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The paper examines wit as a major, informing and thematically important literary element that enables the readers to penetrate into the deeper realms of imagination and interpretation. The meaning of the term ‘wit’ has changed a lot during the years both in critical and dictionary usage. Therefore, various conceptions of wit from the diachronic perspective are presented and its types in the theatrical discourse are examined. In the discourse of drama wit is generally divided into two main forms: ‘repartee’ and ‘quip’. As repartee it is used to display ones agility or mental superiority over another character in the dialogue taking a form of a verbal contest. As quip it can act as a sharp stroke of wit to announce the speaker’s original opinion or observation. However, both types of wit invoke cleverness as the most important component of a witty utterance. The interest of the authors is particularly directed towards the role of social wit in John Webster’s drama ‘The Duchess of Malfi‘ (1613). This Jacobean drama is often considered the dramatic masterpiece of the early seventeenth-century English stage. The paper aims to reveal the complexity of a witty dramatic discourse by analyzing its technique, contexts and contest characteristics through the examination of witty instances formed in the drama. It gives an exploration of the social context and mechanism of the formation of a witty utterance that has a high social value as it is in Webster’s play where wit serves to convey the language of contest, often resulting in aggression, open mockery, exposing moral corruption and social injustice.

The paper analyses 782 nicknames that were recorded at Veliuona vicinity during the project of the Institute of the Lithuanian Language “Modern Research of Geolinguistics in Lithuania: Optimisation of Network of Points and Interactive Spread of Dialectal Information”. The paper aims to identify the characteristic attributes of nickname structure. The analysis of the relations in derivation, i. e., tentatively distinguishing the derivation base and formant is the only way to talk about common word derivation. While researching the nicknames it is difficult to find such a universal criterion in derivation which would enable the distribution of nicknames into the primary and the secondary ones due to the fact that when a nickname and its appellative derivation motivation coincides the confusion arises. Thus, the paper invokes the structural analysis of nicknames to find universal criteria that would enable the distinction of nicknames into the primary and the secondary. The article eliminates the primary nicknames that do not differ from the motivational word, 241 secondary nickname is being researched ant structurally analysed. The structural analysis discloses a proper structure and common words being selected for nickname creation. Structurally analysing the secondary nicknames, the nicknames with suffix, inflection, mixed structure, compound, composite and phrasal nicknames were distinguished. It was determined that in vacinity of Veliuona the nicknames with suffix and inflection are mostly used.

This paper analyzes the usage of ICT (Information and Communications Tech- nology) on FL learner’s proficiency, implemented into the teaching process based on working with the traditional course-book. What is more, the article presents the results of examining the issue of online technology exploited as a beneficial learning tool among teenage groups of students. Additionally, the above-mentioned way of teaching was not only combined but also compared with the traditional conduct of the lesson.

The focus of this paper is the relationship between language and the “worldview“ described through language and generated in the recipient through linguistic means as well as the reproduction of this view in another language in the translation pro- cess. It could be asked whether the recipients receive an identical or a similar „world- view“ and idea in both the source and the target language. Transferring a translator‘s “worldview” may sometimes lead to loss of contents or redundancy in the translation process. How is the “worldview” translated into another language? Do translators of literature differ from those who translate specialized texts? Who can interpret and who can only reproduce texts? Depending on whether a literary or a specialized text is translated the reader will – after the translator – either interpret or treat it as a faithful copy of the original.

The aim of this article is to explore the theatrical nature of madness in one of Luigi Pirandello’s most famous characters: Henry IV. For the purposes of this paper I denominate his state “madness in costume”, for a number of reasons. First of all, the costume, an inherent attribute of the main character, becomes a determinant of the fictional and theatrical dimension in the drama. It therefore refers to thinking about madness in terms of theatricality: not only because of a certain kind of artistry in the act of madness, but also because the simulation of the insanity made Henry an actor who plays his role within the fictional world-stage he has created. The awareness of the fictional nature of that world testifies to the metatheatrical character of the play, in which the unconcealed artificiality of the presented world is emphasized by the theat- rical costume accompanying Henry from his memorable fall during the masquerade until the resolution of the plot.

The occurrence of linguistic variants is called variantivity (in Polish: wariantywność) or variance (in Polish: wariancja). Not always does the term linguistic variance have an identical meaning. In this paper, it is understood in its narrower meaning, i.e., it encompasses linguistic elements that differ in form but have the same or a similar function. It deals with both variants sensu stricto (i.e., identical as far as the function is concerned) and oscillating variants (i.e., those that differ from one another in one quality). Linguistic variantivity can be classified using the following criteria: 1. Linguistic correctness (correct and incorrect alternate forms); 2. Area of linguistic operation: extralinguistic (spelling and punctuation) and intralinguistic (grammar, lexis, phonetics); 3. Universality of usage (systemic and idiolectic variants); 4. Frequency (frequent and rare forms); 5. Chronology (contemporary and outdated forms); 6. Geography (countrywide and regional variants); 7. Range (countrywide and noncountrywide forms characteristic of a particular milieu, profession, etc.); and 8. Stylistics (neutral and marked forms). The typology presented in this paper is open, which means that other criteria can be added to discriminate alternate forms (for instance, the criterion of genetics—native and non-native variants). Some criteria overlap, e.g., outdated, regional, idiolectic, environmental, and/or stylistically marked forms can all be considered rare (the criterion of frequency). Putting that aside, this classification can be expected to contribute to a better recognition of the phenomenon of variantivity in the Polish language.

This paper presents a contrastive linguo-cognitive study of the phraseological semantic field, here viewed as a means of manifesting the corresponding fragment of the phraseological picture of the world built in consciousness and defined as a semantic unity of phraseological units which are connected with some pheno­menon of thereal or imagined world and reveal the phraseological concept of this phenomenon.The paper focuses upon three main aspects of a contrastive linguo-cognitive study of the same phraseological semantic fields in different languages, highlighting their cognitive value: 1) a semantic inventory of the phraseological semantic field; 2) a phraseological representation of individual phraseological semantic groups as components of the phraseological semantic field and manifestants of separate features of the phraseological concept; and 3) a configuration of the component structure of the phraseological semantic field. The paper presents a method of contrastive linguo-cognitive study which is carried out in the three mentioned directions and allows explication on the basis of language data, as well as comparison and characterization of the contents of the different languages’ concepts and accents available in these contents. The method emphasizes the need to process language data and the importance of employing statistical procedures, both to estimate the relevance of possible interlanguage differences and to assess the possibility of their interpretation in terms of cognitive and cultural specificity. Use of the method is demonstrated through the example of a contrastive linguo-cognitive study of the Russian and English phraseological semantic field of arguing.

