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The aim of this study is to estimate the linkages between the actual guaranteed price of wheat and its yield in Tehran province during 2000-2018 by considering the dummy variables of development programs of the Islamic Republic of Iran. This study used the Augmented Dickey-Fuller stationary test, the Johansen Cointegration test, and the Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) to achieve the aim. The results show that the actual guaranteed price of wheat and its yield are of grade I (1), and based on the Johansen test, the long-run relationship between them is confirmed. The results of the VECM model show that the actual guaranteed price of wheat has a positive and significant effect on wheat yield in Tehran province. By a one percent increase in the actual guaranteed price of wheat, the yield will increase 1.07 percent. Also, the coefficient of vector error correction indicates that if in the short-run occurs a sudden shock to the actual guaranteed price of wheat, it will take about 2 periods to adjust the effect of this shock. Considering that the yield is elastic to the actual price of wheat, suggesting to estimate the guaranteed price of wheat, based on actual price (deflated) in the purchasing policy, can encourage the improvement of wheat yield in the country's agricultural lands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From a financial perspective, decentralization is a transfer of resources from the central government to local governments. Fiscal decentralization policies can lead to more FDI attraction by increasing the share of provincial government funding to local infrastructure.Accordingly, the major purpose of this study is to evaluate the long run and short run impact of fiscal decentralization on FDI in Iran during the period 1992-2014. For this purpose the three indicators of fiscal decentralization of revenue, fiscal decentralization of expenditures, fiscal decentralization of autonomy power and also some control variables including inflation, exchange rate fluctuations, and degree of trade openness have been used.In order to estimate the model, the Johansen-Juselius method and Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) have been applied. Based on the results of the model, all three fiscal decentralization indicators increase FDI in the long run and in the short run. Therefore, providing the necessary conditions for the expansion of fiscal decentralization can help to promote the FDI level in Iran.Also, both in the long run and the short run, inflation and exchange rate fluctuations have a negative effect, and the degree of trade openness has a positive effect on FDI.

Since various economic sectors, in particular housing sector, need to bank loans, the variations in lending behavior of banks due to changes in key economic variables may jeopardize the sound economic activities. In this study the lending behavior of Bank Maskan of Iran was modeled by a Vector Auto-regression (VAR) model during 1991-2011. The results of long run Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) indicated that the broad money supply, inflation rate and stock price fluctuations have indirect effects on lending behavior of Bank Maskan, however the effect of exchange rate variations is positive. In addition, the results of short run VECM showed that variations in the broad money supply have direct effects on lending behavior of Bank Maskan, but inflation rate, exchange rate and stock price fluctuations have no significant effects.

One of the main concerns that many countries of the world are encountering, is some economic activities which are usually hidden from official view. These activities could effect deviation from correct position and prescribe incorrect polices. In this study, after short review on concept and different distances of shadow economy to try that investigated effects of shadow economy volume on economic growth for 1981-2007 by vector error correction model (VECM). Shadow economy was estimated by fuzzy logic method. Results indicated that in Iran, with increase of one percentage size of shadow economy, 0/38 percentage diminished economic growth.

The purpose of this paper is to study the impact of social capital on financial development in Iran. To do so, the statistical data were collected during 1984 to 2012 and vector error correction model was used. The number of annually judicial cases about returned checks and liquidity to real gross domestic product ratio were selected as proxies of social capital and financial development respectively. The results derived from Johansen cointegration test indicate that there is a long-run equilibrium relation between social capital and financial development in Iran. Also vector error correction model estimates show that social capital has a positively significant impact on financial development in Iran. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]