and dedicated local surveys drawn from local communities with high density of migration, as well as from qualitative studies devoted to occupational biographies and social remittances of migrants. The author shows differentiations of occupational careers of migrants and sedentary local populations, and various profiles of transitions from the Polish education to the foreign labour market. She also seeks an answer to the question what Polish migrants bring from migration beyond money, and how migration impacts human capital. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Studia Migracyjne Przegląd Polonijny is the property of Wydzial Studiow Miedzynarodowych i Politycznych UJ oraz Polska Akademia Umiejetnosci and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article offers an exploration of the history of the third wave of Chinese immigration to the USA which began after 1943. After a brief introduction to previous legislation promoting Chinese exclusion from America, the article provides a detailed description of immigration policies that influenced the influx of Chinese. Moreover, it considers background information relating to the socio-economic challenges that the Chinese faced in their new homeland. Chinese Americans also experienced cultural alienation, which they expressed, among other ways, in literature. After years of exclusion, since the second half of the 20th century, Chinese may finally immigrate to the United States on equal terms to those enjoyed by representatives of other nationalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Research Papers of the Wroclaw University of Economics / Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wroclawiu is the property of Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny we Wroclawiu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ekonomia XXI Wieku is the property of Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny we Wroclawiu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Research Papers of the Wroclaw University of Economics / Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wroclawiu is the property of Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny we Wroclawiu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)