When communicating on the Internet, the participants, so to say, mingle two traditional modes of communication: writing and speech. The phenomenon appears to be most noticeable in chat room interactions. This suggestion is based on the fact that users try to behave as though they are engaged in a spoken act of communication, though the actual medium of communication employs written language forms. Therefore, Internet users need to know what conventions to employ and how to perform such actions in order to express the desired meanings, all with the aim of driving the interaction as close as possible to speech. Such implementations of certain language-related customs require a specific kind of language awareness from the users. This concept, plus the applied conventions, constitute the essence of this article. The discussion begins with an introduction to the research problem, in this case the intentional utilization by Internet chat participants of the graphic mode of communication in order to express their desired meanings. Second, the reader becomes acquainted with the terminology used in the paper, which includes: language awareness, (Internet) chat, and (language) corpus. Moreover, the source of the studied language material—a corpus of Internet chats—is presented. The said description additionally includes the informants’ characteristics, as well as the topicality of their conversations. The further sections of the paper discus the application of selected non-normative spelling conventions and word-formation processes, with the support of examples taken from the corpus. Based on the discussion, an attempt is made to indicate which features comprise certain values to the participants of Internet chats.

This paper analyzes the dynamics of usage of the lexical units ксива and малява (types of slip) in Russian criminal discourse. We are led to believe that, despite the large variety in understanding of the term “discourse,” it can be defined as a sphere of human linguosemiotic experience which is determined by the pragmatics of activity carried out within it, the socio-psychological features of the participants of interactions, the specifics of time and space, and topics according to the methodology proposed by O. Leszczak. Nowadays, a growing interest in criminal discourse has been observed and implies “complex research on the discourse about crime, which enables better understanding of its participants, their criminal positions and functions, the problematics and issues for discussions about crime, along with its influence on modern criminology and crime prevention” (Жалинский 2009). All these factors should be taken into account, making the researcher verify the sources of language material in order to avoid distorting meanings in the word usage under study. This is caused by the notional sphere itself, which, in certain types of discourse, can be verbalized by the word group, which may be represented by a word expression, phrase, speech segment, etc. Words and word expressions considered as phraseological units of criminal discourse were analyzed in this paper.

In the Second Polish Republic, only professors and associate professors (docents) working atuniversities were referred to as academics. This paper presents issues related to theiremployment. In the interwar period, the rules for employing academics were stated in the lawsof academic schools. There were two such acts at the time, which defined the rules for promotion to associate and full professorships. The manner of the appointment was based on the existence of a limited number of such chairs. All professorships were set up by the Polish government. The laws of academic schools also described the habilitation procedure, which led to receiving permission to lecture and use the academic title of docent. In this paper, general reflections on hiring academic teachers at universities are supported by examples fromStefan Batory University. I determined the size of the two employed groups, professors and docents, at the University between the wars. 138 persons worked there as professors—the largest number in 1937–38—and 70 were docents, with a maximum in one academic year of 11. I also describe issues regarding their scientific research (philosophers, literature specialists, and the academics from the Faculty of Medicine had the greatest achievements) and didactic and organizational work, as well as their salaries. I devote some attention to their private lives and non-academic activities as well (especially in relation to the most famous among them). My deliberations are based on archives and printed sources generated by SBU.

This paper discusses the cityscape as an essential element of African American fiction. Since the time of Romanticism, the city has been regarded as the embodiment of evil forces which are alien to human nature and radiate fear and death. For decades, African-Americans have been isolated in the black ghettos of major American cities which were in many ways responsible for their personal growth or their failure. Often this failure is determined by their inability to find their bearings in a strange and alien world, which the city symbolizes. The world beyond the black ghetto is shown as brutal and terrifying, while the world inside is devoid of hope. Crime, vandalism, poverty, overcrowding, and social conflicts turn out to be the landmarks of big cities, because the people who migrate to them and make up most of their population are also the poorest and least adapted to urban life: they have lost their roots, and feel displaced in the anonymous urban society. A number of African-American novels depict protagonists who are unable to adapt to life in a big city, and end in degradation and misery. James Baldwin’s novels are among the most representative. His disordered and dislocated characters are products of the external world of the city of the machine age, and as such they are characteristic of all African-American fiction. This paper analyzes some of the recent black novels that reverberate with Baldwin’s ideas.

This paper discusses two literary works by Chinua Achebe—No Longer at Ease (1960) and The Education of a British-Protected Child (2011)—in the context of the issue of diversity in the postcolonial setting. It aims to approach Achebe’s work from a new perspective, by applying a theoretical paradigm employed in business to the study of literature and culture. The “diversimilarity” paradigm, used for managing cultural diversity in organisations, is applied and shown to be pertinent to the investigation of literature, too. The methodology employed combines theoretical data with the practical implications of the conceptual framework on Achebe’s work. The paper starts with a discussion of the diversity concept and then moves on to tackle the diversimilarity paradigm in business. Then the investigation focuses on Achebe’s “duality” and “middle ground” concepts as they assist diversimilarity, concepts which work together at the levels of mentality, ideology, and identity. Finally, the paper focuses on language and the methods proposed by Achebe to manage and solve the existing linguistic diversity problems in Nigeria. The findings show that in the works explored, the diversimilarity paradigm is assisted by other concepts as solutions for the Nigerian people to cope with diversity. Moreover, Achebe shows that the other conceptions that support diversimilarity are still effective, even though they are rooted in the ancestral values of his Igbo people. The originality of the paper results from placing Achebe’s literary work in the context of contemporary concerns related to human identity in the postcolonial globalized environment and from expanding the scope and methods of literary research by employing concepts from other areas of human activity. Thus, the intersection between the worlds of the economy and culture seems fruitful for the investigation of cultural diversity.

The present paper discusses Li Hongwei’s novel The King and Lyric Poetry (2017). The novel tells the story of the suicide of the last Nobel Prize laureate in the future history of literature, Chinese poet Yuwen Wanghu. Following the detective thread of the book, the essay reconstructs utopian and dystopian semi-virtual landscapes of the mid-21st century China which feed into two different models of lyricism: the poet as a knight errant who seeks inspiration far from modern civilization and the poet as a lonely warrior against (technological) tyranny. In the final scene, the two landscapes blur and the antithetical forces that infuse them: lyricism (Yuwen) and power/knowledge (the King) merge into what may be seen as their dialectical synthesis to be fulfilled by the novel’s third protagonist – Yuwen’s young friend, Li Pulei. Mobilizing various contexts, including the suicides of famous mainland-Chinese poets, important poetry polemics, and intertexts ranging from classical Chinese literary theory through to Truman Show and Matrix, I argue that the novel mirrors the development of poetry discourse in the PRC with its various myths, conflicts, complexes, and ambitions. I also show how this discourse, shaped for a long time largely by the so-called Third Generation poets born in the 1950s and 1960s, translates into the situation of the poets who belong to a younger generation (“post-70”) represented by Li Hongwei among others, and what (self-)expectations, challenges, and limitations they face in their writing.

The paper examines whether rhetorical questions (RQs) with insulting content or implications soften or intensify the insulting content that they express, as compared to corresponding direct statements with similar insulting content. The analysis is based on the results of two online surveys conducted among 276 Bosnian university students (182 and 94, respectively), who evaluated, in regard to their offensiveness, two sets of RQs and corresponding statements with insulting content or implications. Three types of insulting RQs were included in the surveys: insulting RQs without explicitly offensive terms, insulting RQs that incorporate derogatory words, and sarcastic RQs with insulting implications. The expected results were that: a) in line with Frank’s (1990) account of strengthening effects of RQs as their primary function, insulting RQs, with or without derogatory words, will function as amplifiers, and sound more offensive than corresponding declaratives; and b) sarcastic RQs, following Dews and Winner’s (1995) account of softening effects of sarcastic utterances, will function as mitigators, as compared to non-sarcastic declaratives with insulting content. The obtained results indicate that the first hypothesis cannot be verified (in spite of some indications that slight amplifying effects do exist), and the second hypothesis is completely rejected, with some likelihood that the opposite could be true.

The paper provides results of the frequential distribution analysis of cybersecurity terms used in the Lithuanian cybersecurity corpus composed of texts of different genres. The research focuses on the following aspects: overall distribution of cybersecurity terms (their density and diversity) across genres, distribution of English and English-Lithuanian terms and their usage patterns in Lithuanian sentences, and, finally, the most frequent cybersecurity terms and their thematic groups in each genre. The research was performed in several stages: compilation of a cybersecurity corpus and its subdivision into genre-specific subcorpora, manual annotation of cybersecurity terms, automatic lemmatisation of annotated terms and, finally, quantitative analysis of the distribution of the terms across the subcorpora. The results reveal the similarities and differences of the use of cybersecurity terminology across genres which are important to consider to get a complete picture of terminology usage trends in this domain.

This paper explored the modal verb shall in formal and informal writings in academic and fiction registers. It focused on the frequencies of shall across academic and fiction domains in contemporary American English and the differences in the usage of shall between academic and fiction registers of contemporary American English. The researchers used a corpus linguistic method. Data were collected from the Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA) and analysed using Hanks’ (2004) Corpus Pattern Analysis technique. All occurrences of shall in academic and fiction writing styles of COCA were retrieved, and 400 concordance lines consisting of 200 texts from each domain were collected. The texts were analysed and described in accordance with their syntactic, stylistic, and semantic characteristics. Results showed that shall was rare in COCA’s academic and fiction registers as the overall frequencies were 59.77 and 68.34 words per million, respectively. From all the 400 tokens being analysed, the researchers found that shall in the observed data could be classified as rules and regulations, direction, prediction, volition, and etc. The uses of shall in both domains in COCA varied syntactically, semantically, and stylistically.

This paper is an attempt to add knowledge to scholarship in a field that has attracted less attention from researchers. It presents a study of graffiti found on a board located inside a gym in Madrid that was carried out in order to get a grasp of the functions of the graffiti and gain an insight into discursive practices in gyms. Data analysis focused on texts while overlooking the graffiti’s non-verbal features and was carried out following Fairclough’s (2004, 2013) approach, which emphasizes the study of language as a social practice and encourages a three-fold analysis of discourse that includes action, representation and identification. The study revealed that social agents attempted to act and interact directly or indirectly with fellow gym-goers through graffiti.

The aim of this paper is a cognitive grammar analysis of noun phrases in German which contain a proper noun. It is common for proper nouns in German, like first names, surnames, the names of cities and countries, to occur without an article. They can, however, also occur with the definite article, the demonstrative pronoun or with the indefinite article. There are also proper nouns in German, such as the names of rivers, mountain ranges, and some countries, which—according to many grammars—obligatorily occur with the definite article. However, it may happen that even those occur without an article. Whether there is an article before a proper noun or not is regarded as a grammatical phenomenon, without acknowledging its semantic aspects. The latter are only considered in a very few cases. A cognitive grammar analysis makes it possible to look at the abovementioned phenomena from the semanticconceptual perspective, thus ensuring wider opportunities to explain and describe them. According to cognitive grammar, every use of any element should have a semantic-conceptual motivation. The cognitive grammar analysis of German noun phrases containing a proper noun carried out in this article allows us to conclude that the use of articles in the German language is in most cases determined by the speaker’s intention. The analysis in this paper includes a description of noun phrases containing proper nouns selected from the German magazine Der Spiegel.

This paper reviews the more important standpoints concerning interlinguistic homonymy in a broad sense. It is a comparison of various opinions published during the last 50 years by researchers from the former USSR, Slovakia, Poland, and Western Europe. The paper shows many different terms and types of interlinguistic homonymy and explains what they result from. It also examines interlinguistic paronymies, interlinguistic synonymia, and false friends. There is no single precise definition of interlinguistic homonymy—there are a lot of different definitions concerning this issue. Some researchers claim that interlinguistic paronymies and interlinguistic homonymy are the same issue. Others claim that it is impossible to describe them together, for instance in one dictionary. The opinions of researchers are various and sometimes opposed. Not everybody believes that interlinguistic homonymy really exists, leading to frequent denials of the term interlinguistic homonymy. Homonymy is an issue which usually exists within one language—not among two or three (or more) languages. Many researchers have tried to explain this topic but each of them has understood interlinguistic homonymy differently. The paper considers doctor Katarzyna Wojan from the University of Gdansk, who shows a lot of very interesting precise definitions. She uses her own terms to be more precise and to avoid being misunderstood.

This paper is a case study comparison of Vladimir Nabokov’s self-translated Russian version of his English novel Lolita with its original text within the frame of the theory of literary translation. Here, self-translation is referred to as a branch of literary translation whose distinctive feature is that the work is both composed and translated by the same person. It is interesting to observe that, for the most part, the authors who translate their own works into another language are bilingual. Theoretical investigation into the field of self-translation is a recent endeavour; the term only appeared around 1976. Before it appeared in A Dictionary for the Analysis of Literary Translation, self-translation was thought to be related to bilingualism, and was therefore approached from the perspective of linguistics. This paper analyses some alliterative modes, including suballiteration, produced by Nabokov in the two versions of Lolita. Throughout, the process of translation is viewed as a “two-stage reading-writing activity.” The novel’s translation into Lithuanian, which was performed from Nabokov’s Russian translation, is used to show the difference between translation and selftranslation, and to reveal the clash or the interplay between the foreign and the domestic in the development of alliterative appeal.

This article primarily contains a threefold presentation of the notion of politeness. The universality of the phenomenon of politeness and its wide recognisability inspired the choice of methodology adopted herein. The article aims to produce some observations with regard to both similarities and possible divergences amongst the following angles of the concept in question: a) dictionary definitions, b) definitions proposed by linguists, and c) the perception of this concept by members of society. The paper further aims to shape an initial vision of the category of “politeness” in order to classify it and specify its means of verbalization, with a special focus on the territory of polite lies. The article begins by presenting the dictionary definitions of the concept in question and attempts to show the complexity of the phenomenon, which directly results from the definitions under scrutiny. These are then contrasted with some common definitions proposed by linguists; the key concepts, the operationalization of politeness, and the author’s comments can be found in this section. Subsequently, these definitions are contrasted with the ways lay members of society perceive the concept of politeness. Afterwards, the paper briefly outlines the two fundamental theories of linguistic politeness, namely Brown and Levinson’s Theory of Politeness and Leechs’s Politeness Principle. This is done especially with a view to settling the notion of the polite lie within the frames of the aforementioned theories. Consequently, the phenomenon of the polite lie is defined and the ways in which it typically operates are shown. This is done by means of Brown and Levinson’s positive politeness theory and Leech’s maxims of politeness. Ultimately, the article attempts to contrast language users’ perceptions of polite lies with the two theories of politeness. The dictionary database was collected from the OED2 dictionary and the Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, as well as from two questionnaires presented to eight informants of different ages and occupations. The paper includes summing-up definitions of linguistic politeness and polite lies, as well as a table with the final results of the questionnaire studies.

The aim of this study is to analyze how the economic and financial crisis in Lithuania is metaphorically conceptualized by three sociopolitical groups, i.e., the leading political party (the Conservatives), the Opposition and the media, with a primary focus on the methodological issues of metaphor analysis. The analysis is based on a three-step procedure originally suggested by Charteris-Black: first, linguistic metaphors are identified in the discourse; next, they are interpreted in relation to their underlying conceptual metaphors; and finally, they are explained—or, in other words, they are analysed from a rhetorical perspective (Identified → Interpreted → Explained). This paper focuses mainly on the first stage of analysis and addresses different problems which the researcher faces while undertaking metaphor analysis. The discussion of the procedure of metaphor identification and interpretation is supported with factual data and statistics. Furthermore, the paper outlines directions for future research into crisis metaphors.

This paper summarises the research material of the ongoing global grant project, “Modern Research of Geolinguistics in Lithuania: Optimisation of Network of Points and Interactive Spread of Dialectal Information.” The project aims to collect the most important sociolinguistic data of the entire Lithuanian language area, with the purpose of carrying out a primary analysis of the items found in order to make a record of the Lithuanian language situation at the beginning of the 21st century. In fact, the collecting of toponyms started earlier, especially after the foundation of the Group of Onomastics at the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences, at the Institute of the Lithuanian Language and Literature in 1958. In the period of 1976–1986, the Institute, in collaboration with the Society of Heritage Protection and Regional Studies, launched 11 major expeditions to several regions of Lithuania. Expeditions on onomastics and dialectology were also organised at the Vilnius University Kaunas Faculty of Humanities. In the period of 1979–1989, students of the Kaunas Faculty of Humanities, supervised by Albertas Ružė, collected the onyms in the Samogitian region (Telšiai, Mažeikiai, Akmenė and two-thirds of the Skuodas district). During the abovementioned period, two two-day long annual expeditions to the birthplaces of outstanding Lithuanian linguists (e.g., Juozas Balčikonis, Jonas Kazlauskas and others) were organised. In 1977–1988, the expedition members, under the direction of Alvydas Butkus, collected the onyms in such areas as Ukmergė, Molėtai, Utena, Kaunas, Pasvalys, Biržai, Jurbarkas, and Lazdijai. The paper overviews one aspect of the item questionnaire, i.e., the onomastics of part of the live language heritage: toponyms and nicknames. The research is based on the descriptive method and deals with the analysis of the toponyms and nicknames of the dialectal items of the Pasvalys, Kaunas and Marijampolė counties. Moreover, it gives an explanation of the folk etymology of the item names. The research involved 87 informants (of both genders) from different dialect areas and of different generations – the younger (under 30 years old), the middle (31–49 years old), and the elder (50 years old and over). Due to the rather fresh start of the project, the current paper presents only some initial insights, which will be revised upon the completion of the project.

This paper aims to shed light on the tenacious tendency of would-be philologists and self-taught historians to embellish the history of the Lithuanian nation and its civilization by providing interpretations of ancient texts without real evidence. In particular, the authors review some methodological aspects of historical research in the work of the Lithuanian émigré J. Statkutė de Rosales, Europos šaknys ir mes, lietuviai (The Roots of Europe and We, the Lithuanians). This article points out that her claim that the Goths were the mighty ancestors of today’s Lithuanians derives from a macroscopic misinterpretation and alteration of the only existing text about the origin of the Goths, which is the late Latin Getica, written by Jordanes. Statkutė, who recently received a doctorate honoris causa, identifies the Goths with the ancient Lithuanians by comparing the word Gothi with the Lithuanian ethnonym gudai, and asserts that world historians have intentionally been duped for years by a few deceitful scholars into believing that the Goths originated in Scandinavia. Statkutė holds that the island of Scandza depicted by Jordanes should not be identified with Scandinavia at all, but with the Baltic coast from Eastern Poland to Lithuania. The authors of this paper examine the actual text of Jordanes both philologically and with cross-references to other authors, finding that Statkutė’s conclusions are extremely erroneous. Not only has the Latin text been incorrectly translated by Statkutė in more than one passage, but she has also kept silent – most probably on purpose – about some crucial information, thereby lending support to her theories. The identification of Scandza, the fatherland of the Goths according to Jordanes, with the Baltic coast has to be ruled out mainly by the fact that the Latin historian clearly describes the phenomena of the polar night and midnight sun as being typical of Northern Scandza. Statkutė’s approach to sources written in Latin also appears compromised, not only by leaving out relevant information, but also by her difficulty in understanding (and therefore translating) the texts as well. The authors of this paper point out several other misinterpretations of facts, which are presented in her book as more or less revolutionary findings. In addition, Statkutė’s arrogant accusations against distinguished scholars would be inappropriate even if she were correct in her assumptions. As a matter of fact, her sole merit today is the attempt to arouse Lithuanians’ interest in their own distant past.

The paper considers several issues of Russian Verse Theory connected with the architectonics of Lermontov’s Borodino strophe. This rare and unique strophe is characterized by an odd number of lines (seven), peculiar rhyme, and mainly by the different number of syllables in its lines: five lines of the strophe contain nine syllables of iambic tetrameter, while the third and the seventh contain six syllables of iambic trimeter. Such a structure does not allow the use of traditional (statistical) methods of the study of verse rhythmics. To prove that, this paper describes the construction of “stress profiles” for the quatrain in iambic tetrameter, and shows that it is impossible to carry out this procedure for Lermontov’s Borodino strophe. Unlike the traditional approach, our method of rhythmic-harmonic precision imposes no restrictions on the architectonics of verse, which is why it is this method that underlies the analysis of the structural harmony of the Borodino strophe given in this paper. Our analysis compares the rhythmic-harmonic potential of the strophe and the actual values of the rhythmic harmony parameter with iambic and trochaic quatrains and with Onegin’s strophe in Pushkin’s verse. Another task of our work was a rhythmic-conceptual study of the “Borodino” text. This poem was published in 1837; together with the poem “On the Poet’s Death,” it immediately moved Lermontov to the forefront of Russian poets. The main result of our work consists in proving that in its structural-harmonic aspect, the Borodino strophe is unique and, moreover, it turns out to be the perfect verse construction for the expression of a mixed sublime-descending poetic mood: inspiration (in our case, a patriotic rise) and the following disappointment. Our study shows that Lermontov’s great poem “Borodino” not only passes “the trial of harmony with algebra,” but also, from the point of view of its single a rhythm-sense, stands near the best works of the first Russian poet, Pushkin.

CONTENTS I. PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS Isabel Íñigo-Mora, Gloria Álvarez-Benito (Spain). Gestures and Words in Political Discourse: a Case Study of the Obama-McCain Encounter... 11 Vadim V. Dementyev (Russia). Anecdote in the Era of Censorship: Types of Public Representation (Experience of Diachronic Analysis of Anecdots on the Material of the Magazine Krokodil)... 26 Daiva Aliūkaitė (Lithuania). New Dialect: the Possible Scenario of Dialectal Discourse Estimation...41 Marek Ruszkowski (Poland). Krylov Law in Polish Linguistic Research...58 II. FACTS AND REFLECTIONS Loreta Ulvydienė (Lithuania). Literature after 9/11: John Updike’s Terrorist...64 Fryderyk Listwan (Poland). Comment on Intertextuality: Allusion in Leonid Leonov’s Publicistic Writings... 74 Inesa Šeškauskienė (Lithuania). Who Discusses: the Paper or the Author of the Paper? Inanimate Subject + Active Verb in Lithuanian Linguistic Discourse as Compared to English...83 Eleonora Lassan (Lithuania). On some Phenomena of Modern Russian Rhetoric in Public Communication (Rhetoric of Nostalgia as a Result of a Dialogue with the Past)...100 Maria А. Sivenkova (Belarus). ‘Again, a Stupid Question!’ or How Politicians Criticise the Questions they are Being Asked...111 Gayane R. Vlasyan (Russia). Communicative-Pragmatic Peculiarities of Counter-Questions in English Dialogical Discourse...126 Jolanta Vitkauskienė (Lithuania). A Way of Analyzing Perlocutionary Speech Acts...135 Gabija Bankauskaitė-Sereikienė, Justina Vaitelytė (Lithuania). Cultural Values in the Advertisements of New Romuva (1931–1940)...145 Lina Inčiuraitė (Lithuania). Conceptual Metaphors of Sawel in Ælfric’s Catholic Homilies...159 Liudmila Arcimavičienė (Lithuania). Cognitive Approach to language teaching. Cultural reality through Metaphor: a Case Study of Birthday Wishes...170 Liudmila Garbul (Lithuania). Reflection of Results of Interslavonic Language Contacts in the Russian Chancery Language of the First Half of the 17th Century (Synchronic and Diachronic Aspects)...179 Audronė Gedžiūtė, Jadvyga Krūminienė (Lithuania). A Semiotic Attempt at the Reconstruction of Celtic Mythical Models: the Figure of the Horse...191 Danguolė Melnikienė (Lithuania). Are Onomatopoeic Interjections Necessary in a Bilingual Dictionary?...202 Laura Kamandulytė-Merfeldienė (Lithuania). The Usage of Colour Terms in the Early Childhood...212 Nijolė Tuomienė (Lithuania). Southern Aukštaitian Dialect in Belarus: the Result of Language Interplay...223 Rima Bacevičiūtė (Lithuania). Features of Žemaitian Dialect of the Lithuanian Language in the Western Aukštaitian Subdialect of Kaunas...235 Lidija Kaukėnienė (Lithuania). The Duration of Long Vowels in Standard Latvian...244 III. OPINION Oleg Leschak (Poland). Methodological Character of Scientific Translation (Footnotes of Ferdinande de Saussure’s De l'essence double du langage. Translation into the Polish Language)... 252 IV. OUR TRANSLATIONS Bernard Sypniewski (USA). Snake in the Grass. Part I. Translated by Jurga Cibulskienė...265 V. SCIENTIFIC LIFE CHRONICLE Books reviews Leonid P. Krysin (Russia). LUCIŃSKI, Kazimierz, 2009. Языковые заимствования и ментальность...273 Dagnė Beržaitė (Lithuania). On English Dostoevsky in Lithuanian. MORRIS, R. N., 2009. Švelnus kirvis. MORRIS, R. N., 2009. Kerštingas potroškis...274 Viktorija Makarova (Lithuania). On the most Important of all Arts. ARLAUSKAITĖ, Natalija, 2010. Trumpas feministinės kino teorijos žinynas... 278 Vilnius University Kaunas Faculty of Humanities: journal of scientific life Giedrė Lankutytė (Lithuania). Advertisement Creators Accept START! Challenge...279 In Memoriam Умер Аркадий Бартов... 282 Arkady Bartov dies... 283 Announce...284 VI. REQUIREMENTS FOR PUBLICATION...285 VII. OUR AUTHORS...293

This paper examines Russia’s “next” generation and its expressions of anti-consu- merist protest, which stem from a fascination with the american beat Generation. Criticism of the consumerist lifestyle prompts the protagonists of bogatyreva’s prose to seek an alternative, especially through hitchhiking, which provides the opportunity to become closer to oneself and others. Communion with nature and a turn towards Eastern Mysticism become important elements of these new styles of existence. The nature of the rebellion of the “next” generation is primarily psy- chological, with an emphasis on expanding one’s own awareness, as well as social, underpinned by the dream of creating a society based on anti-capitalist ideals.

“Effeminate fool” or God’s strongman? About the poetic image of Samson in the works of Wacław Potocki The paper focuses on biblical references to Samson (chapters 13–16 in the Book of Judges) in the Wacław Potocki’s (1622–1686) works. The author discusses the religious and cultural background, that could have influenced the poet’s biblical erudition. Moreover, he presents some examples of cultural reception of this motif. The analysis of poems referring to Samson shows Potocki’s attitude to the Israelite’s hero. The poet questions his superhuman strength, criticizes thoughtlessness and excessive trust yet he finds some traits that he can identify with. The author of this article determines the frequency of use of particular episodes of Samson’s story. The breakdown reveals a diversity of subject matter in the analyzed poems and innovative approaches to some literary motifs.

Jan Daniecki’s two translations from Jan Kochanowski’s “Elegiarum libri quattuor” The paper includes two Polish translations of two Latin elegies of Jan Kochanowski. Their author is a Late-Renaissance poet Jan Daniecki (died after 1611), known for his passion for the antique tradition since he also translates some works of Lucian of Samosata. The first work tells the heroic deeds and tragic death of the legendary princess Wanda; the second one presents the story of two lovers, Odatis and Zariadres, overcoming all odds to unite and live happily ever after.

The essay by Peter Handke The Dreamer’s Farewell to the Ninth Country (1991) belongs to the text corpus of the Austrian author, where his opinion on the disintegrating Yugoslavia and the resulting war confl icts in the Balkans is included. The purpose of the paper is to analyze the essay The Dreamer’s Farewell to the Ninth Country to answer the question whether Peter Handke positively or negatively assesses Slovenia’s declaration of independence in 1991 and why he represents such a position in relation to this political event. In such a way, the contrast between the Handke’s and the real (media) reality should be emphasized.

The purpose of this paper is to prove that in Walter Map’s “otherworldly stories” constant interaction between time and space is used to convey a signifi cant cultural and political message. In the tale Of King Herla, a legendary ruler of ancient Britons, geographical detail seems to be as important as its temporal component. The story, set in the border territory between England and Wales, in the vicinity of Hereford, is “anchored in the countryside,” showing that the English past is deeply rooted in the insular landscape. Herla’s three-day-journey to the underworld and his return to earth after two hundred years proves that in his quest he crossed both, spatial and temporal boundaries, in order to provide the people inhabiting the British Isles with a sense of cultural and historical continuity. Plunging into the river Wye in the fi rst year of the coronation of Henry II Plantagenet, he seems to recognize the new king as his legitimate successor and carrier of tradition broken throughout centuries by various conquests, social unrest and political change. Thus, Walter Map, belonging to the closest milieu of Henry II, uses the story of Herla to provide cultural and historical legitimation of the Angevin rule in England.

Migration is one of the most signifi cant existential experiences of the century. In her novel, Restaurant Dalmatia (2013), Jagoda Marinić goes beyond the typical dual narrative of migration, i.e mine-yours, familiarity-strangeness, now-then, with the individual as a point of reference. The aim of this paper is to focus on one of narrative concepts of the author of the novel – the medium of photography. The protagonist, Mia Markowich, a daughter of Croatian migrants living in Germany, is in her thirties. After her leave for a scholarship in Canada, she decides to permanently settle down in Toronto where she gains popularity as a photographer. However, along with this success comes a crisis – the roots of which, as it turns out, reach back to Mia‘s past and her life in Berlin at the time of the fall of the Berlin wall and the Balkan war. It also happens to be a past that Mia is trying hard not to remember. And yet, suddenly, there appears her fi rst photo taken in Berlin by a Polaroid used in secret from her parents. Memories resurface as does the need to deal with the burden of her past. On her way to Berlin, Mia is more than aware that the picture she recorded by Polaroid is a record of a mere fraction of some „here and now” from the past – that the photo is a reduced version of perceived reality known to her from the direct experience and it will never be a refl ection of the multidimensional way of experiencing space which, after all, aff ects and organizes our life and determines our actions – letting itself be known through many senses. It is, however, only now – when Mia is looking at this hastily taken photo – that she notices with her trained photographer‘s eye numerous details related to the fragment of reality she was observing then. Here we touch upon another crucial aspect: the relation between (her) photograph with (her) memory. The special value of an amateur photo does not rely on the special quality of the form, but on the fact that it can evoke experiences, memories, atmosphere and smells. The special value of the photograph results from the fact that it opens up for the protagonist new senses and meanings so important in the experience of migration.

This paper presents the second critical edition of the poem “Rozbój duchowny” (“Spiritual warfare”) written by Polish poet from 17th century Wacław Potocki. The first edition, published in 1980, prepared by Jan Malicki, has some editorial mistakes, hence the poem was edited again. The commentaries explain biblical and mythological references, the meaning of Old-Polish words as well as the proverbs. The author also points out to the relationship between the text of the poem and work “Spirituale Christiani militis certamen” by Antwerp engraver Hieronymus Wierix and describes the theme of the knight of Christ as a leitmotiv in Potocki’s poems.

The article is devoted to analyzing the perception of time in V. Nabokov’s novel Mary (1926) and G. Gazdanov’s novel An evening with Claire (1929). The fundamental anti-historicism, the negative attitude towards socio-political modernity inherent in most fi rst-wave émigré writers, are diff erently embodied in these specifi c works of diff erent authors. The aim of the paper is to compare time fi xing methods as refl ected in the debut novels by two younger-generation writers of Russian white émigré. Such comparison allows us to sp ecify the understanding of existential world outlook of Nabokov and Gazdanov, which gave rise to the early stage of their creative evolution. We conclude that Nabokov seeks to create a spatial image of time, endows it with qualities of tangible substance resorting to such material markers as calendar, fi lm, letter, and clock. On the contrary, Gazdanov draws an analogy between time and music, emphasizing its continuity, psychological indivisibility and inner integrity.

From the 1840’s to the end of the 19th century more than twenty editions of Polish translations of texts by Saint Teresa of Ávila, as well as the ones attributed to her, were released. It was attempted to popularise her works, information about her life and thought, as well as the cult of her, knowledge about Christian mysticism and the revival of religious life. Two important bibliographies presenting the reception of Teresa in Poland: one by Stefania Ciesielska-Borkowska (1939) and the other one by Benignus Wanat (1972) require complementing and corrections, which should find reflection in contemporary editions and catalogues. The paper presents all the editions of works by Teresa (fragments, all works, collections of works, as well as paraphrases), released in Polish in the 19th-century books and periodicals. It corrects the mistakes in bibliographical descriptions, which result from mistakes in the publications themselves, as well as errors in attribution. It refers to the authorship of anonymous translations and their undetermined bases, it characterises briefly the environments in which Saint Teresa’s works were translated and published. It presents the religious, literary, social and scientific purposes accompanying the texts by Teresa, as well as translation, editorial and ideological assumptions. It shows the editions of Saint Teresa’s texts in translations or paraphrases by: Sebastian Nucerin, Ignacy Hołowiński, Nina Łuszczewska, Eleonora Ziemięcka, Michał Bohusz Szyszko, Eleonora z Paprockich Szemiothowa, Zygmunt Krasiński, Lucjan Siemieński, Ignacy Domeyko, Karmela Wiktima od Jezusa (Amalia Zenopolska), Tadeusz Miciński, Henryk Piotr Kossowski, as well as anonymous translators.

The paper presents Adam Bełcikowski’s study about 'Os Lusíadas 'by Luis Vaz de Camões. Bełcikowski’s text was issued in „Nowa Reforma” in Krakow (1891, nos. 26–27, 29–32, 35–37), soon after the release of the translation of 'The Lusiads' into Polish by Zofia Trzeszczkowska (Adam M-ski) on the Polish book market. The critic made an attempt at familiarising the Polish reader with the poem, indicating its ideological-artistic value.

The research focuses on the interaction of the Lithuanian and Belarusian languages in the surroundings of Radun (Belarus, Voranava district, Lith. Rodūnia). Employing the language change methodology, the paper presents a detailed analysis of the most prominent cases of phonetic interference of two – old and middle – generations of residents in both languages spoken by them. The data show that the oldest residents are expressing both languages using the Lithuanian articulatory base. Over time, the characteristic Lithuanian features begin to level: varies the pronunciation of a; in open endings, the long tense vowels i, ы are usually pronounced as é; unstressed vowels are reduced inconsistently, etc. As Lithuanian is for the middle-generation speakers, it already demonstrates essential changes, which occurred because they started expressing their Lithuanian using the Belarusian articulatory base. First of all, they usually lengthen stressed short vowels; they do no longer pronounce unstressed long vowels; they do not distinguish between acute – or circumflex-accented mixed i, u + R type diphthongs; they distinguish the diphthongs ái – aũ, ái – a on the accentological rather than phonetic grounds; t̑, d̑ are often replaced by palatalized palate consonants , .

The article undertakes constructive reflection on the loss of human health in the context of the issue of disability, with an indication that it is a state of mind rather than actual, physical impotence. The main subject of considerations is the attitude of the writer, Michał Kaziów, perceived as a way to independence and creativity developed as a result of his health condition in the light of selected issues of narrative medicine and human rights. The paper presents the difficult fate of Kaziów after a permanent loss of fitness (L. Kowalewski, M. Czerwińska) under the model of social disability (P. Hunt, M. Oliver) and an autobiographical attitude (M. Czermińska). The views of R. Charon (a doctor and a literary scholar) and her co-workers were also taken into account, according to which narrative medicine is a specific, well thought and described in the literature on the subject form of clinical (and didactic) practice that supports the process of diagnosis and treatment. Simultaneously, a review of laws and regulations on the creation of legal norms that supported people with disabilities and their evolution was undertaken. The whole text correlates with the thesis that the change in approach to disability is a living testimony to overcoming difficulties and their consequences, both in an individual and collective experience.

This paper analyses the concept of thrownness and the related notions of immediacy and actuality in a 1961 short science fiction story “Wall of Crystal, Eye of Night” by Algis Budrys. It first defines the concept of thrownness (Geworfenheit), created and coined by the German philosopher Martin Heidegger in his classic book Being and Time, and it explains how this notion can be employed in literary analysis in general and applied to this work in particular. The article then analyses how certain stylistic devices in the short story, namely similes, change of pace and the presentation of an inner conflict in the main character, contribute to the feeling of authenticity. In other words, it attempts to exhibit the means used in a prose work to make it seem more realistic and immediate. Finally, the work also argues that science fiction is in many ways more real than other fictional works. Although it belongs to the genre that has traditionally been denied serious literary merit, the novel view and interpretation of this story aims to disclose new horizons of artistic expression that illuminate human mental and physical frailty and stimulate a valuable inquiry into the meaning of life.

In a democratic society with a market economy, editorial policy is often a matter of financial feasibility rather than anything else. Meanwhile, totalitarian societies approach it from a different angle, frequently putting political considerations in the centre. Living behind the Iron Curtain, Soviet scholars had very limited access to Western publications – very few of them were translated into the languages of Soviet republics. What is more, research shows that they were subject to censorship, just like literary works. Besides, the work of a translator, being invisible to the majority of readers, could be quite dangerous and ruin one’s scholarly career. Thus, a scholar embarking on a translation journey to acquaint their colleagues with the best samples of world research had to be very considerate. Such was the case of the Russian translation of Uriel Weinreich’s seminal book Languages in Contact done by the Ukrainian linguist, translator, lexicographer, and educator Yuriy Zhluktenko. The present paper explores the matter of censorship and self-censorship in this translation and its paratexts.

The paper is based on the book of memoirs by Alexis von Engelhardt Die Kavaliere von Illuxt, published in 1949. In the territory of Latgale, which is discussed in the book, the Baltic Germans lived in small numbers, therefore the book is of historical, culturological and literary interest. The text of the literary work is understood as an object of scientific reflection; all its components are connected into a single whole by the author’s creative thought. The methodology of the research is based on the interpretation of the literary text, as well as the synthesis of statistical, cultural-historical, semantic and intertextual analysis in the critical perception of the text. The aim of the research is to reveal the worldview presented in the literary work, which consists of the artistic space, representation of time, characters with their functions and objectives, as well as moral and ethical values. The particular objectives of the research include establishing the relationship between the text of the memoirs and jokes and entertaining stories of the Baltic Germans (Pratchen), the features of which have been identified in the author’s previous research, but which still represent a scientific lacuna. On the basis of the life realities described in the book Die Kavaliere von Illuxt it is possible to reconstruct the organization of life of the people that has disappeared from the map of today’s Latvia. The artistic space constructed in this book shows a closed and stagnant world, a lack of impulses for internal development and an appeal to the past. Historical and event-driven artistic time, the inclusiveness of individual stories into the canvas of historical events brings the narrative closer to Pratchen, i.e. jokes and entertaining stories of the Baltic Germans. Alexis von Engelhardt’s book Die Kavaliere von Illuxt is currently the only source of jokes and entertaining stories (Pratchen) of the Baltic Germans about Latgale. The research is funded by the Latvian Council of Science, project The Baltic Germans of Latgale in the context of socio-ethnic relations from the 17th till the beginning of the 20th century, project No.lzp-2020/2-0136.

Šio straipsnio tikslas – tolerancijos praktikų istorinėje ir dabarties Lietuvoje analizė ir interpretacija, nuosekliau pasiremiant tolerancijos sampratų, koncepcijų analize ir dabartinių teorinių diskusijų apie toleranciją įžvalgomis. Kartu siekiama aktualizuoti svarstymus apie tolerancijos variantus senojoje Lietuvoje ir ypač XXI a. pradžios Lietuvos demokratijoje. Esminis dalykas yra bandymas perprasti, kas yra tolerancija dabartinėje Lietuvoje, kaip ji veikia vėlyvojoje modernybėje, kreipiant rimtesnį dėmesį į etninių mažumų situaciją. Staipsnyje pastebima, kad didžioji mūsų dabarties problema yra tame, kad tolerancijos/pakantumo nepakanka įveikti mums iškilusioms moralinėms problemoms. Ypač nepakanka paplitusios tolerancijos kaip džiaugsmingo pritarimo skirtumams ir atvirumo viskam. Autoriaus nuomone, teisinės valstybės pilietybė, kaip ir tolerancija, nėra pakankamas bendrumo pagrindas. Tenka kalbėti apie tikrą visuomenės integraciją, netapatinant retorikoje jos su asimiliacija ar tik su „mažumų integracija”, kaip vis dar atsitinka Lietuvos viešojoje erdvėje ir neretai istorikų darbuose. Tai reiškia didesnį suvokimą, kad esi to paties pasaulio, tam tikros bendruomenės dalis su bendromis sąsajomis, bendra istorija. The purpose of this paper is to analyze and interpret tolerance practices in historical and contemporary Lithuania, drawing more consistently on the concepts and conceptions of tolerance and insights from current theoretical debates on tolerance. Moreover, we intend to actualize the reflections on the variants of tolerance in the old Lithuania and especially in the Lithuanian democracy and partly in Lithuanian historiography of the beginning of the 21st century. It is crucial to understand the status of tolerance in present-day Lithuania, how it works in late modernity, with special reference to the situation of ethnic minorities. The article notes that the biggest problem we face today is that tolerance is not enough to overcome our moral problems. In particular, pervasive tolerance as a joyful acceptance of differences and openness to everything is not enough. In the author's opinion, citizenship of juristic state, like tolerance, is not a sufficient basis for generality. We have to talk about true integration of society, without identifying it in rhetoric with assimilation or merely "minority integration", as is still the case in Lithuanian public space and often in the works of historians. It means being more aware that you are part of the same world, of a particular community with common affinities, a common history.

The role of mirabilia in literature produced by courtier clerics in 12th century England The purpose of this paper is to prove that the marvelous phenomena described in the works of Gerald of Wales and Walter Map played a double, religious and political role. This twofold role of mirabilia resulted from the ambiguous position of courtier clerics, who seemed to exist on the borderline between the religious and secular sphere. Both, Gerald of Wales and Walter Map, were archdeacons and strove to obtain episcopal nominations. However, in addition to being clergymen, they pursued a secular career on the royal court. As a result, they wrote texts in which they used various strategies to convey a religious, Christian perspective and to secure political interests of the House of Anjou. Mirabilia proved to be a useful tool helping them to achieve both aims. Thus, they strove to rewrite old, pagan stories of werewolves, vampires or revenants from the standpoint of the Catholic religion, adapting them to the official doctrine, or at least weakening their subversive character. However, apart from the religious role of marvels, their political function seems to be equally significant. They served as a useful tool for political propaganda: for legitimization of the rule of the new Plantagenet dynasty and justification of conquest of new territories. Finally, the inclusion of wonders from the Celtic “fringes of the world”, that is from Wales and Ireland, into courtly texts tied those territories more closely to the Angevin Empire.

The russian writers of the Enlightenment period about history and historians: Mikhail Muravyov The paper compares the theoretical articles by Mikhail Nikitich Muravyov (1757-1805): Studying history, About history and historians, The historians of antiquity, and “The dialogues of the Dead” (22 prose works on historical and literary themes, related to pedagogical activity of the author). History is treated by Muravyov as a lesson and “a teacher of life”. An interpretive context are the works of the European historians of the Enlightenment period (Edward Gibbon, William Robertson, Adam Ferguson) and the works by Nikolay Karamzin (Letters of a Russian traveller, the notes, History of the Russian State).

The article is based on the analysis of the way that didacticism works in the “Christian garden” (“Wirydarz krześcijański”) by Jakub Lubelczyk (1530–1563). The paper focuses primarily on the characteristics of the main character (Krześcijanin) and his spiritual transformation, which is the result of a conversation with the guides. The next stages of the Krześcijanin development have shown the persuasion, which was used by the author through deliberative rhetoric (genus deliberativum), encouraging (suasio), and discouraging (dissuasio) statements. Lubelczyk articulates his arguments based on the Holy Bible, moral guidelines and ideas created from a perspective of the Reformation movement. “Christian garden” was juxtaposed with the selected literary works of Mikołaj Rej, which show that the rhetorical measures used by Lubelczyk for didactic purposes were also used by other artists.

In Córdoba, 1611 and Seville, 1625 the Spanish Jesuit Francisco de Castro published a rhetoric handbook entitled De arte rhetorica dialogi quatuor, at the end of which he included a list of specialized works in rhetoric (“Autorum elenchus”), which is a valuable document to further our knowledge of Jesuit bibliographical sources. This feature, uncommon in similar books published at that time in Spain, was preceded by a brief statement where Castro declared that the elenchus contains the books that he had seen and read from cover to cover and from many of which he had learnt a great deal and taken information for composing his treatise. This paper offers the modern edition and study of the above mentioned catalogue and puts forward the idea that the initial statement should not be taken literally, since the elenchus seems to contain references to authors and works which were probably only indirectly known of by the Jesuit. The aim of including these secondary references, which were mentioned in other catalogues as important readings for an accomplished rhetorician, would have been to strengthen Castro’s prestige, as well as the authority of his rhetoric.

Films as multimodal products have an increasing entertainment value, so the need to transfer them to other cultures arises. Audiovisual translation (AVT) becomes the only practice to translate and adapt multimodal discourse to various audiences. Together with audio description, that translates the visual into spoken language completing in this way the sounds and dialogues of films, subtitling deals with the changes within the semiotic system. Since subtitles have to interact and work in synchrony with dialogue and image, a great variety of problems arises when this translation mode is employed because a lot of constraints that exist. However, semiotic cohesion between subtitles and other elements such as moving pictures, verbal and non-verbal language and camera editing should be retained. The aim of the paper is to analyse the cases of semiotic cohesion in the English subtitles of the Lithuanian film Garden of Eden (2015). The research is carried out within the framework of multimodal discourse analysis that permits the incorporation of all identifiable communicative modes. The course of practical investigation crystallises out into three underlying directions: assessment of semiotic cohesion, identification of particular form(s) of semiotic cohesion depending on its (dis)appearance on screen and the analysis of the selected instances.

The idea advanced in the paper is to theorize the mechanisms of autobiographicality in Stephen Dixon's novels that are viewed as a radical renewal of autobiographical narrative, where the modality of disappearance/return of the subject produces a new mode of life-writing. We propose the term "autobiographical transgression" to capture the essence of this renewal started by Stephen Dixon that can be reduced neither to autobiography as a genre, nor to "transgressive autobiography' as its generic variant. Dixon finds a new form for representing autos. He creates the character with the name-deixis I. that personifies a fiduciary subject, thus, suggesting a provocative restatement of postmodernist generic problems. In the novels I. and End of I. the autobiographical hero I. exists simultaneously as a metaphor of the author's presence in the text, as the subjective author's I and as a character in the novel - an objectified, semi-functional, distancing I. The transplanting of life experience manifests itself in a special kind of repersonalization and double coding of traditional autobigraphical subject.

Stefan Batory University in Vilnius was established in 1919 as a regional entity to carry out scientific research and develop Polish academic education. One of its faculties – the Faculty of Fine Arts (1930–1939) – gathered charismatic and popular artists, historians and architects. Among them, two professors – Juliusz Kłos (1888–1933) and Marian Morelowski – published the guidebooks for Vilnius and Wileńszczyzna region (Wilno. Przewodnik krajoznawczy, 1937; Zarys sztuki wileńskiej z przewodnikiem po zabytkiem między Niemnem a Dźwiną, 1939). The book written by Kłos gained popularity and was often purchased by the tourists who visited Vilnius. The aim of the article is to determine the main methodology, historical approaches and working styles of both authors. Moreover, the paper involves their attitude towards developing tourism, cultural heritage and historical research. The article also involves the main ideas of artistic education professors had and how much tourism was involved in the whole education process for them.

The article is devoted to the cognitive analysis of linguistic means, representing the primary human needs in extreme conditions. The nominations denoting the concepts of “food” and “warmth” are subjected to the lexico-semantic, grammatical, stylistic consideration. A choice of the discourse for analysis is due to describing a human life in detention when the primary adaptive needs prevail all others and become the most valuable. The representation of human basic biological need in food and warmth is considered in the given contexts. The use of colloquial vocabulary, grammatical norms violation, as well as figurative comparisons and transformed phraseological units in the contexts determine peculiarities of the verbal explication of the concept “food”. The author pays attention to the stylistically reduced vocabulary, which stands out the lexeme “belly”, acquiring new semantic shades in the analyzed fragments. With the nomination of warmth as another important human need for existence, the lexeme “stove” is associated. The paper identifies and analyzes the factors that cause the life values changes at the cognitive level of a person experiencing deprivation of basic biological needs.